Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23
Soviet MiG-23M
Type:	Interceptor (M), fighter-bomber (B)
Design country:	Soviet Union
Manufacturer:	Mikoyan-Gurevich
First flight:	June 10, 1967
Commissioning:	1970
Production time:	1967 to 1985
Number of pieces:	5047

The Mikoyan-Gurewitsch MiG-23 ( Russian Микоян-Гуревич МиГ-23 , NATO code name : Flogger ) is a single-engine fighter aircraft that was developed in the Soviet Union during the Cold War . Alongside the MiG-21, the single-seat swivel - wing aircraft was the most successful fighter aircraft exported by the Soviet Union and also formed the basis for the development of the MiG-27 fighter-bomber .

development

A Soviet MiG-23MLD from 1989

The MiG-23 was developed between 1964 and 1966 to replace the MiG-21 in the Mikoyan-Gurevich design office and was initially to be based in part on this. For this purpose, the Je-8 was developed, which, however, was not satisfactory in its performance, whereupon two prototypes of the MiG-23 with different structure, somewhat larger and equipped with more powerful engines were developed. The Je-230 with delta wing and additional lift engines had its maiden flight on April 3, 1967 and the Je-231 with swivel wings on June 10, 1967. Both prototypes were presented for the first time at the air parade in Domodedowo on July 9, 1967, with the swing-wing aircraft being preferred and further developed later. In 1969 the tests were completed, whereupon series production began and the machine was introduced into service. The pre-production models MiG-23S and MiG-23SM were still equipped with the weaker Tumanski R-27F2M-300 engine. The task of the MiG-23 was air defense and attack. In the Soviet Union more than 4000 pieces (including MiG-27 ) were built in different versions. Including the license builds, an estimated 5000 MiG-23s were manufactured worldwide. In 1978 the last MiG-23UB machines rolled off the assembly line in the Soviet Union.

A decisive innovation of the MiG-23 were the swivel blades. They improved the lift in slow flight and enabled the fighter-bomber versions in particular to have a short take-off and landing distance. But even in aerial combat , the variable sweep of the wings brought significant advantages through the possibility of adapting to the respective altitude and speed range.

The MiG-23 was better than its predecessor models for take-off and landing on field airfields. In addition, the aircraft was equipped with more powerful sensor technology ( radar and infrared ) compared to the MiG-21 and was able to achieve a higher speed. The MiG-23ML / MF was approved up to Mach  2.35; with the more powerful engine of the MiG-23ML, Mach 2.7 was also achieved. Supersonic speeds were also possible near the ground .

In the version MiG-23MF, MiG-23ML (Ä) (export version of the MiG-23ML) and MiG-23UB, the model of the JG-9 ( Peenemünde ) of the air force of the GDR was flown. Two MiG-23ML squadrons and one MiG-23MF squadron were stationed here. In addition, the MiG-23BN was flown in the version as a fighter-bomber at the JBG-37 ( Cottbus-Drewitz ) (former designation in the NVA: also MiG-23BN). Four MiG-23UB flew in the same squadron: in the 1st JBS the tact. No. 101 (crashed on June 17, 1987 by ejecting the parachute during take-off) and tact. No. 104 (BW: 20 + 62); In the 2nd JBS the bar no. 102 (BW: 20 + 61) and bar no. 105 (BW: 20 + 63).

Outside the Warsaw Pact states , the MiG-23 was and is in use in Libya , Syria , Egypt , India , Cuba , Algeria , Angola , Iraq , Afghanistan , Yemen and North Korea . Today the aircraft are still in service in most of these countries, mostly in the MLD version. The armed forces of the successor states of the Soviet Union still have numerous MiG-23s, the majority of which are presumably no longer immediately ready to fly but are in storage. The US Air Force also has MiG-23 under the designation YF-113 . The "direct takeover" of the two MiG-23BN, tact. No. 692 (BW: 20-41) and 715 (BW: 20-53), from the former 1st JBS of the disbanded JBG-37 on 2nd September 1993. In contrast, tact. No. 712 from the 2nd JBS was first handed over to the Wehrtechnische Dienststelle 61 in Manching on April 16, 1991 , from there on October 16, 1996 to the United States - to the USAF for bullet tests at Eglin Air Force Base , Florida.

