List of stumbling blocks in Poland

The first Stolperstein laid in Poland is dedicated to Edith Stein , a Catholic nun of Jewish origin who was canonized in 1998 .

The list of stumbling blocks in Poland contains the stumbling blocks in present-day Poland , which remind of the fate of the people who were murdered, deported, displaced or driven to suicide in the country during the time of National Socialism . The stumbling blocks were laid by Gunter Demnig .

Stumbling blocks are usually laid in front of the victim's last freely chosen place of residence. The first installation in Poland took place on October 12, 2008 in Wrocław . The relocations for the members of the Zorek family in Wrocław were carried out on behalf of the descendants of this family, who came from the USA for the relocation. In Szczecin , Demnig gave a lecture on June 25, 2015. Stumbling blocks are called kamienie pamięci (stones of memory) in Polish .

Historical background

→ Main article : “1939–1945: Second World War” in the article History of Poland

Poland is proportionately the hardest hit country by the crimes of the National Socialists :

• With the attack on Poland , the secret additional protocol to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland , the country temporarily disappeared from the map.
• With the massacre of Ciepielów on September 8, 1939, a series of war crimes by the Wehrmacht began in Poland, with the Przemyśl massacre by task forces of the Security Police and the SD from September 16 to 19, 1939, the Holocaust began in Poland. Between September 1 and October 25, 1939, over 16,000 civilians were executed by German forces, and around 60,000 Polish intellectuals, including 7,000 Jews, were murdered in and after the attack on Poland by the end of 1939.
• According to the official research from 2011, a total of 5.65 million Polish victims were recorded between 1939 and 1945. This includes almost three million Polish Jews, who were mostly victims of industrial extermination in the gas chambers , as well as 150,000 Poles who were killed during the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland.
• In the Polish territory occupied by the German Reich, the extermination camps Auschwitz-Birkenau , Belzec , Kulmhof , Majdanek , Sobibor and Treblinka were set up and used for the mass murder of Jewish women, children and men from all over Europe. In addition, thousands of Jews were in ghettos , etc. a. in Warsaw and Litzmannstadt killed by overcrowding, hunger, epidemics and shootings.

German war crimes in Poland, 1939 to 1945

Stumbling blocks in Poland

The Demnig project in Poland is only just beginning, so far only 32 stumbling blocks have been laid in eight cities and towns - including two cities that were part of the so-called Altreich until 1945 . In part, Nazi victims of German origin and German citizenship were honored. This is in stark contrast to the Netherlands, where more than 6,500 stumbling blocks have been laid so far, to the Czech Republic, Italy, Austria, Norway and Hungary, where several hundred stumbling blocks have been laid each, but also to Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Spain and Greece. (As of July 2018)

Planned relocations in Łódź (April 30, 2014) and Gliwice (October 13, 2014) did not take place. In Łódź there was a discourse about the inscriptions.

Some of the tables can be sorted; the basic sorting is done alphabetically according to the family name.

Biała Podlaska

On December 11, 2017, Gunter Demnig laid three stumbling blocks in Biała Podlaska .

image	inscription	Location	Name, life
	CHAIM ZYLBERG JG LIVED HERE . 1920 DEPORTED TO MIĘDZYRZEC PODLASKI IN 1942 DIED IN 1942 ON THE TRANSPORT	ul. Krótka 3	Chaim Hyatt Zylberberg was born in Brest Litovsk in 1920 . His parents Joel Zylberberg and Gertruda geb. Waskin or Waksin (both see below). He had a brother, David (born 1913). He was a student. In 1942 Chaim, Gertruda and Joel Zylberberg were arrested. He and his father died on the way to Międzyrzec Podlaski . The mother was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp , where she was murdered in a gas chamber. His brother David survived the deportation and was able to emigrate to France and later to the USA. He named his only son Joel Hyatt and one of his daughters Trudy.
	HERE LIVED GERTRUDA Zylberberg WASKIN JG. DEPORTED IN 1892 TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 1942	ul. Krótka 3	Gertruda Zylberberg b. Waskin or Waksin was born in Brest Litovsk in 1892 . She was also called Gitla. Her parents were called Moses and Cylic and Bella, respectively. She married the dentist Joel Zylberberg (see above). The couple had two sons, David (born 1913) and Chaim (born 1920, see above). In 1942 Gertruda, Joel and Chaim Zylberberg were arrested. Her son and her husband died on the transport to Międzyrzec Podlaski , she herself was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp and murdered there in a gas chamber. Two of the reports to Yad Vashem were submitted in 1980 and 1992 by her son David Zylberberg (1913–2012), who was then living and working in Cleveland, Ohio. The surviving son emigrated to the United States, married, and had three children and six grandchildren.
	JOEL ZYLBERG JG LIVED HERE . 1890 DEPORTED TO MIĘDZYRZEC PODLASKI IN 1942 DIED IN 1942 ON THE TRANSPORT	ul. Krótka 3	Joel Zylberberg was born in Brest Litovsk in 1890 . His parents were called David or Mejer and Bella, Berta or Rejla. He studied medicine and became a dentist. He married Gertruda geb. Waskin or Waksin (see below). The couple had two sons, David (born 1913) and Chaim (born 1920, see above). In 1942 Joel, Gertruda and Chaim Zylberberg were arrested. He and his son died on the way to Międzyrzec Podlaski . The wife was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp , where she was murdered in a gas chamber. Son David (1913–2012) emigrated to the United States. He was born with Anna Bleiweiss (1918–2011) married. The couple had a son and two daughters and six grandchildren.

