Nickel cutter audit
| Nickel cutter audit | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| General and classification | |
| other names |
|
| chemical formula | NiAs 3-x |
|
Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Sulfides and sulfosalts |
|
System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
2.EC.05 ( 8th edition : II / D.29) 02.12.17.02 |
| Similar minerals | Skutterudit |
| Crystallographic Data | |
| Crystal system | cubic |
| Crystal class ; symbol | cubic-disdodecahedral; 2 / m 3 |
| Room group (no.) | Im 3 (No. 204) |
| Lattice parameters | a = 8.28 Å |
| Formula units | Z = 8 |
| Frequent crystal faces | {001}, {111}, rarely {011} |
| Twinning | Sextuplets according to {112} |
| Physical Properties | |
| Mohs hardness | 5.5 to 6 |
| Density (g / cm 3 ) | measured: 6.5; calculated: [5.07 to 6.90] |
| Cleavage | clearly after {001} and {111} |
| Break ; Tenacity | shell-like to uneven; brittle |
| colour | tin white to light steel gray; gray or colored |
| Line color | black |
| transparency | opaque |
| shine | Metallic luster |
Nickelskutterudit (arsenic nickel ), also written nickel skutterudite until 2008 , is a rather seldom occurring mineral from the mineral class of " sulfides and sulfosalts ". It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system with the idealized composition NiAs 3-x , so it is chemically a nickel arsenide . However, since nickel cutterudite is closely related to skutterudite (CoAs 3 ) and forms a complete mixed crystal row with it, it almost always occurs in nature with a certain proportion of cobalt in the compound. Also iron is due to its similar ionic radius capable of nickel to cobalt in the formula or replace . Therefore, the formula for nickel cutter audite is generally also given as (Ni, Co) As 2–3 or (Ni, Co, Fe) As 3-x .
Nickel cutterudite is opaque and rarely develops idiomorphic crystals with a cubic habit or a cubic combination. It is usually found in the form of stalky, kidney-shaped or granular to massive mineral aggregates . Reticulated, skeletal aggregates with twisted ( knitted ) and deformed crystals are also known.
The color of fresh nickel cutter audite varies from pewter white to a light silver or steel gray. Visible crystal surfaces have a metallic sheen . After a while, however, the mineral turns gray to blackish or colored. Often nickel cutterudite finds are also covered with green annabergite ( nickel blossom ) or red erythrin ( cobalt blossom ).
Special properties
Is a sample of nickel cutter audit z. B. struck with a geologist's hammer , a strong arsenic smell becomes noticeable.
Placed on charcoal and held in front of a soldering pipe, the mineral melts into a brittle, gray-black and magnetic ball.
Etymology and history
Was first discovered Nickelskutterudit cast mining area in Schneeberg in Saxony's Erzgebirge and described in 1845 by August Breithaupt , which, however, the mineral as nickel Biarseniet , White nickel gravel or Chloanthit called. However, these designations were discarded in 1892 by E. Waller and Alfred Joseph Moses (1859–1920) who, in their analyzes, found on the one hand the close relationship to skutterudite and on the other hand a predominant proportion of nickel in the composition. They therefore chose the name nickel cutter audit, which was also adopted by subsequent researchers.
In 1921 O. Hackl described a mineral that was found near Radstadt in Salzburg and named it Dienerite in honor of the Austrian palaeontologist and finder of the mineral Karl Diener (1862–1928) . However, since only a single crystal was found and the type material was also lost, the chemical analysis could not be checked. Dienerite was therefore discredited in 2006 by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) as a questionable mineral and classified as possibly identical to nickel cutter audite.
classification
Already in the now outdated, but still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , nickel cutterudite belonged to the mineral class of "sulfides and sulfosalts" and there to the department of "sulfides with the molar ratio of metal: sulfur, selenium, tellurium <1: 1", where he together with Ferroskutterudit ( IMA 2006-032 ), Gaotaiit , Iridisit , Kieftit and Skutterudit the independent group / II D.29 formed.
The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the IMA, also assigns the nickel cutter audit to the class of "sulfides and sulfosalts", but in the category of "metal sulfides with M: S ≤ 1: 2". This section is further subdivided according to the exact molar ratio or the predominant metals in the compound, so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the subdivision "M: S = 1:> 2", where it is found together with ferroscutterudite, kieftite and Skutterudit the "Skutteruditgruppe" with the system no. 2.EC.05 forms.
The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the nickel cutter audit to the class of "sulfides and sulfosalts" and there in the department of "sulfide minerals". Here it is together with Skutterudit, Kieftit and Ferroskutterudit in the "Skutterudit series" with the system no. 02.12.17 to be found within the subsection of " Sulphides - including selenides and tellurides - with the composition A m B n X p , with (m + n): p = 1: 2 ".
