Orphanage

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The Francke Orphanage in Halle (Saale), built in 1700

An orphanage was an institution that was widespread until the 20th century, in which children and young people who were not provided for were living and cared for with a pedagogical intention.

history

In antiquity, abandoned children had no rights and were often enslaved. In Christianity, foundlings and orphans have always been considered particularly worthy of protection and in need of help. Findling houses were therefore built in many places to care for foundlings, initially mainly in Italy, later also in Germany, for example in Cologne in 1341, in Augsburg in 1471, and in Leipzig in 1556. But the children were dependent on the mercy of individuals. Even in the Middle Ages, individual rooms or houses were set up for orphans in which they were raised at the expense of the citizens. Orphanages developed from these foundling homes, particularly numerous since the 17th century from foundations and the founding of the Pietists . The four orphanages of Naples called conservatorio were linked with famous music schools in the 17th and 18th centuries : the Santa Maria di Loreto , founded in 1535 , the Sant'Onofrio , the Pietà dei Turchini and the Poveri di Gesù Cristo . In Venice , too, there were orphanages for girls that were famous across Europe and were also musical training centers, above all the Ospedale della Pietà . A first orphanage is documented in Hamburg from 1595. It was only after the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) that institutions were increasingly founded; they should be responsible for a whole range of social problem areas at the same time. The “ Armen-, Waysen-, Zucht- und Werkhaus ” established in Braunschweig in 1677 makes its intentions clear in its name. Similar institutions were founded in Frankfurt in 1679, in Bamberg in 1702, in Waldheim in 1716 and in Ludwigsburg in 1736. The "Große Friedrichs Hospital ", founded in Berlin in 1702, was primarily a place of accommodation for orphans, beggars, invalids, the mentally disturbed, lepers and only a subordinate hospital.

Pestalozzi with orphans in Stans

Towards the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, the philanthropists waged the famous orphanage dispute against the abuses prevailing in the institutions and campaigned for family care. The criticism of the institutions became so loud that they were closed. The children were housed with families, but these mostly only saw the “work value of the child”. If the child did not perform well, they were brought back and in some cases had to be brought back from the family. Since the accommodation in the families was not ideal, the "orphanage dispute" continued. The strict family principle led to new grievances, so that a reform of the institutions was sought, for which Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi made a particular contribution . The call for better orphanages grew louder and many changes were discussed. For example, there was talk of adequate nutrition, and each child should have their own bed. The working hours should be reduced to three or four hours. Furthermore, there should be gymnastics for the children every day to promote health.

In Prussia , military orphanages were used to take in orphans of Protestant denomination who were born during active military service of their fathers. A subsidiary for girls in Pretzsch was branched off from the military orphanages in 1829 . The Roman Catholic children were raised in the Erfurt orphanage.

In 1844 Clara Fey founded the order “ Sisters of the Poor Child Jesus ”. In 1872 (in this year the Kulturkampf began , which lasted until 1887) around 600 sisters lived in 27 branches of the order in Prussia . There were also houses in Austria and Luxembourg. The activities of the sisters expanded from schools and boarding schools to orphanages, kindergartens, commercial schools, women's technical schools and other institutes for the care of girls in particular. In 1886 the Hyrtl'sche orphanage opened in Mödling / Lower Austria.

Orphanages were later called “children's homes” or “child and youth educational institutions”. Under residential care refers to assistance for education in a facility located in the children and young people day and night and are cared for educational, to encourage them in their development. In the past, the idea of ​​care was in the foreground, later the principle of participation .

In 1966/1967 Luise Rinser spread the rumor in her novel Ich bin Tobias and in her book Zölibat und Frau (“they say”) that in Belgium and elsewhere there are homes built especially for priests' children. She lamented the associated fate of these children, having to grow up as orphaned children.

Further development

While many structural certificates have been preserved, the institution has adapted to the development of society as a whole in terms of name and organization.

The term orphanage is no longer in use today, as the reason for placing children and adolescents in facilities outside the family of origin is usually not that the children are parental. Rather, the placement takes place because the conditions in the parental home are contrary to the best interests of the child. Such children are sometimes referred to as social orphans. In home education today, efforts are predominant to create conditions for the children that are as family-like as possible through small units. The common name today is mostly children's home. Supervising youth welfare offices are usually (alternatively) also interested in placing children in foster care with foster families.

List of known orphanages

Sorted chronologically, the following orphanages belong to the large number of institutions founded in the 17th and 18th centuries:

The Oranienburg orphanage
  • The Seelhaus was founded around 1435 and, as a foundation, was converted into a “poor children orphanage” in Bamberg in 1588 .
  • After a devastating famine, philanthropists founded the Lübeck orphanage in 1546 .
  • A municipal orphanage was established in Augsburg as a foundation in 1572.
  • The Munich orphanage was founded in 1625 as a community orphanage and has been an orphanage foundation since 1809. Today there is a modern child and youth welfare facility with approx. 122 places.
  • The Oranienburg orphanage was established as a foundation in the Mark Brandenburg in 1665.
  • In the same year 1665 the Hof zum Homberg was set up as an orphanage in Mainz . At that time it was the first institute of its kind in the Electorate of Mainz .
  • The orphanage in Varel was founded as a foundation in 1669.
  • The orphanage in Basel was established as a civic foundation in 1669.
  • The orphanage in Frankfurt am Main was founded as a foundation in 1679.
  • The St. Petri orphanage in Bremen was established as a foundation in 1692.
The former orphanage of the former Oetenbach monastery in Zurich
  • The Rauhe Haus was founded as an orphanage foundation on September 12, 1833 in Hamburg. Today, the Rauhe Haus has around 100 addresses in the greater Hamburg area of ​​inpatient assistance in shared flats, residential groups and institutions as well as outpatient assistance for children and youth welfare.
  • The Moses Mendelssohn 's orphan education institution of the Jewish community in Berlin was opened on July 1, 1836.
  • Greek Orphanage Prinkipo is a historic building on the Turkish island of Buyukada . With 20,000 square meters of floor space, it is the largest wooden building in Europe and the second largest in the world.