The manufacturer RAC-MiG offers upgrade and modernization programs for the MiG-23.

Versions

MiG-23 prototype Je-231 in Monino , 1997

MiG-23S pre-production version in Monino, 2012

MiG-23MF in the Aviation Museum Wernigerode , 2007

MiG-23BN of the JBG-37 / 2. Fliegerstaffel , Finow 2003

A Polish MiG-23

• Je-230 : First test variant with delta wing, a Tumanski R-27-300 engine and two Kolessow RD-36-35 lifting engines, each with 22.6 kN thrust; First flight on April 3, 1967, also known as MiG-23PD, MiG-23UWP or 23-01
• Je-231 Flogger-A : Prototype of the MiG-23 with swivel wings, first flight on June 10, 1967; also known as MiG-23 or 23-11
• MiG-23S Flogger-B : Pre-production version for troop trials with the Tumanski R-27F2M-300 engine and analogue monopulse radio measuring sight RP-22 (Saphir-21); First flight on May 21, 1969.
• MiG-23SM Flogger-B : generally like the MiG-23S, but with four weapon stations under the air intake ducts
• MiG-23M Flogger-B : first series version with a newly designed cell to accommodate the Tumanski R-29-300 engine and improved avionics, including the new RP-23 radio measuring sight (Saphir-23D-III with external coherence)
• MiG-23MR Flogger-B : Variant of the MiG-23M with simplified avionics and shortened tail fin
• MiG-23MS Flogger-E : Simplified export version of the MiG-23M with MiG-21bis radar (analogue monopulse radio measuring sight without coherence RP-22 / Saphir-21)
• MiG-23MF Flogger-B : Export variant of the MiG-23M with minor changes, some MiG-23M were converted to MiG-23MF
• MiG-23ML Flogger-G : variant of the MiG-23MF as a multi-purpose combat aircraft with better radar device N-003 (Saphir-23ML), prototype was the 23-12; look-down / shoot-down ability
• MiG-23MLG : variant of the MiG-23ML with modified equipment, prototype was the 23-37
• MiG-23MLS : Variant of the MiG-23ML with modified equipment, prototype was the 23-47
• MiG-23A : unrealized version of the MiG-23ML for use on aircraft carriers
• MiG-23K : unrealized version of the MiG-23A with a new R-100 engine, air refueling device and larger wings
• MiG-23MLA : modified version of the MiG-23ML as a tactical fighter, prototype was the 23-13
• MiG-23P : pure interceptor, similar to the MiG-23ML, which is completely specialized in air combat; lighter on-board radar N-006 (Saphir-23PA); The prototype was the 23-14
• MiG-23MLD Flogger-K : upgraded MiG-23ML as a multi-purpose combat aircraft with improved aerodynamics, weapon control system and modified avionics; Among other things, new radio measuring sight N-008 (Saphir-23MLD), most of the MiG-23ML were converted to MiG-23MLD, the prototype was the 23-18
• MiG-23MLDG : unrealized project with electronic warfare devices; also referred to as 23-57
• MiG-23B Flogger-F : fighter-bomber version based on the MiG-23S with a flattened fuselage bow, armored cockpit sides and bulletproof glazing; An AL-21-F3 with around 110 kN thrust was used as the engine, and a Sokol-23S including a laser range finder and Doppler radar DISS-7 as the navigation system; The prototype was the 32-24, whose first flight took place on February 18, 1971 by test pilot Alexander Fedotow. This was followed by two further prototypes with modified sawtooth wings and from 1972 a small series of 24 aircraft with again modified wings
• MiG-23BN Flogger-H : Export version of the MiG-23B from the Moscow MAPO manufacturing plant; The prototype was the 32-23, now with a Tumanski R-29B-300 engine, 624 units built
• MiG-23BM Flogger-F : Prototype of the MiG-27, also referred to as 32-25
• MiG-23BK Flogger-H : Prototype of the MiG-27K, also known as 32-26
• MiG-23U Flogger-C : Training version based on the MiG-23M with two seats in tandem
• MiG-23U Flogger-C : combat-ready training aircraft, prototype was the 23-51
• MiG-23UM Flogger-C : Trainer version, based on the MiG-23ML and MiG-23P
• MiG-23-98 : The Russian company Phazotron , in cooperation with the Mikoyan ANPK, offers three variants of a combat value enhancement program known as the MiG-23-98. The main objective of this program is to equip the MiG-23 with modern Russian air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons. The simplest and cheapest variant (MiG-23-98-3) consists in installing an additional device weighing around 20 kilograms in the Saphir-23 radar, which allows modern missiles such as the R-27R, R-27T or R- 77 can be used up to the maximum detection range of 50 kilometers. The device called FRC does not increase air-to-ground combat capability. A more expensive option is to replace the old Saphir-23 radar with a modern pulse Doppler radar of the types Moskit-23 or Moskit-21K . The conversion variant with Moskit-23 is called MiG-23-98-1, the one with Moskit-21K is called MiG-23-98-2. The Moskit-23 radar is a further development of the Kopjo radar used in the MiG-21-93, which in turn is based on the RPLK-29 of the MiG-29. In contrast to the previous Saphir-23 , it has the track-while-scan, range-while-search and close air combat modes as well as a ground search mode. In the Track-While-Scan mode, the Moskit-23 is able to observe eight aerial targets at the same time and combat two of them simultaneously. According to the company Phazotron , it is impossible for an air enemy to hide from the mosquito-23 in the earth's background (ground clutter). The mosquito-23. is able to detect and track helicopters hovering close to the ground. It enables a viewing distance of 90 kilometers and a search angle in Track-While-Scan mode of 60 degrees. It is able to control all air-to-air missiles from the R-27 to the R-77 and also older missiles of the R-23T and R-24T types.
• MiG-23B-98 : Modernization variant as a fighter-bomber
• MiG-23UB-99 : Trainer version, based on the modernization variant MiG-23-98