Modifications and varieties
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Chloanthite is the name for the low arsenic variety of the nickel cutter audit, but is still occasionally used as a synonym for the nickel cutter audit itself.
Chathamite is considered an iron-containing sub-variety of chloanthite .
Education and Locations
Nickelskutterudit forms in moderate hydrothermal - veins , where he among other things, arsenopyrite , barite , bismuth , calcite , quartz , sterling silver , siderite and other minerals associated place.
As a rather rare mineral formation, nickel cutter audit can sometimes be abundant at various sites, but overall it is not very common. So far, around 200 sites are known to be known (as of 2014). In addition to its type locality Schneeberg, the mineral occurred in Germany in many other places in the Saxon Ore Mountains and in several places in the Black Forest in Baden-Württemberg; near Wölsendorf in Bavaria; in several places in the Odenwald and Richelsdorf , the mine Help God and the Lochborn copper mine near Bieber in Hesse; in many places in the Harz Mountains from Lower Saxony to Saxony-Anhalt; near Iserlohn , Ramsbeck and the Ostwig mine in North Rhine-Westphalia; at several sites near Imsbach , on Landsberg near Obermoschel , Rockenhausen , Schutzbach and Bürdenbach in Rhineland-Palatinate and in Thuringia near Bad Lobenstein , Ronneburg and Kamsdorf .
In Austria, nickel cutter audits were found on the Hüttenberger Erzberg and the Kerschdorfgraben near the municipality of Sankt Stefan im Gailtal in Carinthia ; in the uranium mine near Forstau , in the Schwarzleograben near Hütten / Leogang and in the Annastollen near Mitterberg (near St. Johann im Pongau ) in Salzburg and in the Schladminger Tauern in Styria.
In Switzerland, the mineral has so far only been found at Böttstein and Kaisten AG in the canton of Aargau .
Other sites are in Argentina, Australia, France, Iran, Italy, Japan, Canada, Morocco, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, Zimbabwe, Slovakia, Spain, South Africa, South Korea, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom (Great Britain) and the United States (UNITED STATES).
Crystal structure
Nickel cutterudite crystallizes cubically in the space group Im 3 (space group no. 204) with the lattice parameter a = 8.28 Å and 8 formula units per unit cell .
use
Nickel cutter audite is used as ore for the extraction of nickel , arsenic and arsenic acid .
See also
literature
- Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . 16th edition. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 469-470 .
- Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory . 6th, completely reworked and supplemented edition. Christian Weise Verlag, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-921656-80-8 .
- Petr Korbel, Milan Novák: Encyclopedia of Minerals . Nebel Verlag, Eggolsheim 2002, ISBN 3-89555-076-0 , p. 49 .
- Walter Schumann: The great BLV stone and mineral guide . 7th edition. BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-8354-0212-6 , p. 114 (chloanthite, white nickel gravel) .
Web links
- Mineral Atlas: Nickel Cutter Audit (Wiki)
- Mindat - Nickelskutterudite (English)
- Database-of-Raman-spectroscopy - Nickelskutterudite from Schneeberg, Saxony, Germany (English)
- Webmineral - Nickelskutterudite (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b IMA / CNMNC Tidying up Mineral Names: an IMA-CNMNC Scheme for Suffixes, Hyphens and Diacritical marks (PDF 2.7 MB; March-April 2008)
- ↑ a b c J. FA Breithaupt : Ueber das nickel-biarseniet. In: JC Poggendorff (Ed.): Annals of Physics and Chemistry. Volume 64, published by Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig 1845, pp. 184-185. ( PDF 171.7 kB )
- ^ A b John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols: Dienerite. In: Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America, 2001. ( PDF 58.4 kB )
- ↑ a b IMA / CNMNC List of Mineral Names - Nickelskutterudite (PDF 1.8 MB, p. 203)
- ↑ a b c d Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel: Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 109 .
- ↑ a b c d e f John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols: Nickelskutterudite. In: Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America, 2001. ( PDF 62.3 kB )
- ↑ a b c Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmanns textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke , Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 470 (first edition: 1891).
- ^ E. Waller, AJ Moses: A probably new nickel arsenide. (preliminary notice), In: The School of Mines Quarterly. Volume 14, New York 1892/1893, pp. 49-51. ( PDF 174.7 kB )
- ↑ Mindat - servant rite
- ↑ Mindat - Chamthamite
- ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for nickel cutter audits
- ↑ List of locations for nickel cutter audit in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat