Stumbling blocks in Slovenia

Stumbling blocks in Maribor

The list of stumbling blocks in Slovenia contains the stumbling blocks in Slovenia , which remind of the fate of the people who were murdered, deported, expelled or driven to suicide during the time of National Socialism in what is now Slovenia . The stumbling blocks were laid by Gunter Demnig . In the Slovenian language the stumbling blocks are called: Tlakovci spomina .

The Slovenian city of Maribor was European Capital of Culture in 2012 and organized the first laying of Stumbling Stones in Slovenia - as part of the Shoah - Let Us Remember project , financially supported by the Task Force for International Cooperation in Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research . On January 25th and 26th, 2012 - on the occasion of International Holocaust Remembrance Day - celebrations took place at the three laying locations with the symbolic laying of the stumbling blocks. The actual laying took place on July 13, 2012 by Gunter Demnig and the then Slovenian President Danilo Türk , who put the final stone.

background

→ Main article : History of Slovenia # Slovenia in World War II, 1941–1945

After the campaign of the Axis powers against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 6 April 1941, Slovenia is divided into three parts: The fascist Italy occupied Notranjska , Dolenjska and Bela Krajina (German: Within, bottom and Bela Krajina ) after Italy in 1920 in the border treaty from Rapallo the Primorska (the Slovenian coastal land ) and the peninsula of Istria populated by Croats, Italians and Slovenes . The National Socialist Germany secured 1,941 Gorenjska (Upper Carniola) , Koroška (the former Lower Carinthia ) and Štajerska (the former Lower Styria ) and its capital Maribor (formerly Maribor ) and formed the CdZ region Lower Styria , which incorporated into the German Reich should be. Hungary finally got Prekmurje , the small Übermur area . There were six main groups of victims in Slovenia: the Jewish population group, Roma and Sinti , the Slovenian slave laborers deported to the Third Reich and Serbia , intellectuals, clergy and partisans , mainly from the Slovenian liberation front Osvobodilna Fronta (OF).

Slovenia, as part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , had only a small proportion of Jews in the 1920s and 1930s, the numbers ranged between 760 and 845 people. The majority of them originally lived in Murska Sobota (269) and Lendava (207), both in Prekmurje. The beginning of the National Socialist occupation and the worsening situation for the Jews led to a number of Jewish citizens fleeing from Lower Styria even before the National Socialists controlled their hometowns. After the occupation of Maribor in April 1941, a number of Jewish citizens fled to the capital Ljubljana , which was under the control of the Mussolini regime. The anti-Semitism of the Italians did not seem life-threatening to them. At the end of August 1941 there were 400 Jewish refugees in Ljubljana. Many of them came from the German Empire, Austria and Croatia, the others from the Slovene territories occupied by the Germans. The Jewish citizens of Maribor were immediately expropriated and driven out by the German occupiers.

From 1943 the extermination of the Jews in the former Italian-occupied areas of Slovenia followed, after March 19, 1944 the systematic deportation of the Jewish citizens living in Hungary and their murder in extermination camps began after the Nazi regime occupied Hungary and a collaboration government had used under Döme Sztójay . So far 558 Holocaust victims from Slovenia have been identified, 430 of them were murdered in Auschwitz-Birkenau . Among them were 69 children. After 1945 the Holocaust in Slovenia was largely kept silent.

Stumbling blocks in Ljubljana

In August 2018 Gunter Demnig laid 23 Stolpersteine ​​in the Slovenian capital Ljubljana . The relocation took place in the presence of President Borut Pahor and was organized by the Ljubljana Jewish Cultural Center in cooperation with the Maribor Synagogue, the Mini Teater Ljubljana and ZRC SAZU (The Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts).