Military users

Official users

MiG-23UB of the Air Force of the Czech Republic in July 1997

•  Afghanistan MiG-23BN / UB in service from 1984
•  Algeria
•  Angola : 32 MiG-23MF / ML / UB
•  Armenia
•  Egypt : 8 BN / 8 MS / 4 UB
•  Ethiopia : 44 BN / 16 ML / 6 UB
•  Bulgaria : 36 MiG-23BN, 12 MiG-23MF, 1 MiG-23ML, 8 MiG-23MLA, 16 MiG-23MLAE-2, 5 MiG-23MLD and 11 MiG-23UB
•  German Democratic Republic : 11 MiG-23UB, 12 MiG-23MF, 22 MiG-23BN, 32 MiG-23ML, 13 casualties, 1 MiG-23S for technical training on the ground. Used on the JG-9 and JBG-37 .
•  Germany : In 1990 18 MiG-23BN, 9 MiG-23MF, 28 MiG-23ML and some MiG-23UB were taken over by the GDR. One MF / ML / BN each was tested at WTD 61 , twelve ML and one BN went to the USA to represent the enemy, and one BN to Great Britain. The rest was distributed to museums or scrapped.
•  Ivory Coast : 2 MiG-23MLAE-2
•  India : 95 MiG-23BN / 40 MiG-23MF / 19 UB
•  Iraq : 93 BN /> 18 MS / 18 MF /> 4 UB
•  Iran : 9 from Iraq
•  Israel : 1 MLAE-2
•  Yemen : MiG-23BN / UB
•  Yugoslavia : 1 ML
•  Kazakhstan : 2 combat trainers MiG-23UB
•  Cuba : 23 BN / 14 MF / 14 MLA / 10 UB
•  Libya : 48 BN /? MS / 48 MLAE-2/40 UB
•  Namibia : 2 MLA
•  North Korea ( Air Force ): 68 ML / 12 UB
•  Poland : 36 MiG-23MF + 6 MiG-23UB
•  Romania : 37 MiG-23MF + 10 MiG-23UB.
•  Russia
•  Zambia
•  Zimbabwe : 3 MS / 1 UB
•  Sri Lanka ; 1 MiG-23UB as a trainer for the MiG-27 fleet
•  Somalia :
•  Soviet Union
•  Sudan : 10 MS / 2 UB
•  Syria : 70 BN / 80 MS / 20 MF / 50 MLAE / 25 UB
•  Czech Republic
•  Czechoslovakia : 32 MiG-23BN / 13 MF / 16 ML / 8 UB
•  Turkmenistan
•  Uganda : 2 MS
•  Ukraine
•  Hungary : 12 MiG-23MF u. 5 MiG-23UB
•  United States : 10 BN / 12 ML / 6 MS
•  United Kingdom : 1 BN
•  People's Republic of China : 2 BN / 2 MS / 2 UB
•  Uzbekistan : 31
•  Belarus

