List of stumbling blocks in the Île-de-France region

Stumbling blocks in Fontenay-sous-Bois

The list of stumbling blocks in the Île-de-France region includes the stumbling blocks in the French region of Île-de-France . They remind of the fate of the people who were murdered, deported, expelled or driven to suicide during the German occupation of France in World War II . The stumbling blocks were laid by Gunter Demnig . As a rule, they are in front of the victim's last self-chosen place of residence. The stumbling blocks are mostly called pavés de mémoire in the French-speaking area , the literal translation would be “pierres sur lesquelles on trébuche”.

So far, Stolpersteine ​​have only been laid in Fontenay-sous-Bois in this region .

Fontenay-sous-Bois

Fontenay-sous-Bois is a Parisian suburb in the Val-de-Marne department , in the east of Paris. At the 1936 census, the city had 31,546 inhabitants. During the German occupation and the Second World War, 276 victims were recorded, 30 of them during the liberation struggles from August 23 to 25, 1944. Members of the Resistance and German military police fought fierce battles. The last senseless act of the German troops before they withdrew from Fontenay-sous-Bois was to destroy the freight yard with a carpet of bombs. Between 1942 and 1944, 79 Jews from Fontenay-sous-Bois were arrested, interned and deported. They were all murdered, in Auschwitz, Sobibor or Majdanek - with one exception: the teacher Raymond Lévy, born in Fontenay in 1914, was able to survive Auschwitz. After the liberation of the concentration camp by Soviet troops and after the fall of the Nazi regime, he returned to Fontenay-sous-Bois and lived there until his death. 81 members of the Resistance were arrested, deported and sentenced to forced labor by the Nazi regime. More than 63% died in the concentration camps, mostly declared as NN , according to the Night and Fog Decree : "Return undesirable". 30 resistance fighters survived the concentration camps and returned. They founded the Fédération nationale des déportés et internés résistants et patriotes (FNDIRP) and have been fighting against racism, anti-Semitism and fascism ever since.