More orphanages

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Orphanage  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Orphanage  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Markus Meumann: Foundlings, orphanages, infanticide: Unserved children in early modern society. Wissenschaftsverlag Oldenbourg 1995, ISBN 3-486-56099-9 , p. 180f.
  2. ↑ Hamburg State Archives. 354-1 orphanage, 1575-1926
  3. ^ Notker Hammerstein, Christa Berg: Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte . CH Beck, 2005, ISBN 3-406-32464-9 , p. 430/31
  4. ^ Orphanage, Universal-Lexikon, Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias
  5. ^ History of home education. In: Heimkinder (JsB), Philo Wiki ( Memento from December 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  6. ^ A. Mehringer: Heimkinder. Collected essays on the history and the present of home education. 4th edition. Reinhardt, Munich and Basel 1994.
  7. ^ J. Jacobs: The orphanage dispute: a contribution to the history of pedagogy of the 18th and 19th centuries. Trute 1931
  8. ↑ For example stadt-koeln.de
  9. ↑ Luise Rinser: I am Tobias. 1966, p. 160; Celibacy and wife. 1967, p. 22.
  10. ^ History of the Bamberg orphanage (see "Orphanage Foundation").
  11. ↑ The orphanage Lübeck 1546-1929. Redesign of the institution. In: Father-city sheets . No. 14, year 1929/30, edition from April 14, 1929.
  12. ↑ Verlag Gebrüder Borchers: Festschrift for the 300th anniversary of the institution from 1847.
  13. ^ Evangelical Orphanage Augsburg ( Memento from May 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ^ History of the Catholic Orphanage Foundation Augsburg ( Memento from March 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  15. ↑ The orphanage foundation has been responsible for the Munich orphanage since 1809. ( Memento from March 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  16. ↑ sights / waisenhaus.html Oranienburger Orphanage Foundation
  17. ^ Foundation orphanage in Varel ( Memento from February 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) on varel.de
  18. ↑ Bourgeois Orphanage Basel ( Memento from November 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ^ Foundation orphanage Frankfurt am Main
  20. ↑ St. Peter's orphanage in Bremen
  21. ↑ Markus Meumann: University and Social Welfare Between Enlightenment and National Socialism - the orphanage of the theological faculty in Göttingen 1747-1938, 1997, p. 18
  22. ↑ Martini Church ( Memento from January 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  23. ↑ Stefan Wolter: "Beenket das Armuth" - the poor system of the city of Eisenach in the late 17th and 18th centuries - alms fund, orphanage, penitentiary, 2003
  24. ↑ Markus Meumann: University and Social Welfare Between Enlightenment and National Socialism - the orphanage of the theological faculty in Göttingen 1747-1938, 1997, p. 18
  25. ↑ Francke Foundations from 1698 in Halle ad Saale ( Memento from September 22, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  26. ↑ Monecke, Erhard; Peterseim, Christiane; Riese, Johanna (Ed.): 300 years of the foundation of the orphanage in Heiligenstadt 1706–2006. Heiligenstadt 2005
  27. ^ HL Harland: History of the City of Einbeck, Volume 2, 1858, p. 412
  28. ↑ Einbeck orphanage was founded in 1713 with 15 children
  29. ↑ Markus Meumann: University and Social Welfare Between Enlightenment and National Socialism - the orphanage of the theological faculty in Göttingen 1747-1938, 1997, p. 18
  30. ^ Orphanage St. Johann of the Anne Maria Steffen Foundation in Osnabrück
  31. ^ History of the Royal Potsdam Military Orphanage from its creation to the present day. Ernst Siegfried Mittler, Berlin / Posen 1824. (E-Book: Potsdam 2010, ISBN 978-3-941919-74-7 )
  32. ↑ Large military orphanage in Potsdam ( Memento from February 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  33. ^ Johann Wolf: History of the Hardenberg family, Volume 2, 1823, p. 254
  34. ^ Franz Heinrich Ungewitter: Latest Earth Description and State Studies, 1858, p. 428
  35. ↑ Hans Hesse: Das Frauen-KZ Moringen 1933–1938, 2000, p. 18
  36. ↑ Markus Meumann: University and Social Welfare Between Enlightenment and National Socialism - the orphanage of the theological faculty in Göttingen 1747-1938, 1997, p. 18
  37. ↑ Fürstin-Franziska-Christine-Stiftung in Stelle (Essen) ( Memento from February 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  38. ^ Rauhe Haus Foundation in Hamburg ( Memento from October 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  39. ^ The Moses Mendelssohn'sche Orphan Education Institution of the local Jewish community in Berlin, 1841, online edition, University Library, Frankfurt am Main 2013