Stumbling block	inscription	Location	Name, life
	HERE LIVED OLGA ADLER GEB. BRUCKNER, 1899 DISTRIBUTED TO SAN GIOVANNI BIANCO 1942 ARRESTED IN MILAN October 31, 1943 DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED December 11, 1943	Cankarjevo nabrežje 1	Olga Adler
	OSKAR ŽELJKO ADLER JG LIVED HERE . 1922 DISTRIBUTED TO SAN GIOVANNI BIANCO 1942 ARRESTED IN MILAN October 31, 1943 DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED April 27, 1944	Cankarjevo nabrežje 1	Oskar Željko Adler
	HERE LIVED FRIDA BAUMGARTEN GEB. GROSSMAN, ARRIVED 1884 9/12/1944 TOWED TO SALZBURG SURVIVED	Lepodvorska ul. 26	Frida Baumgarten
	DR. HUGO BAUMGARTEN JG LIVED HERE . 1881 ARRESTED 9/12/1944 DEPORTED TO DACHAU MURDERED 3/15/1945 IN BERGEN-BELSEN	Lepodvorska ul. 26	Hugo Baumgarten
	OTON BAUMGARTEN JG LIVED HERE . 1913 ARRESTED 9/12/1944 DEPORTED TO DACHAU MURDERED 02/28/1945 IN NEUENGAMME	Križevniška ul. 7	Oton Baumgarten
	HERE LIVED DR. MARJANA BAUMGARTEN-Briski JG. 1914 ARRESTED 9/12/1944 TOWED TO SALZBURG DEPORTED TO RAVENSBRÜCK, SALZGITTER, BERGEN-BELSEN SURVIVED	Lepodvorska ul. 26	Marjana Baumgarten-Briški
	HERE LIVED LIDIJA Filipec GEB. STEINBERG, 1916 ARRESTED 10/28/1943 abducted TO SALZBURG SURVIVE	Štefanova ul. 8	Lidija Filipec
	HERE LIVED LUDVIK Filipec GEB. 1916 ARRESTED 10/28/1943 DEPORTED TO DACHAU SURVIVED	Štefanova ul. 8	Ludvig Filipec
	EVA KAPPER JG LIVED HERE . 1935 DISTRIBUTED TO AGORDO 1942 ARRESTED IN PADUA 04/12/1944 TOWARDED TO RISIERA DI SAN SABA DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 03/08/1944	Beethovnova ul. 14	Eva Kapper
	GUSTAV KAPPER JG LIVED HERE . 1897 DISTRIBUTED TO AGORDO 1942 ARRESTED IN PADUA April 12, 1944 TOWARDED TO RISIERA DI SAN SABA DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED November 10, 1944 IN DACHAU	Beethovnova ul. 14	Gustav Kapper
	PETER KAPPER JG LIVED HERE . 1933 DISTRIBUTED TO AGORDO 1942 ARRESTED IN PADUA April 12th , 1944 TOWARDED TO RISIERA DI SAN SABA DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED ON 3.8.1944	Beethovnova ul. 14	Peter Kapper
	HERE LIVED Truda KAPPER GEB. LORANT, 1906 DISPLACED TO AGORDO 1942 ARRESTED IN PADUA April 12th , 1944 TOWARDED TO RISIERA DI SAN SABA DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED August 3rd, 1944	Beethovnova ul. 14	Truda Kapper
	HERE LIVED IVANA LEITNER GEB. LÖBL, 1870 ARRESTED October 29, 1943 DEPORTED TO RAVENSBRÜCK MURDERED May 9, 1944	Lestikova ul. 15	Ivana Leitner
	FELIKS MOSKOVIČ JG LIVED HERE . 1878 DISTRIBUTED TO PAPOZZE 1942 ARRESTED 11/30/1943 TOWED TO ROVIGO, FOSSOLI DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 06/30/1944	Lestikova ul. 15	Feliks Moskovič
	JULIJ MOSKOVIČ JG LIVED HERE . 1924 DISTRIBUTED TO PAPOZZE 1942 ARRESTED 11/30/1943 TOWARDED TO ROVIGO, FOSSOLI DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 11/27/1944 IN FLOSSENBÜRG	Lestikova ul. 15	Julij Moskovič
	HERE LIVED CLARE Moskovic GEB. LEITNER, 1896 ARRESTED October 29, 1943 DEPORTED TO RAVENSBRÜCK MURDERED 1944 745	Lestikova ul. 15	Klara Moskovič
	VERA MOSKOVIČ JG LIVED HERE . 1919 DISTRIBUTED TO PAPOZZE 1942 ARRESTED 9/30/1943 TOWED TO ROVIGO, FOSSOLI DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 10/30/1944	Lestikova ul. 15	Vera Moskovič
	HERE LIVED ERNA POGAČNIK GEB. GOLDSTEIN, IN 1899 ARRESTED 11/12/1944 TOWARDED TO BEGUNJE DEPORTED TO RAVENSBRÜCK MURDERED 1944/45	Lestikova ul. 15	Erna Pogačnik
	JAKOB POGAČNIK JG LIVED HERE . 1886 ARRESTED 11/12/1944 DEPORTED TO DACHAU MURDERED 02/12/1945	Lestikova ul. 15	Jakob Pogačnik
	HERE LIVED LILI STEINBERG GEB. OFFNER, 1889 ARRESTED 10/28/1943 DEPORTED TO RAVENSBRÜCK MURDERED 1944/45	Štefanova ul. 8	Lili Steinberg
	HERE LIVED Viljem STEINBERG GEB. 1879 ARRESTED October 28, 1943 DEPORTED TO DACHAU MURDERED January 29, 1944 IN BUCHENWALD	Štefanova ul. 8	Vilijem Steinberg
	HERE LIVED LADISLAV ZAJC GEB. 1901 ARRESTED 9/12/1944 DEPORTED TO DACHAU TROSTBERG SURVIVED	Resljeva cesta 8	Ladislav Zajc
	HERE LIVED REGINA ZAJC GEB. STEINBERG, 1910 ARRESTED 9/12/1944 TOWARDED TO BEGUNJE DEPORTED TO RAVENSBRÜCK SURVIVED	Resljeva cesta 8	Regina Zajc