Łomża

In the independent city of Łomża in the Podlaskie Voivodeship , Gunter Demnig laid two stumbling blocks on July 29, 2018.

image	inscription	Location	Name, life
	ROSE KABAKERIS KATZ LIVED HERE, MURDERED IN 1941 IN THE GHETTO OF SŁONIM	Długa 22	Rose Kabakeris Katz was born. Her parents were Beryl Kabaker (born 1861) and his wife Leah geb. Rhinestein or Ramstein. She had three brothers, Nathan (1899–1941), Leon, also Leibich (around 1903–1977), Julius (1906–1995) and two sisters, Luba and Sonya. She married Jacob Katz. The couple had at least one daughter, Fay, born on December 17, 1911. She married the doctor Irving Israel Berwald (see below, under Raczki). Daughter and son-in-law were able to emigrate to the United States in 1938 and thus survive the Shoah . They had three children, seven grandchildren and at least eleven great-grandchildren. Fay Katz Bergwald died in St. Louis at the age of 102 . Rose Katz and her husband were both murdered by the Nazi regime, the woman in the Słonim ghetto in 1941 and the man in the Warsaw ghetto in 1943 . The father of Rose Kabakeris Katz and her eldest brother were also murdered during the Shoah . The younger brothers were able to immigrate to the United States and survive. The fate of the mother and the two sisters is unknown.
	JACOB KATZ JG LIVED HERE . 1883 MURDERED IN THE WARSAW GHETTO IN 1943		Jacob Katz was born in 1883. Little is known about him. He married Rose nee Kabakeris (see above). The couple had a daughter, Fay, born in 1911. While the daughter was able to survive in exile in the United States with her husband and children, the parents were both murdered by the Nazi regime, Rose in 1941 in the Słonim Ghetto , Jacob in 1943 in Warsaw Ghetto .

Mińsk Mazowiecki

On December 10, 2017, Gunter Demnig laid a stumbling block in the Mazovian city of Mińsk Mazowiecki .

image	inscription	Location	Name, life
	JAN HUBERT JG LIVED HERE . 1862 ARRESTED 02/17/1944 DEPORTED 1944 WARSAW MURDERED 04/15/1944	ul.Sosnkowskiego 4	Jan Hubert was born in 1862. He studied medicine, got married and became a factory doctor in the factory of Konstanty Rudzki , a socially responsible entrepreneur who, for example, founded the city high school. At the beginning of the 20th century he had a representative villa built. One of his frequent guests was the writer Stefan Żeromski , a relative of his wife. It is widely believed that Jan Hubert was the model for Doctor Judah in Żeromski's 1910 novel The Homeless (Ludzie bezdomni). His house was an important meeting place for resistance fighters against the German occupiers. Jan Hubert was arrested on February 17, 1944 and deported to Warsaw . He was murdered on April 15, 1944 by the Nazi regime in the notorious Pawiak prison. His wife Anna (1870–1955) survived. In 1948 she donated the villa to a charitable cause. Until the 1980s there was a branch of the Polish Red Cross there . The house has been a listed building since 1992. The museum of the 7th Uhlan Regiment in Lublin has been housed there since 2005 .

