Müllerstrasse (Berlin)

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Müllerstrasse
coat of arms
Street in Berlin
Müllerstrasse
Crossing Müller-corner Seestrasse with the multiplex cinema Alhambra (right)
Basic data
place Berlin
District Wedding
Connecting roads Scharnweberstrasse (north)
Chausseestrasse (south)
Cross streets (Selection)
Luxemburger Strasse,
Seestrasse ,
Afrikanische Strasse
Places Leopoldplatz
Weddingplatz
use
User groups Pedestrian traffic , bicycle traffic , car traffic , public transport
Technical specifications
Street length approx. 3500 meters

The Müllerstraße ( listen ? / I ) in Berlin with a length of around 3.5 kilometers, the main shopping street in the district Wedding of the district center . As a continuation of Chausseestrasse, it continues in a north-westerly direction and merges into Scharnweberstrasse after the Afrikanische Strasse subway station , which leads to Kurt-Schumacher-Platz in Reinickendorf . The U6 line of the Berlin underground serves a total of six stations along the entire course of Müllerstrasse . Audio file / audio sample

location

The street is one of the three main roads through the district. It extends from the southeast (continuation of Chausseestrasse ) to Scharnweberstrasse in the northeast in the Reinickendorf district . It owes its name to the 25 or so mills that were previously located here and were mainly located around Weddingplatz .

history

Windmill Müllerstraße 166, demolished in 1870 during the construction of the Ringbahn (drawing by Ernst Müller von Sondermühlen)

The Heerweg to Ruppin originally lay in the area of ​​Müllerstraße , which was expanded into a paved road as far as Tegel around 1800 .

The first colonist houses were built at the end of the 18th century on what was then the road to Tegel at around the same time as the later Weddingplatz was settled . Until 1805 there were four residential buildings on Müllerstrasse. Including the Oldenburger Hof restaurant , which existed until 1952. More houses were added from 1818, and the properties were given house numbers from 1832. Also at the end of the 18th century, the first mills were located on the street. The location was suitable because the city heath, which was originally in the area of ​​the Weddings, was cut down in the 18th century. The area lay fallow and was therefore exposed to strong winds.

The first known mill was a Dutch mill owned by the miller Kloß, which he built in 1809. It was on the corner of Court Street. The only known picture of a mill on Müllerstrasse, which the painter Pape made in 1855, also comes from this. In 1810 the post mill of the miller Streichan followed on the property of today's house number 155. In 1819 Streichan built two more mills. The 22 mills that stood on Müllerstrasse in 1846 made the street the largest mill location in Berlin. Mainly flour mills were active here, and there were also some wage mills .

The mills on Müllerstraße were also responsible for the development of industry on Chausseestraße and lower Müllerstraße, in the so-called Tierra del Fuego . As early as the early 19th century, the accumulation of mills led to producers of mills, drive mechanisms or mill elevators settling nearby, which later became the nucleus of later industry.

The road was also known as the road to Oranienburg or the road to Hamburg . Plans to name the street after the mayor of the Wedding Vorwerk - Christian Fritz Moritz - or the master miller Streichan failed, as both people refused. Finally it was agreed to name the street after the millers in general.

“Schmales Handtuch”, Müllerstraße 83, gardener's house from the early 19th century

Mills began to decline in the middle of the 19th century. Numerous new mills sprang up all over the city, which increased the competitive pressure. These included mills that were operated with steam and later - with electricity - and large industrial mills, such as the Victoria mill in Kreuzberg, the Humboldt mill in Tegel and the Schütt mill in Moabit, against which the traditional mills at the Müllerstrasse were not competitive. Increasing development by residential buildings and a growing accumulation of industry in the 19th century also ensured displacement competition within the street, so that the last mill ceased operations in 1880.

Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering acquired the site at Müllerstrasse 170 in 1858 and began building a chemical factory there, later known as the Schering factory . In Wedding, where numerous areas were still vacant at the end of the 19th century, industry settled, which significantly shaped the population structure of Müllerstrasse. The company Dr. Max Levy GmbH , at that time the largest privately owned company in the field of electrotechnical mechanical engineering, set up production and administration buildings. At the corner of Müllerstrasse and Utrecht Strasse, the first bakery in Berlin was opened in 1898 with Wittler , which manufactured according to industrial standards and was at times the largest bakery in Europe. Other important companies directly on the street were the electricity company Sanitas , which manufactured devices for X-ray technology and light healing methods, and the Schwanitz company , which produced technical rubber goods from 1885. Urban development also accelerated through the establishment of technical sciences such as the Rudolf Virchow Clinic with the Robert Koch Institute , the Beuth Engineering School (since the 1990s: Beuth University of Technology ) and the Institute for the Sugar Industry , which scientists and students attend Brought road.