Stumbling blocks in Maribor

On July 13, 2012, Gunter Demnig laid twelve stumbling blocks in Maribor for members of two Jewish families. Other groups of victims are not yet taken into account. As part of the Stolpersteine ​​project, the life stories of the Singer and Kohnstein families, who had to flee to Međimurje in Hungary after the occupation of Slovenia , where Emil Kohnstein had lived with his family since 1935 , have so far been examined . The Singers and Kohnstein were in 1941 with the so-called final solution faced when Ustashas in the concentration camp Jadovno Nicola Steiner, son Eugen Steiner, killing and the Nazis Viljem Kohnstein from Prague to Terezin deported. From there he was transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in 1944 and put to death.

Stumbling block	inscription	Location	Name, life
	ARNOŠT KOHNSTEIN JG. LIVED HERE 1888 DISTRIBUTED 1941 AFTER ČAKOVEC deported in 1944 AFTER AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 1944 IN STUTTHOF	Ulica kneza Koclja 2	Arnošt Kohnstein , also Ernst, was born in 1888, was a merchant and was expelled from his home town of Maribor in 1941 . He fled to Međimurje , where his brother Emil had lived since 1935. He was deported from Čakovec to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in 1944 - together with his wife Olga, his son Rudolf and his twin daughters Gisela and Milica - and allegedly murdered in 1944 in the Stutthof concentration camp .
	GIZELA KOHNSTEIN JG LIVED HERE . 1927 DISTRIBUTED IN 1941 DEPORTED TO ČAKOVEC 1944 SURVIVED TO AUSCHWITZ	Ulica kneza Koclja 2	Gizela Kohnstein , also called Gisela or Gisele, was born in Maribor in 1927. Together with her brother Rudolf, her twin sister Milica and her parents Arnošt and Olga Kohnstein, she was arrested on April 26, 1944 and interned in Nagykanizsa. On May 2, 1944, the family was transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, where their parents and brother were immediately murdered. You got the number 80913 tattooed and was with her sister for the twin research project of Josef Mengele abused. Gizela Kohnstein survived the concentration camp, then came to Budapest. Her sister Milica died in 1946 as a result of the hardships suffered in the concentration camp. Gizela Kohnstein returned to Yugoslavia and in 1947 went to the ČSSR .
	HERE LIVED JEANNET Kohnstein GEB. BLUM JG. 1866 DISPLACED IN 1941 TO ČAKOVEC DIED 1943	Ulica Borcev za severno mejo 2 (in front of the entrance to Ulica Borcev za severno mejo 4)	Jeannet Kohnstein born Blum was born in 1866. After the occupation of Slovenia by the Nazi regime in 1941 , she was expelled to Čakovec , where she died in 1943.
	HERE LIVED MILICA Kohnstein JG. 1927 DISTRIBUTED IN 1941 DEPORTED TO ČAKOVEC 1944 TO AUSCHWITZ SURVIVED DIED OF THE CONSEQUENCES INTERNED IN BUDAPEST	Ulica kneza Koclja 2	Milica Kohnstein , also called Emilia or Milica, was born in Maribor in 1927. Together with her brother Rudolf, her twin sister Gizela and her parents Arnošt and Olga Kohnstein, she was arrested on April 26, 1944 and interned in Nagykanizsa . On May 2, 1944, the family was transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, where their parents and brother were immediately murdered. She got the number 80912 tattooed and was abused together with her sister for Josef Mengele's twin research project . Although she survived the concentration camp, she died in 1946 as a result of the deprivation suffered in the concentration camp. There is different information about the place of her death, either Budapest or Čakovec .
	HERE LIVED OLGA Kohnstein GEB. SINGER JG. 1895 DISTRIBUTED 1941 AFTER ČAKOVEC deported in 1944 AFTER AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 1944	Ulica kneza Koclja 2	Olga Kohnstein born Singer was born in 1895 and expelled from Maribor in 1941 together with her husband Arnošt, their son Rudolf and their twin daughters Gizela and Milica. The family fled to Međimurje , where their brother-in-law Emil had lived since 1935. She was deported from Čakovec to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in 1944 - together with her husband, son and daughters - and murdered there.