Oświęcim

On July 28, 2019, Gunter Demnig laid a stumbling block in Oświęcim (German: Auschwitz ).

image	inscription	Location	Name, life
	HERE LIVED Franciszka Henryka HABER FIELD GEB. IN 1937 IN 1941 IN THE GHETTO OF KRAKOW MURDERED IN BEŁŻEC in 1942	Oświęcim	Franciszka Henryka Haberfeld was born in 1937 as the daughter of Alfons and Felicja Haferfeld. She was murdered in the Bełżec extermination camp in 1942 .

Raczki

On July 29, 2018, Gunter Demnig laid five stumbling blocks for members of the Bergwald family in the Podlachian community of Raczki . The initiative for the relocations in Łomża and Raczki came from Bruce Berwald, a descendant of Israel Berwald.

image	inscription	Location	Name, life
	FANIA STREYEW BERWALD LIVED HERE MURDERED IN 1941 IN THE GHETTO OF SLONIM	Plac Kościuszki	Fania Streyew Berwald
	ISAAC BERWALD LIVED HERE MURDERED IN 1941 IN THE GHETTO OF SLONIM	Plac Kościuszki	Isaac Berwald
	ISRAEL BERWALD LIVED HERE BORN IN 1911 EMIGRATED TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1938	Plac Kościuszki	Irving Israel Berwald was born in 1911. He went to high school in Suwałki and attended schools in Grodno and Vilnius. He studied medicine in France and Switzerland and in 1933 married Fay, also born in 1911. Katz, the daughter of Jacob and Rose Katz (both see above under Łomża). After the wedding, the couple spent time in Italy . There he decided to study medicine at the University of Genoa in 1936 . After that, the couple lived in Łomża and Vilnius . Israel had to take various jobs before being allowed to work as a doctor as a Jew. Occasionally he visited his parents in Raczki. After anti-Semitic riots broke out in Poland in January 1937, the young couple decided to emigrate. As early as 1938 Irving and Fay Bergwald were able to immigrate to the United States (and thus survive the Shoah ). They had three children, seven grandchildren and at least eleven great-grandchildren. One of their children was named David. Irving Israel died at the age of 90 in St. Louis , Fay Katz Bergwald at the age of 102 there.
	JOSHUA (ZEYDEL) BERWALD LIVED HERE, MURDERED IN 1941 IN THE GHETTO OF SLONIM	Plac Kościuszki	Joshua Berwald
	MINA BERWALD LIVED HERE, MURDERED IN 1941 IN THE GHETTO OF SLONIM	Plac Kościuszki	Mina Berwald

Slubice

image	inscription	Location	Name, life
Currently construction site (as of March 2016)	KARL RITTER JG LIVED HERE . IN 1877 ARRESTED IN 1933 CONCENTRATION CAMP SONNENBURG / SŁOŃSK DIED 1933	ul. Mikołaja Kopernika / Księdza Piotra Wawrzyniaka	Karl Ritter was born on October 30th, 1877, learned the trade of wheelwright and worked in his parents' craft business Hufschlag & Wagenbau . He took part in the revolutionary struggles in Russia in 1917, was a trade union official in the " German Woodworkers Association " and was involved in the SPD . After he made “ugly” comments about the National Socialists in a restaurant in March 1933, he was temporarily imprisoned. On May 2, 1933, for organizing a protest march, he was arrested again and taken to the Sonnenburg concentration camp , now Słońsk . He passed away in late summer of the same year, for which there were two explanations - suicide or the aftermath of torture in detention. Ritter was one of the earliest victims of the Hitler regime. On September 11, 1948, the city council of Frankfurt (Oder) decided to name the Magazinplatz after the resistance fighter.
	ERICH SCHULZ JG LIVED HERE . 1907 ARRIVED SEVERAL TIMES, LAST 1944 TORTURE BY THE GESTAPO MURDERED ON June 29, 1944	ul.Sienkiewicza 46	Erich Schulz was born in 1907. He was a worker and joined the Communist Party of Germany in1923. After Hitler came to power in January 1933, he was involved in building up the illegal work of the KPD in Frankfurt (Oder) and the surrounding area. In 1933 he was also briefly imprisoned. In 1936, he was arrested again and sat for conspiracy to commit high treason in prison Brandenburg-Gorden , then in a quarry in Bavaria, and finally in Emslandlager Aschendorfermoor . After his release in 1941, he had toreportto the Gestapo everyweek. On June 29, 1944, his body was found on the Oder. Despite his bruised face, his death was officially portrayed as a suicide. Erich Schulz had to identify his wife.