Unofficial users

•  People's Republic of China : China received some specimens from Egypt for testing.
•  Israel : the machine of a Syrian defector has been extensively tested by Israeli experts.
•  Serbia : some Iraqi machines were in Serbia for overhaul when the Iraq war broke out and remained there.
•  United States : several machines from Germany and Egypt were extensively tested by the US Air Force and used as "aggressors".

Technical specifications

Three-sided view of the MiG-23MF

Parameter	MiG-23MF	MiG-23BN	MiG-23UB
crew	1		2
length	16.70 m		16.64 m
span	7.77 m at 72 ° 13.96 m at 16 °	7.78 m at 72 ° 13.97 m at 16 °
height	5.15 m	4.80 m	4.82 m
Wing area	37.27 m²		34.16 m²
Empty mass	10.9 t	10.45 t	8.7 t
Fuel supply	internal: 5380 l external: 2400 l 1)		internal: 4000 l external: 2400 l 1)
Max. Takeoff mass	18.4 t	20.0 t	14.8 t
Top speed	2450 km / h	1900 km / h	2500 km / h
Service ceiling	19,000 m	15,600 m	18,000 m
Range	2420 km (without additional tanks 1350 km)	1810 km	3000 km
Engines	Tumanski R-29-300	Tumanski R-29B-300	Tumanski R-27F2M-300
Thrust	with afterburner: 122.6 kN without afterburner: 81.4 kN	with afterburner: 112.8 kN without afterburner: 77 kN	with afterburner: 98.07 kN without afterburner: 67.67 kN
Takeoff route	560-600 m	1200-1300 m
Landing route	750-800 m	1200-1300 m

¹⁾ in two TF-ZB and one trunk-ZB with 800 l each

hull

MiG-23MF cockpit

The fuselage of the MiG-23 is narrow and its elongated shape is interrupted by the wing box. In the hunter versions, the radar is located under a large conical radome on the bow. The fighter-bomber versions, on the other hand, have an elongated wedge-shaped bow. The cockpit canopy is aerodynamically adapted to the shape of the fuselage in order to reduce air resistance. There are rear-view mirrors on the cabin roof. Behind the cockpit there are air inlets that can be heated on both sides. On the fuselage side, these have large, interrupted and adjustable boundary layer cutting edges. For additional intake air, there are two additional intake flaps on the outside of the air inlet ducts. To change the engine, the stern can be detached from the rest of the fuselage on the main bulkhead. At the rear end of the fuselage there are hydraulically operated air brake flaps, two each on either side of the horizontal stabilizer and the keel fin.

The undercarriage of the MiG-23 is a three-legged undercarriage, which is designed to be very robust to enable operation on unpaved slopes. The nose landing gear has twin tires and is hydraulically steerable. The twin tires of the nose landing gear are provided with dirt-repellent fenders. The main landing gear has horizontally arranged struts with suspension travel of more than 1 m. When retracting, the main landing gear folds inwards so that it can be accommodated in a relatively small landing gear slot in the fuselage. Landing gear flaps for the main landing gear, which also serve as mud flaps, are partly attached to the suspension struts.

Wings and tail units

Swivel mechanism of a MiG-23

The MiG-23 has swivel wings, the sweep of which is adjustable from 16 ° for lower speeds up to 72 ° for high-speed flight. The angular position of the wings can be adjusted to the flight conditions manually by the pilot or automatically by the on-board computer. From the versions MiG-23M and MF, the profile depth of the swiveling wings has been increased. The inner end of the wing nose edge was provided with a saw tooth so that these adapt to the rigid nose edge of the wing box with a low sweep. When the wings are swiveled back, they generate powerful eddies, which improve the flow and thus the control during flight maneuvers. Slats are located on the nose edge of the pivoting wings, as is the three-part flap system on the trailing edge, which is required for operation on short runways. In addition, there are spoilers on the top of the pivoting wings.

The tail unit of the MiG-23 is designed like the end of a dart. The vertical tail is swept back for high-speed flight and has a nose edge that is extended far to the front. Below the hull there is a keel fin to improve stability. In order to have sufficient ground clearance when landing, it is automatically folded to the starboard side when the landing gear is extended. Like the rest of the tail, the elevator is swept back a lot. In order to get enough space when the wings are swiveled back, the horizontal stabilizers are attached to the rear of the fuselage. The hydraulically driven tailplane fins can not only be controlled in the same direction as elevators, but also differentially as ailerons.

equipment

Such ejection seats of the type KM-1 were used in the MiG-21 and MiG-23 ( Technik-Museum Speyer ).

• On-board radar RP-23 (monopulse system; Doppler), range up to 90 kilometers, overview mode, target accompaniment / lighting on pursuit, intersection and opposite course, look-down / shoot-down ability; possible target engagement / target accompaniment up to eight kilometers above and five kilometers below one's own flight altitude; Combat distance depending on the target course, numerous modes for working with various disturbances
• Infrared direction finder TP-23 (passive IR detector), range 20 to 30 kilometers, enables covered approach and target assignment for air-to-air missiles (including semi-active ones) without target illumination .
• Optical visor for use with the R-60 ; R-73  - deflection of the homing head up to 60 degrees from the longitudinal axis; Electronic calculation of the lead for cannon and automatic and manual bomb-throwing mode for ballistic and drop-braked bombs.
• SEI field of view to display the most important flight and target parameters in cooperation with radar, heat direction finder and optical sight.
• Radar warning system from all directions.
• Automatic monitoring and limitation of the angle of attack (SOUA).
• Autopilot with operating mode damping, stabilization, return from any flight position, return from dangerous altitude, cooperation with navigation and weapon systems possible.
• Automatic weapon calculator for target assignment to the weapon system (including selection of the optimal missile).
• Automatic guidance system Lasur 6 enables radio interference and eavesdropping secured guidance to the target without radio.
• Navigation / ILS system RSBN-6S - Combination of rotating beacon computer system with target point programming and automatic instrument landing system for use up to a weather minimum of 100 meters cloud base / 1 kilometer visibility.
• Radio altimeter
• Friend-foe identification device

Armament

Gun system of a MiG-23: floor pan with automatic cannon GSch-23 and magazine

Fixed armament in the bow

• 1 × 23 mm automatic cannon Grjasew-Schipunow GScha-23L (9A-4071K) with up to 200 rounds of ammunition in the fuselage behind the nose gear centered on a lowerable carriage;

Gun loading of 4000 kg at seven external load stations

Air-to-air guided missile

• 4 × BD-60-21U launch rails for 1 × Wympel R-3 S (AA-2 "Atoll") each - infrared-guided, self-targeting for short distances
• 4 × APU-13U2 launch rails for 1 × Wympel R-3R (AA-2-2 "Advanced Atoll") each - semi-active, radar-guided for short distances
• 2 × APU-60-2 double start rails for 2 × Wympel R-60 MK (K-60 or AA-8 "Aphid") each - infrared-controlled, self-targeting for short distances
• 4 × P-12-1-D start rails for 1 × Wympel R-73 E (AA-11 "Archer") each - infrared-controlled for short distances
• 4 × APU-23M1 start rails for 1 × Wympel R-23 / R-24T (AA-7 "Apex") each - infrared-guided, self-targeting for medium distances
• 4 × APU-23M start rails for 1 × Wympel R-23R / R-24R (AA-7 "Apex") each - semi-active, radar-guided for medium distances

External container

• 3 × drop-off additional tank PTB-800 for 800 liters of kerosene

Air-to-surface weapons of the MiG-23BN

Air-to-surface guided missile

• 2 × APU-68UM3 launch rails for 1 × Swesda Ch-25 (AS-10 "Karen") each - radio-controlled air-to-ground guided missile (steering system: DELTA)
• 2 × APU-68UM launch rails for 1 × Swesda Ch-23M (AS-7 "Kerry") each - radio-controlled air-to-ground guided missiles (steering system: DELTA)

Unguided air-to-surface missiles

• 4 × UB-32-A73 rocket tube launch containers for 32 × unguided air-to-surface missiles S-5 ; Caliber 57 mm
• 4 × B-8M1 rocket tube launch containers for 20 × unguided air-to-surface missiles S-8 ; Caliber 85 mm
• 4 × APU-68UM3 launch rails for an unguided S-24B air-to-surface missile; Caliber 240 mm

Unguided free-fall bombs

attached to four multiple beams of the type MBD-2-67-U (four FAB-100 per multiple beam); additionally one left and one right on the rear carrier D-3U-1A; The bomb locks of all multiple carriers or the two rear carriers are "pyrotechnic locks". Before a bomb is attached, they must be equipped with one or two pyro cartridges (type PPL), which are ignited electrically to open the bomb lock. On the one hand, the resulting hot gases open the mechanism of the bomb lock and act in parallel on a pyro tappet, which gives the bomb an additional impulse and leads to the so-called “forced separation of the external load”.

• 18 × FAB-100 (100 kg free fall bomb )
• 6 × FAB-250 (250 kg free fall bomb)
• 6 × FAB-500 (500 kg free fall bomb)

FAB-250/500 can also be equipped with a brake parachute container behind the tail unit, which can be triggered with a time delay via a separate electric detonator at the moment of release; 1 × per fuselage support on the right and left; two FAB-250 or FAB-500 one behind the other on the two multiple girders of type MBD-3 (these multiple girders must first be exchanged for the two standard girders of type BD-3-23 on the fixed part of the wing);

• 1 × TN-1000 (tactical free-fall nuclear bomb )

After changing the two standard BD-3-23 fuselage carriers for the BD-3-66 special carrier, a tactical nuclear weapon with an explosive force of up to 30 kilotons per special carrier can be transported. Different automatic bombing maneuvers for conventional bombs or nuclear weapons are implemented via the target navigation complex (weapons computer) of the SOKOL type.

External container

• 3 × additional tanks for 800 liters of kerosene . With a sweep of 16 °, only two additional fuel tanks of 800 liters each could be attached under the pivoting TF part, which must be "shot down" including the carrier attached to the ZB body before the wing sweep to 45 ° maneuvering or 72 ° high-speed position could be changed. The "shooting" of each additional fuel tank from the wings is triggered by the hot gases from an electrically ignited pyro-cartridge of the type EPU-253.
• 2 × UPK 23-250 containers each for a 23 mm automatic cannon GRYAZEV-SHIPUNOV GSH-6-23 with 250 rounds of ammunition (23-mm splitter explosive and fire-tank projectiles) for both upper standard Type BD-3-23 suspensions under the fixed wing section.

Others

A Libyan MiG-23 with a US Navy F-4J Phantom II over the great Syrte in August 1981

• A MiG-23 of the JG-9 reached supersonic speed over Trassenheide when approaching Peenemünde airfield in the early 1980s ; In the center of Trassenheide, extensive damage was caused by the pressure wave.
• A driverless Soviet MiG-23 crashed in Belgium on July 4, 1989 . During the take-off of the Soviet machine in Poland , the engine power dropped dangerously in the critical section of the climb. The ground control center ordered the pilot to use the ejection seat to save himself, and the plane was expected to crash immediately. Instead, the machine stabilized by itself, partly due to the changed center of gravity (missing ejector seat, cockpit hood, pilot). The aircraft then flew about 900 kilometers further west without a pilot. It reached its service ceiling with its configuration (spread wings) at 12,000 meters. It was escorted by NATO aircraft over Germany and crashed in Belgium before they intervened. An 18-year-old man was killed in a crash on a residential building. Belgium criticized that the Soviets had not given anyone any information about the machine during the entire flight time. Representatives of the Soviet Air Force and the pilot visited Belgium and apologized. The USSR paid compensation. The incident had no political consequences as it was obviously a technical error.
• On September 13, 1990 a MiG-23ML of JG 9 crashed in Peenemünde during a demonstration in front of members of the Defense Committee of the Bundestag. The pilot was killed in the process.
• On 22 December 1992, a MiG-23 met the Libyan Air Force on approach to Tripoli with a Boeing 727 of Libyan Arab Airlines together. 157 people died.
• On October 7, 2009, a two-seater Libyan MiG-23 crashed during a sightseeing flight over the Matiga air force base. Both pilots were killed.
• In the US feature film Jet Pilot (1953/1957, German jet fighter ), a Convair XF-92 A represented a fictional Soviet jet. This was clearly marked MiG 23 , but had no resemblance to the real MiG, which was only built 10 years later -23.

literature

• Jefim Gordon : MiG-23/27 Flogger Soviet Swing-Wing Fighter / Strike Aircraft. Midland Publishing, Earl Shilton 2005, ISBN 1-85780-211-X .
• Thomas Hentschel: The development of Soviet / Russian fighter radars (1939-2003). Volume 1 and Volume 2. Self-published by Th. Hentschel, 2004.
• de Agostini: AIRCRAFT, the new encyclopedia of aviation. TOPIC Verlag, Munich / Karlsfeld 1992, pp. 289-299, pp. 2526-2532.

See also

• List of aircraft types

Web links

Commons : MiG-23  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Bulgaria. deagel.com. Retrieved: January 28, 2011.
2. ^ India decommissions last MiG-23 ground support aircraft. rian.ru, June 3, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
3. ^ Last Flight of the MiG-23 BN. ( Memento from June 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
4. ↑ НАИБОЛЕЕ РАСПРОСТРАНЕННЫЕ МОДЕЛИ БОЕВЫХ САМОЛЕТОВ (Translation: The Most common models of combat aircraft) (Russian). commi.narod.ru. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
5. ^ Joel Brinkley: Syrian pilot of MIG-23 is said to defect to Israel. In: The New York Times. October 12, 1989. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
6. ^ David A. Fulghum: MiGs in Nevada. In: Aviation Week & Space Technology. November 27, 2006.
7. ↑ Sukhoi: MiG-23
8. ↑ The hero of the Ganges - swing-wing aircraft MiG-23B / BN and MiG-27. In: FliegerRevue. May 2009, pp. 26-29.
9. ^ Incident overview from Eastern Wings
10. ↑ Belgians Protest to Soviets Over Crash of Derelict MIG ( Memento from September 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
11. ^ RIA Novosti: Fighter Jet Crash in Libya. October 7, 2009.