In his pictures from life in Berlin from 1884, the writer Julius Rodenberg described the southern part of Müllerstrasse up to Leopoldplatz:

“For the time being, however, Müllerstrasse has only been built on in parts, there are factories on the left, gardens on the right; Then there is another row of houses, between which also largely undeveloped streets branch off, then again open country, so that one thinks that the city is at the end here, until after a while it begins again. There is a lot of green here and everything is well kept. At the corner of Richtstrasse, which - coming down from Humboldthain - ends here in Müllerstrasse, there is a beautiful, extensive complex, called a resting place, with lawns, bosquets and shady trees under which the children play and old men in Sunday comfort with the long one Pipe sitting. A little further, also on a square with lawn, beds and bushes where the lilacs are in full bloom, the Nazareth Church. "

The development and settlement concentrated on the southern area of ​​the street, which is closer to the city ​​center . While the entire area south of Seestrasse was developed until 1915, further north there were only a few streets around Müllerstrasse, and individual new building areas were still separated by large, undeveloped areas. Rodenberg described the north of the street from Leopoldplatz:

“From here on the houses almost stop completely, and you have the landscape on both sides: on the left the green and the dark forest strips of the Jungfernheide, on the right the sand hills of the Reinickendorf district. There are only churchyards left here; the next the burial place of the Charité . "

One of the reasons for the slow settlement in the north was the existence of the urban masking shop , the odor emissions of which were perceived as a major obstacle to residential construction. This was only located on the site of the later Rudolf Virchow Hospital and was relocated to the northern Müllerstrasse in 1873 to make room for the hospital. After the city of Berlin had leased the business for several decades, it was directly responsible for the removal of animal carcasses from 1903. Since a location within the city no longer appeared to be justifiable, Berlin built a new concealing shop in Rüdnitz near Bernau . In 1908 the covering shop on Müllerstrasse ceased operations. The settlement of the north did not go any faster after that either. In 1930 the writer Count Alexander Stenbock-Fermor described Müllerstrasse north of Seestrasse in his book Germany from below :

“Suddenly the big city seems to stop. I am walking across a broad, almost rural plain. The growing cosmopolitan city cannot completely obliterate the traces of the old landscape. [...] Factory chimneys on the horizon. A piece of forest somewhere. Corrugated surfaces. Walls. Piles of rubble. Rails. White, clear new housing developments. A confused, torn landscape. "

Industrialization created the so-called “men's wall” - a ring of areas around the core city in which a clear surplus of men lived. The Müllerstrasse area belonged to this area. Around 1900 an amusement mile with numerous cinemas developed around Müllerstrasse. The first cinema in Wedding opened in 1905 at Müllerstraße 7 (since the 1980s: Bayer-Schering car park) and Müllerstraße was known as the “cinema mile” until the 1960s. A well-known cinema on Müllerstrasse is the Alhambra , which opened as the Apollo in 1916 and has survived several changes of ownership, demolition and rebuilding. At Müllerstrasse 74, which belonged to the French area until the occupation troops withdrew, planners had set up their own cinema location. In addition to the troops, the facility was also free for residents. The cinema was closed in 2007, but two operators were found in 2014 who had it modernized and specialized in the reproduction of documentary and arthouse films as well as films that were not shown very successfully in large cinemas. In addition to film screenings, the operators also organize discussions. They work with the Pastis restaurant in the front building, where visitors can get a menu after the demonstration. In 2016, the organizers of the Berlinale chose the film theater operating under the name City Kino Wedding with 219 seats as a venue.

The Müllerstrasse as the central street in “Red Wedding” was a center of the KPD and SPD in the Weimar Republic . The Pharussäle in Müllerstrasse 143, which were considered the “second living room” of the Berlin KPD, were of particular importance .

Job center on Müllerstrasse

Formative public buildings were the Wedding Town Hall , which was built between 1928 and 1930 after the Wedding district was founded, and its extension with a high-rise building from 1962 to 1964, which was to show the self-confidence of the district, which was prospering during the economic miracle . The Wedding Employment Office, which is located near the Wedding train station , became famous throughout Germany, and for many years a photo of this employment office was the symbol of the daily news for reports on unemployment .

