List of stumbling blocks in Sweden

Laying of the stumbling block for Hans Eduard Szybilski

The list of stumbling blocks in Sweden lists all stumbling blocks that have been laid in Sweden. The stumbling blocks are usually in front of the last self-chosen place of residence of the victim and remind of the fate of the people who were murdered, deported, expelled or driven to suicide by the National Socialists . The Stolpersteine ​​were designed by the Cologne artist Gunter Demnig and are usually laid by himself.

Stumbling blocks are called Snubbelstenar in Swedish . They are mostly in front of an earlier self-chosen residence. In Sweden currently (as of July 2019) there are only stumbling blocks in the capital Stockholm . The relocations took place in June 2019. They are based on an initiative of the Forum för levande historia , the association of Holocaust survivors and the Jewish community in Stockholm.

Situation of the Jews in Sweden

Judereglementet

In terms of numbers, the Jewish communities in Scandinavia have always been very small. In the 17th century, Jewish immigrants had to be baptized and become members of the Church of Sweden . It was not until 1718, during the reign of Charles XII. , the right to freely practice one's religion was granted. The Jews in Sweden were never threatened with their lives, but they were subject to a number of restrictions for centuries. For a long time, ambivalence dominated the state's relationship with its Jewish fellow citizens. On the one hand, Jews were in demand as business partners, especially in the financial sector, on the other hand, they were subject to all possible restrictions. For example, the Judereglementet of 1782 limited the settlement of Jews to three cities: Stockholm , Gothenburg , Norrköping . When Jews converted to Protestantism, they were quickly integrated. An example of this was the soprano Lovisa Augusti (1751–1790), who was appointed Hovsångare (court singer) in 1773 and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1788 .

According to a statistical survey from 1890, there were 3,402 Jews in the Kingdom of Sweden at that time. Between 1850 and 1920 there were several waves of Ashkenazi Jews immigrating from Poland and Russia, and the number of Jewish residents increased to 6,500. After the First World War, immigration was strictly regulated and only smaller groups of German, Czech and Austrian Jews were allowed into the country. The Swedish refugee policy of the 1920s and 1930s (with the exception of the Scandinavian neighboring countries) was extremely restrictive. The country accepted only a limited number of political refugees. Being a Jew in Germany was not a recognized reason to flee in Sweden. Anyone entering the country without a residence permit was deported.

During the Nazi occupation, Sweden's neutrality led to a "paradox between resistance and collaboration" in World War II . On the one hand, the country supplied the German Nazi regime with important raw materials, on the other hand, Sweden was involved in saving many Jews. This "diplomatic double game should keep Sweden out of the war by all means." After the German defeats at Stalingrad and in North Africa in 1943, Swedish policy was modified: Transit between Norway and Germany was stopped, Allied bombers were allowed to fly over Swedish territory and the Norwegian government in exile was recognized.

Swedish bailouts

Danish Jews arrive in Sweden

Swedish Red Cross white buses

In October 1943, the Danish Jews were rescued to neutral Sweden, which was not occupied by German armed forces. In this way, 7,742 Jewish people, 1,376 of whom were not Danish citizens, were brought to safety because they were given permanent residence rights until the fall of the Nazi regime. Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz (1904–1973), a German diplomat who had long since turned away from National Socialism, immediately informed the Social Democrat Hans Hedtoft after he learned that the deportation of the Danish Jews planned to go to concentration camps via Germany. In this way, almost all Jews who were in Denmark could be brought to neutral Sweden to safety in good time. Only just under 1% of Denmark's Jewish population fell into the hands of the National Socialists and subsequently became victims of the Shoah .

The Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg was the first secretary of the Swedish legation to save several thousand Jewish citizens of Hungary from the Holocaust in 1944 by issuing Swedish protective passports. In the international ghetto around the Great Synagogue in Budapest, which housed around 30,000 people, he set up numerous hospital wards. He had food supplied to the Budapest ghetto, in which more than 80,000 Jews were crammed together.

The rescue operation of the White Buses , also called Operation Bernadotte , was a humanitarian rescue operation from March 1945, during which 15,000 prisoners from German concentration camps were brought to safety in Scandinavia. Most of the prisoners came from Denmark and Norway. The rescue operation was personally agreed by the Vice-President of the Swedish Red Cross, Folke Bernadotte, with the Nazi representatives Walter Schellenberg and Heinrich Himmler .