Wroclaw

In the western Polish city of Wrocław , formerly Breslau, the following stumbling blocks were laid:

image	Surname	Location	Life
	HERE LIVED MAGDALENE BRANDT JG. [...]	Zielińskiego / Swobodna	Magdalene Brandt
	MAX BRANDT JG LIVED HERE . [...]	Zielińskiego / Swobodna	Max Brandt
	HELENE ILSE DATTEL JG LIVED HERE . [...]	Zielińskiego / Swobodna	Helene Ilse Dattel
	ALFRED DRESEL JG LIVED HERE . [...]	Zielińskiego / Swobodna	Alfred Dresel
	KAETE DRESEL JG LIVED HERE . [...]	Zielińskiego / Swobodna	Kaete Dresel
	DAVID HENOCH JG LIVED HERE . [...]	Zielińskiego / Swobodna	David Enoch
	EDITH STEIN JG LIVED HERE . 1891 EXPUNGED 9.8.1942 IN AUSCHWITZ	ul.Nowowiejska 38	Edith Stein was born in Breslau on October 12, 1891 , the youngest of eleven children of a Jewish Orthodox family . Her father, a merchant, died a year after she was born, and her mother continued to run the timber trade. Edith Stein studied in Breslau, Göttingen and Freiburg i. Br. Psychology , Philosophy , History and German Studies and wanted to "serve humanity" even then. After her doctorate, she was the assistant to her doctoral supervisor, the philosopher Edmund Husserl, until 1918 . Four attempts at habilitation failed because of the fact that she was a woman. In April 1933, in a letter to Pope Pius XI. that he should publicly protest against the persecution of the Jews . The request went unanswered for four years, and it was not until 1937 that the encyclical Mit burning concern was published. On October 14, 1933, Edith Stein joined the Order of the Discalced Carmelites in Cologne as a postulant and six months later she accepted the name Teresia Benedicta a Cruce . In 1936 Edith's older sister Rosa Stein (1883–1942) was baptized, and then lived as a guest in the monastery and worked as a porter. In 1938, Edith Stein and her sister moved to the Order's Carmel in Echt, the Netherlands, in order to protect their parent company . As part of the deportation of the Holocaust and the two sisters stone were from the August 2, 1942 Gestapo arrested in the Westerbork transit camp spent, later five days, the death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau deported in on August 9, 1942 gas chamber murdered. Pope John Paul II beatified Edith Stein in 1987 and canonized him in 1998 . She was and is considered to be a bridge builder between Christians and Jews. Two more stumbling blocks for Edith Stein are in Cologne and another in Freiburg im Breisgau.
	ANITA TREITEL JG LIVED HERE . 1920 DEPORTED FOR FORCED LABOR 11/16/1941 SUICIDE	ul.Świdnicka 39	Anita Treitel was born on January 29, 1920 as the daughter of Rose and Walter Treitel in Breslau. Her father was a doctor. She had an older brother, Wolfgang (1918–2013), who - like her father - was able to emigrate to the United States in good time. Her uncle, Arnold Bernstein , tried to bring her and her mother to the USA , but to no avail. Anita Treitel had to do forced labor in a camp and took her own life on November 16, 1941. Her mother was deported and murdered by the Nazi regime in April 1942.
	HERE LIVED ROSE AMBER Treitel JG. 1891 1942 DEPORTED TO THE IZBICA GHETTO MURDERED 1942	ul.Świdnicka 39	Rose Treitel born Bernstein was born on December 10, 1891 in Breslau. On July 23, 1914 she married the doctor Walter Treitel, the couple had two children: Wolfgang (born on June 10, 1918) and Anita (born on January 29, 1920). The husband and son were able to save themselves by emigrating to the United States in 1938 and 1939 and changed their family name to Tritell there. Her brother Arnold Bernstein (1888–1971) tried in vain to save Rose and Anita Treitel to the USA . The daughter committed suicide on November 16, 1941. Rose Treitel was murdered by the Nazi regime in the Izbica ghetto in April 1942 . Rose Treitel's son married Anita Sorkowitz (1922–1998) and had two children with her. He died very old in 2013.
	ALFRED ZOREK JG LIVED HERE . 1884 1943 DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED: 03/1943	ul.Jedności Narodowej 95	Alfred Zorek was born in Wreschen in 1884 as the son of Gustav and Rosalie Zorek. He had four siblings, including two sisters Martha and Gunda and brother Rudolf. He married Frieda Freund, the couple had two children: Erna (born 1923) and Werner (born 1925). The family lived at 95 Matthias Strasse in Breslau. While the son was brought to safety on a Kindertransport to England in 1939 , Alfred Zorek, his wife and daughter were deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in 1943 and murdered there. Stolpersteine ​​were laid in Magdeburg for his brother Rudolf Zorek and his wife Betty (née Grzebinasch), who were both murdered in the Treblinka extermination camp .
	ERNA ZOREK JG LIVED HERE . 1923 1943 DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED: 03.1943	ul.Jedności Narodowej 95	Erna Zorek was born in Breslau in 1923 as the daughter of Alfred and Frieda Zorek. She had a brother, Werner, geb. 1925, which went to England on a Kindertransport in 1939 . She herself was deported with her parents to Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1943 and murdered there. On September 23, 2012, a stumbling block for Erna Zorek was laid in Mozartstrasse in Unna, in front of the St. Bonifatius residential and nursing home.
	HERE LIVED FRIEDA FRIEND Zorek JG. 1885 1943 DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED: 03/1943	ul.Jedności Narodowej 95	Frieda Zorek b. Freund was born on March 29, 1885 to Emma and Selig Freund. She had six siblings: Anna (1875), the twins Georg and Doris (1877), Rosa (1879), Gertrud (1880) and Sigmund. She had two children with her husband Alfred Zorek: Werner and Erna. While the son was brought to safety on a Kindertransport to England in 1939 , Frieda Zorek, her husband and daughter were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in 1943 and murdered there.
	WERNER ZOREK JG LIVED HERE . 1925 7.2.1939 CHILD TRANSPORT TO GREAT BRITAIN	ul.Jedności Narodowej 95	Werner Zorek was born on October 14, 1925 in Breslau as the son of Alfred and Frieda Zorek. He had a sister, Erna. On February 7, 1939, at the age of 13, he was brought to safety on a Kindertransport to England. He was housed first at Camp Dovercourt , later in Gloucester. After the end of the Second World War, in 1947, he emigrated to New York with the help of relatives, called himself Warren Zorek , worked as a manager at Bloomingdale’s department store and volunteered for the American Red Cross . He met Jane Krass and married her. The couple had two children, Jennifer (1958) and Michael (1960), and four grandchildren. Warren Zorek died on December 22, 2006 at the age of 81 in New York, where he was also buried. Father, mother and sister were murdered in 1943 in Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp .

Zamość

In the city of Zamość in the Lublin Voivodeship in south-east Poland, five stumbling blocks were laid at the end of July 2019:

image	Surname	Location	Life
	HERE WAS BORN ABRAHAM BIALSKI BORN IN 1907 MURDERED IN 1941 RIWNE BY UKR. POLICE OFFICERS	Ludwika Zamenhofa 10	Abraham Bialski
	HERE WAS BORN ELIASZ BIALSKI BORN IN 1910 SURVIVED	Ludwika Zamenhofa 10	Eliasz Bialski
	HERE IS BORN CESIA Rozencwajg GEB. BIALSKA BORN 1905 MURDERED 1941 LWIW	Ludwika Zamenhofa 10	Cesia Rozencwajg
	HERE WAS BORN CHAIM JONAS WOLFENFELD BORN 1850 DEPORTED 1942 BEŁŻEC MURDERED 1942	Ludwika Zamenhofa 10	Chaim Jonas Wolfenfeld
	HERE WAS BORN SURA WOLFENFELD BORN 1863 DEPORTED 1942 BEŁŻEC MURDERED IN 1942	Ludwika Zamenhofa 10	Surah Wolfenfeld

Laying data

The Stolpersteine ​​in Poland were laid by Gunter Demnig personally on the following days:

• October 12, 2008: Wrocław (ul.Nowowiejska 38)
• November 12, 2009: Słubice (ul.Mikołaja Kopernika)
• July 6, 2010: Słubice (ul.Sienkiewicza 46)
• February 2, 2016: Wrocław (ul.Jedności Narodowej 95, ul.Świdnicka 39)
• December 10, 2017: Mińsk Mazowiecki
• December 11, 2017: Biała Podlaska
• July 29, 2018: Raczki and Łomża
• February 2019: Wrocław (Zielińskiego / Swobodna)
• July 27, 2019: Zamość
• July 28, 2019: Oświęcim

Further relocations have been announced for July 26 and 27, 2019 in Radom and Chelm .

Web links

Commons : Stumbling blocks in Poland  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Yad Vashem , Central Database of the Names of Holocaust Victims
• Stolpersteine.eu , official website of the Stolperstein project by Gunter Demnig
• Jewish Frankfurt virtual , stumbling blocks in Frankfurt (Oder) and Słubice

Individual evidence

1. ↑ German Consulate General Wroclaw: Stumbling Stones in Wroclaw ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed March 16, 2016
2. ↑ Edina Rauschenberger: Conference report The loneliness of the victims. Methodological, ethical and political aspects of the human casualty count in World War II. 09.12.2011–10.12.2011, Budapest . In: H-Soz-u-Kult , June 8, 2012.
3. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names has several entries on Chaim Zylberberg, including three of his surviving son David, all accessed on July 28, 2018:
   • Chaim Hyatt Zylberberg (1980),
   • Chaim Zylberberg (1981) and
   • Chaim Zylberberg (1992).
   In all three reports he writes that his brother died by suicide, which does not necessarily contradict the version given above.
4. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names has several entries on Gertruda and Gitla Zylberberg with very different dates of birth. The two reports of their surviving son Davis were taken into account here, both accessed on July 28, 2018:
   • Gertrude Zylberberg (1980) and
   • Gitla Zylberberg (1992).
5. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names has several entries on Joel Zylberberg, including three of his surviving son David, all accessed on July 28, 2018:
   • Joel Zylberberg (1980),
   • Joel Zylberberg (1981) and
   • Joel Zylberberg (1992).
   In two of his reports he writes that his father passed away through suicide, which does not necessarily contradict the version given above.
6. ↑ Find a grave , both accessed on July 28, 2018:
   • David Zylberberg
   • Anna Bleiweiss Zylberberg
7. ↑ ^{a b} legacy.com: Fay Katz Berwald, Obituary , accessed on August 9, 2018
8. ↑ Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names : Natan Kabaker , accessed July 30, 2018
9. ↑ Hashimg: Photos and Videos about #demnig , accessed September 6, 2018, with a picture of the couple
10. ↑ Wmurowanie kamienia pamięci poświęconego dr. Janowi Hubertowi , December 8, 2017
11. ↑ Poland 24h: Willa doktora Jana Huberta , accessed on July 27, 2018
12. ^ Obituaries of Miscellaneous Physicians - 2002 , accessed September 3, 2018
13. ↑ FirstHandHistory: David Berwald: In His Own Words , accessed August 26, 2018
14. ↑ Marcin Halicki: Pamiętnik z Raczek - 1996 , accessed on August 26, 2018
15. ^ Jewish Frankfurt virtual: Stumbling blocks in Frankfurt (Oder) and Słubice , accessed on March 8, 2016
16. ↑ Museum Viadrina: Karl-Ritter-Platz ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed March 8, 2016
17. ↑ Jewish Frankfurt virtual: Stolpersteine ​​in Frankfurt (Oder) and Słubice , accessed on March 17, 2016
18. ↑ German wave : Nowe kamienie pamięci we Wrocławiu , February 21, 2019
19. ↑ Reiner Wimmer: Edith Stein . In: Four Jewish women philosophers . Leipzig 1996, p. 228
20. ↑ Lukas Mihr: Ad maiora mala vitanda - The example of the Netherlands ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed June 23, 2013) 
21. ^ Commemoration for Edith Stein in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Patroness of Europe and women's rights activist . Interview with Stefan Dartmann, SJ, on the occasion of Cardinal Meisner's sermon on the 70th anniversary of Edith Stein's death in the former Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. Domradio, September 8, 2012.
22. ^ In re Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation Case No. CV96-4849 Certified Denial , accessed March 16, 2016
23. ^ Lars U. Scholl: Bernstein, Arnold . In: Franklin Kopitzsch, Dirk Brietzke (Hrsg.): Hamburgische Biographie . tape 5 . Wallstein, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-8353-0640-0 , p. 48-50 .
24. ^ New York Times : Deaths TRITELL, ANITA (NEE SORKOWITZ) , August 19, 1998
25. ↑ Against oblivion: We remember the Zorek couple , accessed on March 16, 2016
26. ↑ Story of Survival: Warren Zorek ( memento from March 12, 2016 in the web archive archive.today ) , accessed on March 16, 2016

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