On December 4, 1874, the then Great Berlin Horse Railway opened a tram line coming from Chausseestrasse to Weddingplatz. The line was extended in two further sections until May 13, 1876, up to the Weichbild boundary at the northern end of Müllerstraße. From June 3, 1881, there was a continuation beyond the Weichbild boundary to Tegel. On July 13, 1900, the Great Berlin Tram opened electrical operation on the route, which by then had been expanded to two tracks at the latest. In 1923, when today's underground line U6 went into operation from Hallescher Tor to Seestrasse, it was connected to the underground network . In 1927, the Müllerstraße tram depot went into operation. With the extension of the subway from Seestrasse in two stages to Tegel , the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe stopped tram traffic on Müllerstrasse on June 1, 1958. The depot was rebuilt for bus operation by 1960 . With the completion of the Leopoldplatz underground station in 1961, the street was also connected to the G underground line (today: U9 line) .

Due to the construction of the Berlin Wall , the southern end of Müllerstrasse was placed on the edge of the wall. The social and commercial center of the street, which was originally located on Weddingplatz, moved further north to Leopoldplatz. This area benefited from the economic miracle. The Müllerstrasse was alternately referred to as "Corso des Weddings" or " Ku'damm des Nordens", was a popular nightlife district and had numerous specialist shops and department stores.

New construction of the Müllerhalle

After the fall of the wall , Müllerstraße lost its attractiveness. Around 1990, the city administration still forecast an increase, as the street was no longer on the edge of the Berlin Wall. In 1996 the Berliner Zeitung described the street as "Ku'damm des Wedding ... a pulsating commercial street with a touch of elegance." In fact, however, the decline of industry in the north of Berlin had an impact. Restaurants and long-established shops disappeared. The rooms were often either completely empty or were filled by discount store chains or amusement arcades. In 2011 C&A closed the last large department store next to Karstadt on Müllerstrasse. The group justified this with the "changes in the area of ​​Müllerstrasse", which made the department store there no longer profitable. The street retail sector is currently dominated by small owner-managed shops that specialize in their range of products for a financially weak clientele. In addition, the Schiller Park Center (original spelling) with Berlin's largest bowling center was also built on Ungarnstrasse . Instead of the Müllerhalle, which was demolished in 2012, a Kaufland shopping center was built that bears the same name.

In 2009 the street was included in the federal-state program Active City Centers. The aim is to strengthen Müllerstraße as an attractive and economic center, to develop new potential through participation and partnerships on site and to maintain and develop the area around Müllerstraße at the same time as a place of living, education, culture and leisure. Since April 2011, Müllerstrasse has also been a redevelopment area (12th RVO). The key measures are the new construction of the district library on Rathausplatz Wedding, which is to be expanded into an education and learning center for families , the redesign of Leopoldplatz together with its users, the reorganization of cycling and the establishment of an area fund.

Public spaces

The Leopoldplatz forms the intersection with the Luxemburger and Schulstraße, it is considered the center of the district Wedding. Another junction is the intersection with Seestrasse . In addition to many shops, the Wedding Town Hall with the redesigned Town Hall forecourt, the completion of which was planned for 2017, is located between these two areas. Small squares on the street are next to the square at Wedding Town Hall, further south the Max-Josef-Metzger-Platz with a rubble stele and the Weddingplatz.

Development

The development of Müllerstraße took place mainly after the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and before 1919, with closed block development predominating. It is broken through by large areas with individual public or commercial buildings.

Some buildings, squares and monuments along Müllerstrasse
Wedding Town Hall near Leopoldplatz
St. Joseph's Church from 1907

traffic

Through traffic , especially towards Tegel Airport , results in high traffic density . Before the renovation measures from 2010, there were no separate lanes for cyclists.

Shortly before its south end on Weddingplatz located on the Berliner Ring track the S-station Wedding where to transfer to U6 of Berlin underground consists. The subway goes under the entire street with the stations (from south to north) Reinickendorfer Straße , Wedding , Leopoldplatz , Seestraße , Rehberge and Afrikanische Straße . At Leopoldplatz underground station, you can change to the U9 underground line .

Until it was shut down in 1958, several tram lines ran the entire length of Müllerstrasse. After the political change , the renamed and extended former line 13, now M13, was passed through Seestrasse and has a stop at the intersection with Müllerstrasse.