Stockholm

The table is partially sortable; the basic sorting is done alphabetically according to the family name.

image	inscription	address	Life
	ERICH HOLEWA LIVED HERE BORN 1896 BERLIN FLEED TO SWEDEN EXPECTED SEPT. DEPORTED 1938 1942 MURDERED AUSCHWITZ	Kungsholmstorg 6	Erich Holewa was born on February 22nd, 1896 in Berlin. He was the son of Leopold and Johanna, née Kleineibst. His father was a businessman, his mother a housewife with musical interests. Holewa had several siblings, including Erna (born 1899), Maria (born 1902), Hans (born 1905). and Rudolf (born 1907). Erich Holewa married Lotte, née Salomon (born on September 26, 1898 in Berlin). The couple had at least one son: Peter (born December 21, 1921 in Berlin). Brother Hans and his wife Alice moved to Stockholm in the 1930s. The whole family was in massive danger in Germany and in the occupied territories because of their Jewish origins. In August 1938, Erich Holewa applied for a residence permit, traveled to Stockholm and lived with his brother and his family. The Holewas also tried to get Erich's wife and son an entry permit. Erich Holewa's application for residence was rejected and he had to leave Sweden in September 1938. He made further applications to be allowed to settle in Sweden, first from Berlin and later from Antwerp in Belgium. In May 1940 he and his son were arrested on the street by the Belgian police and handed over to the Germans a few months later. Father and son were taken to the Camp de Noé concentration camp in southern France. His son Peter Holewa lost his life in this camp on February 20, 1942. Erich Holewa came to the Drancy assembly camp and was transported from there on August 28, 1942 with Transport No. 25 deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp . Erich Holewa was murdered by the Nazi regime. His wife Lotte Holewa was also arrested and interned in the SS assembly camp in Mechelen . She was deported to Auschwitz on August 11, 1942. Lotte Holewa was also murdered by the Nazi regime. His sister Erna did not survive the Shoah either. Erna Holeva was deported from Vienna to Minsk in May 1942 and murdered there upon arrival. His brother Hans Holewa and his wife were able to survive the Holocaust . They had two children and stayed in Sweden. Hans Holewa became an important composer of Swedish modernism. He died in 1991.
	CURT MOSES LIVED HERE, BORN IN BRESLAU, IN 1886, FLEE TO SWEDEN . MAY 1937 FATE UNKNOWN	Gumshornsgatan 6	Curt Moses , also Kurt, was born on June 25, 1886 as the son of Eduard Moses in Breslau . He lived with his sister and her husband in Stockholm in the early 1930s. He applied for a residence permit, which was rejected in 1936. At the end of May 1937 he had to leave the country. He went to Denmark, later to Norway. In 1938 he tried to enter Sweden twice. His brother-in-law, the engineer Emanuel Bengtsson, tried to help and turned to the king several times. In September 1938 Curt Moses received a residence permit in Latvia, where he lived in Riga. In July 1941, Latvia was the German Empire occupied . Curt Moses was imprisoned in the central prison and probably killed by German occupation forces in July 1941.
	HERE LIVED HANS EDWARD SZYBILSKI BORN 1907 ELBERFELD FLEA TO SWEDEN SHOWN January 1,939 deported in 1943 MURDERED AUSCHWITZ	Apelbergsgatan 36	Hans Eduard Szybilski was born on August 29, 1907 in Elberfeld , today part of Wuppertal. He came to Sweden as a traveling salesman for the raincoat manufacturer Mackintosh, where he applied for a residence permit several times. In one of his motions, he stated that he had risked prosecution for so-called " racial disgrace " because his fiancée was a so-called "Aryan". During his first visit, he was arrested, handcuffed, put on a ferry and deported under police custody. But Germany did not let the Jews in again. He landed first in Copenhagen, then in Oslo and finally received a short stay permit for Sweden, but only to close his business. The Swedish Association of Commercial Agents intervened against him, and on December 1, 1938, he had to leave the country. Szybilski received a residence permit in Finland. Here he lived first in a hotel in Helsinki, then in a hotel in Turku. At the beginning of 1939 and in June of the same year he again applied for a residence permit for Sweden. His application ended up on the table of Robert Paulsson , a double agent who betrayed German Jews. He denounced Szybilski as a spy and fabricated evidence. In June 1939 he was arrested in Finland, released after a year, arrested again in 1941 and in November 1942 he was extradited to Germany. On February 19, 1943, Hans Eduard Szybilski was deported on Transport 29 from Berlin to Auschwitz-Birkenau , where he was murdered. A monument in Helsinki commemorates Hans Eduard Szybilski and seven other Jewish victims. The laying of a stumbling block is also planned for him in Helsinki.

Laying data

The first three stumbling blocks in Stockholm were laid by the artist personally on June 14, 2019.

Web links

• Stolpersteine.eu

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Stockholms första snubbelstenar (Stockholm's first stumbling block) (May 20, 2019) (Swedish), accessed July 7, 2019
2. ↑ My News Desk: Snubbelstenar invigdes i Stockholm , June 14, 2019, accessed July 5, 2019
3. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia 1906: Sweden , accessed July 6, 2019
4. ^ Jewish-heritage: Sweden , accessed July 6, 2019
5. ↑ worldjewishcongress.org: Sweden , accessed July 6, 2019
6. ^ Paul A. Levine from the University of Uppsala in: Scandinavia in the time of National Socialism and the "Action Bernadotte". Events and Memory , article by Jens-Christian Hansen, May 2010
7. ↑ Sweden during the Second World War - "beretskapstiden" , accessed on July 6, 2019
8. ^ Spiegel.de How Denmark Saved Its Jews from the Nazis , accessed on July 6, 2019
9. ↑ Yad Vashem: wallenberg Raoul , accessed on July 6, 2019
10. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de: Protection passports for persecuted Jews , accessed on July 6, 2019
11. ↑ An Approach to the Ravensbrück Women's Concentration Camp , accessed on July 6, 2019
12. ↑ ndr.de: The rescue with the "White Busses" , accessed on July 6, 2019
13. ^ Lexicon of persecuted musicians during the Nazi era: Hans Holewa , accessed on July 2, 2019
14. ↑ Henrik Rosengren: Från tysk höst till tysk vår: Fem musikpersonligheter i svensk exil i skuggan av nazismen och kalla kriget, Nordic Academic Press 2013, p. 270
15. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names has four entries on Peter Holewa, all accessed on July 2, 2019:
    • PETER HOLEVY , based on the memorial book of the Federal Archives,
    • PETER HOLEVY , based on the Berlin Memorial Book,
    • PETER HOLEVY , submitted by his cousin Gad Mozes Mazur Mazor in April 1999, and
    • PETER HOLEWA , based on the Memorial to the Jews Deported from France 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld .
16. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names has four entries about Erich Holewa, all accessed on July 2, 2019:
    • ERICH HOLVEWA , based on the memorial book of the Federal Archives,
    • ERICH HOLVEWA , based on the Memorial to the Jews Deported from France 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld ,
    • ERICH HOLVEWA , based on the Berlin Memorial Book, and
    • ERICH HOLEVY , submitted by his nephew Gad Mozes Mazur Mazor in April 1999
17. ↑ Forum för levande historia (Stockholm): Erich Holewa: Kungsholmstorg 6 , accessed on July 2, 2019
18. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names has three entries above, all accessed July 2, 2019:
    • LOTTE HOLEVY , based on the memorial book of the Federal Archives,
    • LOTTE HOLEVY , based on the Berlin Memorial Book, and
    • LOTTE aHOLEVY , submitted by her nephew Gad Mazor Mozes Mazur in April 1999.
19. ^ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: Erna Holeva , based on the registration of Austrian Holocaust victims by name, documentation archive of the Austrian Resistance
20. ^ Maria-Theres Arnbom: "Your services are no longer needed": Expelled from the Volksoper - Künstlerschicksale 1938, Amalthea-Verlag 2018, ISBN 978-3990501429 , p. 135
21. ^ Anne E. Dünzelmann: Stockholm Walks: In the Footsteps of German Exiles 1933-1945 , 2017, p. 96f
22. ^ Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Latvia - Names and Fates 1941-1945: Entry on Kurt Israel Moses , accessed on July 3, 2019
23. ↑ Forum för levande historia (Stockholm): Curt Moses: Gumshornsgatan 6 , accessed on July 3, 2019
24. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names has two entries about Curt Moses, all accessed on July 3, 2019:
    • KURT ISRAEL MOSES , based on the project Jews in Latvia: Names and Fates 1941-1945 , and
    • KURT ISRAEL MOSES , based on the resident registration book .
25. ↑ Forum för levande historia (Stockholm): Hans Eduard Szybilski: Apelbergsgatan 36 , accessed on July 4, 2019
26. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names has two entries about Hans Eduard Szybilski, both accessed on July 4, 2019:
    • HANS EDUARD SZYBILSKI , on the memorial book of the Federal Archives, and
    • HANS EDUARD SZYBILSKI , based on the memorial book of the Free University of Berlin .
27. ↑ Dagens Nyheter : Monument över dem som skulle raderas , accessed on July 4, 2019

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