	HERE LIVED PAVLA Kohnstein JG. 1889 DISTRIBUTED 1941 AFTER ČAKOVEC deported in 1944 AFTER AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 1944	Ulica Borcev za severno mejo 2 (in front of the entrance to Ulica Borcev za severno mejo 4)	Pavla Kohnstein was born in 1889. After the occupation of Slovenia in April 1941, she and her family were expelled from their hometown of Maribor to Čakovec . After the occupation of Hungary in March 1944, she and her family were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered there.
	HERE LIVED RUDOLF Kohnstein JG. 1919 DISTRIBUTED TO ČAKOVEC IN 1941 DEPORTED TO MAUTHAUSEN MURDERED 1944 745	Ulica kneza Koclja 2	Rudolf Kohnstein was born in 1919 as the son of Arnošt and Olga Kohnstein. In 1927 his twin sisters Gizela and Milica were born. After the occupation of Slovenia in April 1941, the family had to flee to Međimurje , where Rudolf's uncle Emil had been living since 1935. On May 2, 1944 , the Kohnsteins were deported from Čakovec to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, where Rudolf Kohnstein and his parents were murdered immediately upon arrival.
	HERE LIVED Viljem Kohnstein JG. 1891 DISTRIBUTED TO PRAGUE 1937/38 DEPORTED 1941 TO THERESIENSTADT TO AUSCHWITZ 1944 MURDERED 1944	Ulica Borcev za severno mejo 2 (in front of the entrance to Ulica Borcev za severno mejo 4)	Viljem Kohnstein , born in 1891, went to Prague in 1937 . There he was arrested by the Nazi regime in 1941 and deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto . In 1944 he was deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp , where he was murdered.
	DRAGO SINGER JG LIVED HERE . 1897 DISTRIBUTED IN 1941 DEPORTED TO ČAKOVEC 1944 SURVIVED TO AUSCHWITZ	Nasipna ulica 68	Drago Singer , also Dragotin or Dragutin, was born in Hodošan in 1897 . He married Erna Kohnstein, the couple had a son, Milan, born in Zagreb in 1931. After the occupation of Slovenia by the Nazi regime in April 1941, the family from Maribor was expelled to Čakovec . After the occupation of Hungary by the Nazi regime in March 1944, Drago, Erna and Milan Singer were deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. There, his wife and son were murdered in the gas chamber immediately upon arrival. Drago Singer survived and died in Maribor in 1977.
	ERNA SINGER GEB. LIVED HERE KOHNSTEIN JG. 1904 DISTRIBUTED TO ČAKOVEC in 1941 DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ IN 1944 MURDERED 1944	Nasipna ulica 68	Erna Singer b. Kohnstein, also Erno, was born in Jihlava in 1904 . She married Drago Singer, the couple had a son, Milan, born in Zagreb in 1931. The couple had lived in Maribor since 1932. After the occupation of Hungary by the Nazi regime in March 1944, Drago, Erna and Milan Singer were deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. There Erna Singer and her son were murdered in the gas chamber immediately upon arrival.
	MARIJA SINGER GEB. LIVED HERE ZEISSLER JG. 1860 DISTRIBUTED 1941 AFTER ČAKOVEC deported in 1944 AFTER AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 1944	Ulica kneza Koclja 2	Marija Singer b. Zeissler was born in Szombathely in 1860 . After the occupation of Slovenia by the Nazi regime in April 1941, she and her family were expelled from their hometown of Maribor to Čakovec . After the occupation of Hungary by the Nazi regime in March 1944, she and her family were deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp and murdered there.
	MILAN SINGER JG LIVED HERE . 1931 DISTRIBUTED 1941 AFTER ČAKOVEC deported in 1944 AFTER AUSCHWITZ MURDERED 1944	Nasipna ulica 68	Milan Singer was born in Zagreb in 1931 as the son of Drago and Erna Singer and deported by the Nazi regime to Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1944, where he and his mother were murdered in the gas chamber immediately upon arrival. He was 12 or 13 years old.