literature

See also

Web links

Commons : Müllerstraße  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Jahn, Mack & Partner: Preparatory Investigations Berlin Mitte - Müllerstrasse. Draft report . (PDF) November 2009, p. 30.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Gerhild HM Komander: The Wedding: on the way from red to colored . Berlin Story Verlag 2006. ISBN 3-929829-38-X , pp. 106-108.
  3. ↑ Schüttmühle on Stromstrasse - MoabitOnline. Accessed December 21, 2017 (German).
  4. ^ A b c Jahn, Mack & Partner: Preparatory Investigations Berlin Mitte - Müllerstrasse. Draft report . (PDF) November 2009.
  5. ↑ Wittler bread factory . Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment, Monuments in Berlin; Retrieved December 8, 2015.
  6. ^ Sanitas Berlin
  7. ↑ Gerhild HM Komander: The Wedding: on the way from red to colored . Berlin Story Verlag 2006. ISBN 3-929829-38-X , pp. 113, 109.
  8. ↑ a b Julius Rodenberg: Pictures from life in Berlin . Chapter 6: The north of Berlin
  9. ↑ Markus Reitzig: Berlin-Wedding in the time of high industrialization . (PDF) Dissertation, HU Berlin 2005
  10. ↑ Markus Reitzig: Berlin-Wedding in the time of high industrialization . (PDF) Dissertation, HU Berlin 2005, p. 94.
  11. ↑ Quoted from: Mark Hobbs: Visual representations of working-class Berlin, 1924–1930 . (PDF) PhD Thesis, pp. 66–67
  12. ↑ Karin Schmidl, Elmar Schütze: When the cinema next door rolls out the red carpet. In: Berliner Zeitung , February 8, 2016, p. 12.
  13. ^ A b Jahn, Mack & Partner: Preparatory Investigations Berlin Mitte - Müllerstrasse. Draft report . (PDF) November 2009, p. 32
  14. ↑ Johannes Ehrmann: Wilder, weiter, Wedding ( memento of April 25, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) , Theodor Wolff Prize, originally published in: Der Tagesspiegel , September 7, 2013
  15. ↑ Reinhard Arf: On tracks to Tegel and Heiligensee . In: Verkehrsgeschichtliche Blätter . No. 4 , 2008, p. 90-105 .
  16. ^ Berliner Nordsüdbahn-Aktiengesellschaft (Ed.): On the opening of the Nordsüdbahn on January 30, 1923 . Festschrift. HS Hermann & Co., Berlin 1923.
  17. ↑ Reinhard Arf: From "Mül" to "M". 80 years of trains and buses from Wedding . In: Verkehrsgeschichtliche Blätter . No. 1 , 2008, p. 11-13 .
  18. ↑ Gerhild H. M- Komander: Der Wedding: on the way from red to colored, Berlin Story Verlag, 2006 ISBN 3-929829-38-X pp. 113, 115.
  19. ^ A b Jahn, Mack & Partner: Preparatory Investigations Berlin Mitte - Müllerstrasse. Draft report . (PDF) November 2009, p. 33
  20. ↑ Dieter Schröder: The old "Milljöh" of tenements and courtyards has largely disappeared in Wedding - and that suits the district: Lobster is also served on Müllerstrasse. In: Berliner Zeitung , December 16, 1996
  21. ↑ Müllerstraße is becoming more and more a cheap mile. In: BZ , November 16, 2011
  22. ↑ Bowling Center Schillerpark
  23. ^ Farewell to the miller's hall . In: Berliner Zeitung , May 14, 2012
  24. ↑ Active city center Wedding-Müllerstraße
  25. ↑ a b c Berlin - Müllerstrasse . Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety; accessed November 15, 2015
  26. ^ Town hall area - active city center and redevelopment area. In: muellerstrasse-aktiv.de. February 1, 2012, accessed March 23, 2018 .
  27. ^ Jahn, Mack & Partner: Preparatory Investigations Berlin Mitte - Müllerstrasse. Draft report . (PDF) November 2009, p. 14
  28. ↑ Monument Center Culturel Français
  29. ↑ Architectural ensemble Fr.-Ebert-Siedlung (I) andArchitectural ensemble Fr.-Ebert-Siedlung (II) from 1931
  30. ↑ Architectural monument community school
  31. ↑ Kurt-Schumacher-Haus monument
  32. ↑ Work of 2011, see: SPD-Würfel , accessed on October 13, 2016.
  33. ↑ Architectural ensemble Kirchhof, between 1867 and 1928
  34. ↑ Historic building ensemble Rathaus Wedding by Friedrich Hellwig and Fritz Bornemann
  35. ↑ Monument Ringbahnhof Wedding
  36. ↑ Architectural monument Catholic St. Joseph Church, 1909 by Wilhelm Rincklake and Wilhelm Frydag
  37. ↑ a b Monument ensemble of the U-Bahnwerk between 1917 and 1927
  38. ↑ The road station building monument ensemble, 1927 by Jean Krämer and Gerhard Mensch
  39. ↑ Architectural monument corner house Barfusstrasse
  40. ↑ Berlin tram network

Coordinates: 52 ° 33 ′ 5 ″  N , 13 ° 21 ′ 2 ″  E