List of installed stumbling blocks

image	Translation of the inscription	Location	Name, life
	JACQUES GAUCHER LIVED HERE BORN 1920 DEPORTED 1942 TORGAU MURDERED 04/16/1945	27, Rue Marcel and Jacques Gaucher	Jacques Raymond Marcel Gaucher was born on August 16, 1920 in Joinville-le-Pont . His parents were Marcel Gaucher and his wife Raymonde Mathilde Rigaud. Jacques Gaucher and his father were police officers and active in the Resistance . He was probably part of Alfred Heurteaux's Hector network . He and his father were arrested on October 9, 1941, the day that Operation Porto destroyed this network, which had been infiltrated by the German secret service. On December 15, 1941, he was deported to Germany from the Gare de l'Est in Paris for forced labor. Gaucher was interned in Hagen, Cologne and Sonnenburg. He was classified as NN , which stands for "night and fog", sentenced to disappear according to a secret guide decree . He was transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp , where he received the prisoner number 117326, finally to the Buchenwald concentration camp and finally to the Langenstein-Zwieberge concentration camp , a subcamp of Buchenwald, in which more than 7000 concentration camp prisoners from 23 countries were exploited in extremely hard physical labor were. Jacques Gaucher was murdered in Torgau on April 16, 1945, a few days before the fall of the Nazi regime. He was posthumously awarded the Médaille de la Résistance in April 1946 . His father was murdered in the Groß-Rosen concentration camp in December 1944 . A plaque commemorates Jacques Gaucher in Fontenay, and rue Marcel et Jacques Gaucher was also dedicated to father and son .
	MARCEL GAUCHER LIVED HERE BORN 1894 DEPORTED 1942 GROSS-ROSEN MURDERED December 24th, 1944	27, Rue Marcel and Jacques Gaucher	Marcel Louis Gaucher was born in Paris on September 29, 1894. His parents were Juliette Mathiot and Louis François Gaucher. He studied law. From 1916 he fought in the 153rd Infantry Regiment in the First World War . After he was given leave of absence from army service in 1919, he moved to Joinville-le-Pont . There he married Raymonde Mathilde Rigaud in September 1919. He worked as a foreman in his father-in-law's glass cutting shop. In 1920 his son Jacques was born. Gaucher was very interested in music, he was archivist of the Société symphonique de Joinville until 1925 . In 1925 he became an editor at the Paris police headquarters. He was chairman of a music society, which he merged into an art association in 1935 with an art fair. Gaucher painted himself, and exhibited his landscape paintings three times at prefectural fairs. Marcel Gaucher moved with his family to Fontenay-sous-Bois, where they lived on Rue Squéville, then on Rue Castel. In 1929 he received the médaille de la mutualité in bronze. In 1932 he won a prize from the newspaper L'Œuvre in a major competition on politics. He received the Ordre des Palmes Académiques twice , in 1931 and 1937. In 1940 he was demobilized and assigned specifically to the Prefecture of Police. After the official gazette had published a list of the dignitaries of the Freemasons, in which Gaucher was also mentioned, he was released from the police force on September 26, 1941. There he ended up as deputy office manager and responsible for personnel, budget and equipment. Since 1940 Gaucher was active in the resistance, founded an underground group in the prefecture, he took care of the organization of false papers and weapons depots. On October 1, he became a P1 agent in Alfred Heurteaux's Hector network. This network was connected to the intelligence service of the French Air Force. On October 9, 1941, he became a third-class P2 agent. On the same day, he was arrested, the network had been infiltrated and was broken up in an operation called Operation Porto . He and his son were deported to Germany on December 15, 1941 from the Gare de l'Est in Paris for forced labor. He was interned in Hagen, Cologne, Wittlich, Wolfenbüttel and Hamburg. Gaucher was classified as NN , which stands for "night and fog", sentenced to disappear according to a secret guide decree . Marcel Gaucher was transferred to the Groß-Rosen concentration camp and murdered there on December 24, 1944 by the Nazi regime. He was posthumously awarded the Médaille de la Résistance in April 1946 , in 1947 he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor , on July 21, 1947 he was honored by the then Interior Minister Édouard Depreux with the title Citation à l'ordre de la Nation . His son was murdered in Torgau in the last days of the Nazi regime. In Fontenay, a plaque commemorates Marcel Gaucher, a bus stop is named Mallier-Gaucher , and rue Marcel et Jacques Gaucher is dedicated to father and son . Pictures painted by him are in the municipal archive of the city.
	BAZI KOUPERVASSER LIVED HERE BORN 1890 INTERNED DRANCY DEPORTED 1942 AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 1.8.1942	77, Rue Pasteur	Bazi Koupervasser , also Houvervasser, was born on January 1, 1890 in Russia. Koupervasser was born on July 27, 1942 with convoy No. 11, train D 901-6, deported from the Drancy assembly camp to Auschwitz and murdered there on August 1, 1942 - immediately after arrival - by the Nazi regime.
	HERE LIVED IDA LEVINE BORN 1913 interned DRANCY deported in 1942 AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 09/19/1942	2, rue Mallier	Ida Lévine was born on January 22nd, 1913 in Paris ( 12ème ). She had a brother and a sister. The family lived together on rue Mallier. She was a physical education teacher at the Victor Duruy School. In an anonymous letter she was denounced as a "communist, Jewish, Freemason and Gaullist ". She was arrested on October 13, 1941. Lévine was imprisoned in La Santé prison, but since nothing incriminating was found, she was released on November 19, 1941. In May 1942 she was arrested again, on June 10, 1942 she was interned in the Les Tourelles camp, after which she was sent to the Drancy assembly camp . On June 22, 1942, she was taken with convoy No. 3 deported from Drancy to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Ida Lévine was murdered by the Nazi regime on September 19, 1942.
	RAYMOND LEVY LIVED HERE BORN 1914 INTERNED DRANCY DEPORTED 1944 AUSCHWITZ SURVIVED	131, avenue de la République	Raymond Lévy was born on September 11, 1914 in Fontenay-sous-Bois. He was a teacher. He was arrested and interned in the Drancy assembly camp. On February 10, 1944, he was transported to convoy No. 68 deported to Auschwitz. Raymond Lévy was able to survive the Nazi regime and return home. He lived in his hometown until his death. He was the only Jew from Fontenay-sous-Bois who could survive the Holocaust .
	ODETTE STARCK LIVED HERE BORN 1925 INTERNED DRANCY DEPORTED 1943 SOBIBOR MURDERED 30.3.1943	12, Rue Pauline	Odette Starck , also Stark, was born in Paris on May 7, 1925. She had a younger brother, Sylvain (born 1926). The siblings were arrested and interned in the Drancy assembly camp. On March 25, 1943, they were transported to convoy No. 53 deported from Drancy to the Sobibor extermination camp . Odette Starck and her brother were murdered in a gas chamber immediately upon arrival on March 30, 1943. Her mother Suzanne Starck was murdered in Auschwitz.
	HERE LIVED SUZANNE STARCK GEB. KAGAN 1902 Interned DRANCY DEPORTED 1942 AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 3.8.1942	12, Rue Pauline	Suzanne Starck , also Stark, née Kagan, was born on October 20, 1902 in Rovno . She was a mechanic and had two children, Odette born in 1925 and Sylvain born in 1926. Starck was arrested at the Rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver in July 1942 and interned in the Drancy assembly camp. On July 29, 1942, she was taken with convoy No. 12 deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Suzanne Starck was murdered in one of the gas chambers immediately after her arrival on August 3, 1942,
	SYLVAIN STARCK LIVED HERE BORN 1926 INTERNED DRANCY DEPORTED 1943 SOBIBOR MURDERED 30.3.1943	12, Rue Pauline	Sylvain Starck , also Stark, was born on May 15, 1926 in Paris. He had an older sister, Odette (born 1925). The siblings were arrested and interned in the Drancy assembly camp. On March 25, 1943, he was with convoy no. 53 deported from Drancy to the Sobibor extermination camp . Sylvain Starck and his sister were murdered in a gas chamber immediately upon arrival on March 30, 1943. His mother Suzanne Starck was murdered in Auschwitz.
	KAZIMIERZ SZAWEJKO LIVED HERE BORN 1892 INTERNAL COMPIEGNE DEPORTED 1944 MAUTHAUSEN-GUSEN MURDERED 04/03/1944	49, rue Epoigny	Kazimierz Szawejko , first name also Casimir, was born on October 22nd, 1892 in Turgeliai (then Poland, now Lithuania). He was a communist and a member of the leadership troika of Polish migrant workers in the Paris region. He lived in Pas-de-Calais, later in Montreuil-sous-Bois , and finally in Fontenay-sous-Bois . Szawejko was an active member of the Resistance . He directed communist activities in several cities, including Lens , Liévin and Avion . On November 14, 1941, he was arrested by the Sûreté nationale . On May 27, 1942, 19 people were tried before the Paris Court of Appeal for communist activities, including Szawejko, who was sentenced to 15 years of forced labor. He was interned in the Royallieu concentration camp near Compiègne . On February 28, 1944, Kazimierz Szawejko and 48 other concentration camp inmates were transferred to the Gestapo camp Neue Bremm in Saarbrücken in a passenger train with privacy windows . The train arrived there on February 29, 1944. The Czechoslovak labor leader Artur London was among the deportees . One month later, on March 23, 1944, the prisoners from France were deported from Saarbrücken to the Mauthausen concentration camp . All prisoners on this transport were classified as NN , which stands for “night and fog”, and sentenced to disappear according to a secret guide decree . The train reached Mauthausen on March 26, 1944. Fifteen prisoners, including Kazimierz Szawejko, registered with the number 60760, were transferred to the Gusen concentration camp to do forced labor there. Kazimierz Szawejko was murdered by the Nazi regime on March 4, 1944. In 2016 his name was engraved on the Monument de la Liberation, which is located at the entrance to the Fontenay-sous-Bois cemetery.

Laying date

The Stolpersteine ​​in Fontenay-sous-Bois were laid on April 29, 2019 by Gunter Demnig.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Anonymes, Justes et Persécutés durant la période Nazie dans les communes de France (ajpN): Fontenay-sous-Bois en 1939-1945 , accessed on January 17, 2020
2. ↑ Another source states that he was deported on December 10, 1941
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Archives municipales: List des déporté (e) s connu (e) s au 31/12/2018, né (e) s, domicilié (e) s ou arrêté (e) s à FONTENAY-SOUS-BOIS de 1940 à 1944 , accessed on January 17, 2020
4. ↑ Le Parisien : Des pavés à la mémoire des déportés de Fontenay , accessed on January 17, 2020
5. ↑ Jacques Gaucher, jeune résistant mort en déportation , accessed on January 21, 2020
6. ↑ Marcel Gaucher, fonctionnaire franc-maçon, peintre et mélomane, héros de la Résistance , accessed on January 21, 2020
7. ↑ Archives municipales: Gatellier Paul / Gaucher Marcel , accessed on January 21, 2020
8. ↑ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names : Bazi Houfervasser , based on the Memorial to the Jews Deported from France 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld , accessed on January 22, 2020
9. ↑ Déporté (e) s né (e), domicilié (e), et / ou arrêté (e) s de 1940 à 1944 , accessed on January 22, 2020
10. ^ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: IDA LEVINE , based on an entry in Serge Klarsfeld : Memorial to The Jews Deported from France 1942-1944 , New York, accessed January 26, 2020
11. ^ Archives municipales: Groupe scolaire Victor-Duruy, Ida Lévine, enseignante , with a photo by Ida Levine, accessed on January 26, 2020
12. ↑ The Holocaust History Project: FRENCH CHILDREN OF THE HOLOCAUST , accessed January 26, 2020
13. ^ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: ODETTE STARK , based on an entry in Serge Klarsfeld : Memorial to The Jews Deported from France 1942-1944 , New York, accessed on January 26, 2020
14. ↑ histoire-geo-ensemble.overblog.com: 16 et 17 juillet anniversaire de la rafle du Vel 'd'Hiv , accessed on January 26, 2019
15. ^ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: SUZANNE STARK , based on an entry in Serge Klarsfeld : Memorial to The Jews Deported from France 1942-1944 , New York, accessed on January 26, 2020
16. ^ The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: Sylvain Stark , based on an entry in Serge Klarsfeld : Memorial to The Jews Deported from France 1942-1944 , New York, accessed January 26, 2020
17. ↑ Le Maitron: SOBOCKI François , accessed on January 26, 2020
18. ↑ Le Maitron: SZAWEJKO Kazimierz (Casimir) , written by Daniel Grason, version of October 28, 2017, last modification on October 30, 2017, accessed on January 26, 2020
19. ↑ Le Parisien : 67 oubliés de la déportation ont enfin un nom à Fontenay , April 22, 2016, accessed on January 26, 2020
20. ↑ 94.citoyens.com: A Fontenay-sous-Bois, la mémoire des déportés gravée sur des pavés , accessed on January 26, 2020

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