swell

• Jewish Community Zemun: Holocaust in Yugoslavia (PDF)
• Boris Hajdinjak, Irena Šumi, Hannah Starman, et al .: Slovenski Judje: zgodovina in holokavst: pregled raziskovalnih tematik . Center judovske kulturne dediščine Sinagoga, Maribor 2013, ISBN 978-961-93361-2-0 .
• Anna-Maria Gruenfelder, Klemen Brvar, Boris Hajdinjak, Vera Klopčič, Franc Kuzmič, Marjan Toš, Renato Podbersič, Irena Šumi, Nuša Lešnik, Leila Al Shammary, Hana Kovač, Marjetka Bedrač et al .: Slovenski Judje: zgodovina in holokavst II. Razprave in članki z znanstvenih srečanj Šoa - spominjajmo se 2012/2013 . Center judovske kulturne dediščine Sinagoga, Maribor 2013, ISBN 978-961-93361-1-3 .
• Sinagoga Maribor: Project “Stumbling Blocks”
• Yad Vashem : Central database of the names of the Holocaust victims
• Holocaust.cz , Czech Holocaust database (German version)
• Stolpersteine.eu: Chronicle

Individual evidence

1. ↑ International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance: International Holocaust Remembrance Day 2012 , January 27, 2012
2. ↑ Sinagoga Maribor: Project “Stolpersteine” , accessed on January 19, 2016
3. ^ Slovenska tiskovna agencija: Maribor Commemorates Holocaust Victims with Stolpersteine , July 13, 2012
4. ↑ ^{a b} Marjan Toš: Slovenian Jews and the Holocaust . In: Holocaust in Yugoslavia , accessed January 15, 2016, 24-27
5. ↑ Getty Images: Slovenian President Borut Pahor And German Artist Gunter Demnig Lay Stumbling Stones in Ljubljana , accessed on August 9, 2018
6. ↑ RTV SLO : Stolpersteine ​​for deleted Jews from Ljubljana , accessed on August 9, 2018
7. ↑ ^{a b} Večer: In vendar so Židi bili , July 14, 2012
8. ↑ ^{a b} Ernst Klee: Auschwitz - perpetrators, assistants, victims and what became of them: an encyclopedia of persons. S. Fischer 2013
9. ↑ ^{a b c} 'Stumbling Stones' Laying of the memorial stones. In: Sinagoga, Program of the Synagogue. July 3, 2012, accessed on August 14, 2018 (English, Slovenian). 
10. ↑ siol.net: Od naključja do dvojčice, ki je preživela zloglasnega Mengeleja ( memento of the original from January 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , January 27, 2014

Web links

Commons : Stumbling blocks in Slovenia  - collection of images

• stolpersteine.eu website of the project

 Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap