Praviršulio tyrelis
The Praviršulio tyrelis is an extensive moorland in Lithuania with many rare animal and plant species. Since 1969, the Moor is (Lithuanian: as botanical and zoological reserve Praviršulio tyrelio botaninis-zoologinis draustinis ) under conservation . In addition, the moor has been designated as a biotope protection area to the same extent in accordance with the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive ( Natura 2000 ), and since 2010 also as a bird protection area in accordance with the EU bird protection directive. The reserve has an area of 3316 ha.
geography
The moor is located on the eastern edge of the Lower Lithuanian Ridge on the watershed between Dubysa in the west and Nevėžis in the east. The Luknė, which historically has its origins in Lake Praviršulis, flows to Dubysa, while the Šventupis and Žadikė rivers flow into the Šušvė . In the southern part at 55 ° 31 ′ 0 ″ N , 23 ° 26 ′ 0 ″ E, is the lake Praviršulis, which gives the moorland its name, a moor eye with a Area of 70 ha and a maximum depth of 4 m. Lake Krag Rand ežeras with an area of 3 hectares is located in the western edge of the protected area. The deepest point is in the northeast at 110 m above sea level. Sea level , the highest point is an island in the moor with about 125 m . The maximum thickness of the peat is eight meters, the peat reserve is estimated at 79 million m³. The bog complex is the fifth largest closed bog landscape in Lithuania, with the largest bogs Žuvintų pelkė (68.5 km²) and Čepkelių raistas (58.6 km²) being partially protected as a total reserve and also registered as Ramsar territory. The Čepkelių raistas is also part of the Dzūkija National Park .
The annual rainfall is 600 mm, the amount of evaporation is 390 mm. The annual solar radiation is 356 kJ / cm².
Places in the vicinity of the moor are Vosiliškis (about 300 inhabitants), Šaukotas (500), Papušinys (300) and Žaiginys (400). The moor is only cut by a partly asphalt road (connection Šiluva - Grinkiškis ) on the northernmost edge . There are no settlements in the moorland. The earlier existence of some individual farms can still be seen from orchards and natural stone foundations. The population density in the region is around 15 inhabitants / km².
Administratively, 97% of the nature reserve belongs to Radviliškis County , the rest to Raseiniai County . The management of the nature reserve is the responsibility of the Tytuvėnai Regional Park Directorate .
Biotopes
The southern part around Lake Praviršulis is characterized by raised bogs or bog heaths and bog forests that have emerged from them through drainage . The eastern edge of the slightly sunken lake tends to silt up and is covered by vibrating lawn. The actual, completely tree-free raised bog area only takes up about 30 hectares. The edge area is characterized by spring water, indicated by fever clover . The edge of the moor and the entire northern part is occupied by swamp forests . A small but botanically particularly valuable part consists of calcareous fens with Kleinseggenried and reed beds . Natural mixed coniferous forest with a high proportion of dead wood can be found on elevations in the moor . Remnants of anthropogenic biotopes, the result of extensive agriculture, can be found here and there.
flora
In accordance with the multitude of different biotopes, the flora is also rich in species, with many representatives listed in the Lithuanian Red Book. Botany took note of the moor at a late stage, and no mention was made of it in standard works up to the 1990s. Here Vaclovas Stukonis was the first to detect the blood-red orchid in Lithuania , one of the few places where the fly ragweed and the most extensive occurrence of the charlesceptor can be found in Lithuania. Next here grow marsh lousewort , Fettkraut , Baltic marsh orchid , spotted orchid , straw yellow orchid , dactylorhiza traunsteineri , Platanthera bifolia , Greenish butterfly orchid , malaxis monophyllos , fen orchid , chamaedaphne , cloudberry , Betula humilis , sundew species, bladder sedge , cotton grass , including the rare ornamental cotton grass , loose-flowered bluegrass , medium larkspur , sea bream and many others.
The status of bog saxifrage, of which earlier finds are known, is uncertain , but cannot currently be verified.
fauna
Rare mammals include elk , wolf , mountain hare and otter . In the central and southern part, numerous beavers are busy damming the drainage system. Roe deer , fox and wild boar are quite common . The lynx or its tracks have been spotted here and there. Whether it is migrating or sedentary animals is not certain.
Breeding birds include marsh harrier , corncrake , black grouse , goat milker , golden plover , crane , lesser spotted eagle and black stork .
Some insects have been observed within Lithuania so far only in this moorland, including the empididae Empis caudatula and Empis stercorea , the miner Phytomyza continua , the hoverfly Dasysyrphus arcuate and the brake Chrysops rufipes . Characteristic butterflies of moorland are about Colias Palaeno , Hochmoorbläuling , brown butterfly , Forest Heath and Large Heath ( Satyrinae ), Marsh Fritillary and valerian Fritillary .
Mushrooms
Birch mushrooms are common in the bog forests and are also collected here. Various porcini mushrooms are found at higher altitudes . Which also come to edible mushrooms chanterelle and milk cap before. The striking purple veil was found in the mixed forest on the southern edge of the protected area . Due to the large supply of dead wood, various tree fungi are particularly numerous . The rare glossy lacquer porling listed in the Lithuanian Red Book is representative here .
Anthropogenic influence
Unlike other marsh areas around the nearby towns of Šiluva and Tytuvėnai partially complete the peat have fallen victim to the moor Praviršulis is well preserved, but still characterized by human activity. Places where berry pickers, anglers and hunters frequent - especially on the shore and at the entrances to Lake Praviršulis and at high seats - are littered.
Hydromelioration
A hundred years ago the moor area was much larger than it is today. Large areas were drained and are now used for agriculture. In some cases, areas in the immediate vicinity of the moor were abandoned that were becoming wet and lignified - but this process stopped with the payment of EU agricultural subsidies and is in some cases even being reversed.
The oldest known drainage comes from the end of the 19th century, when the owner of the Burbiškiai manor dug a drainage ditch from the Praviršulis lake in order to gain pastureland. All flowing waters were canalized and straightened in the 1950s and further drainage ditches were created.
In the 1950s to 1960s, peat was cut in the southern lagg of the raised bog on an area of around 70 hectares. There was no active renaturation . In the meantime, a mosaic of swinging turf with cranberries has formed in the former peat ditches and bog forest with downy birch , pine and swamp pore .
In the 1980s, the trenches around the moor were deepened. The nature conservation legislation in Lithuania states that “the hydrological regime must not be changed”. This fact makes it extremely complicated to enforce the otherwise usual moor protection by backfilling the drainage ditches.
In particular, the runoff from large parts of the raised bog through ditches, instead of through Lake Praviršulis as it used to be, leads to a reduced flow rate in the lake, combined with eutrophication and siltation . In addition, the water level in the lake has been lowered, which leads to rapid succession of the surrounding bog forests.
hunt
The nature reserve was allocated by ministerial decree of the Lithuanian Agricultural University and the Lithuanian Forest Institute in 2000 as a hunting ground for teaching and research purposes for ten years.
Local residents, however, have doubts that all surrounding hunting tenants respect the nature reserve.
Agriculture and Forestry
Part of the territory used to be used for agriculture, mainly as meadow and pasture land in extensive use. Some of these were wet meadows or small patches of grassland in the forest, which the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive in Appendix II designated as "6530 meadows with woody plants in Fennoscandia" as a biotope that is particularly worthy of protection. The existence of these biotopes is at risk because of the abandonment of small farms. Therefore, in the draft, the management plan provides for a regular decoupling of various areas - but with unclear financing.
After joining the EU, many fallow areas on the edge of the moor were returned to intensive agriculture or reforested with EU funding. This means that the risk of fertilizers , herbicides and pesticides entering the sensitive moorland is once again an issue . In addition, valuable pasture biotopes are threatened with destruction by planting with spruce trees.
A project of the regional association Sargelių bendruomenės centras , which is financed by UNDP , aims to promote more extensive and environmentally friendly agriculture in the peripheral and buffer areas of the moor.
The northern areas of the moor in particular are used for forestry. Black alder , common ash , birch and, in drier locations, aspen and spruce grow here . Common pine and spruce were planted in monoculture on clear-cuts or formerly extensively used meadows and pastures . In the interests of forestry and hunting tenants, driveways are sometimes kept free and beaver dams destroyed. In addition, forestry is responsible for aisles between the grid squares in the forests, including bog forests, which actually have no forestry significance. In 2004, parts of the bog forest were marked as so-called key biotopes (lit. kertinė miško buveinė , e. Woodland key habitat ). In these forests, which belong to the state forest, there is no longer any logging.
history
Of the villages bordering the moor, Tendžiogala was first mentioned in the 14th century in connection with the temporary occupation of Lower Lithuania by the Teutonic Order . At that time, Tendžiogala was a regional center - but only a few medieval tombs have been archaeologically examined, and only to a small extent.
Slag finds in localities on the moor and iron-bearing springs make the mining of turf ore and local smelting likely. Also in Tendžiogala, at the end of the 19th century, a schnapps distillery was set up on the estate, which used bog water. Later attempts to use water from wells or deep boreholes resulted in poor quality.
During the Second World War , the moor served as a refuge for the inhabitants - in some villages all buildings were destroyed in June 1941. After the war, anti-Soviet partisans hid in various hiding places, including those in the Praviršulis bog.
The scientific investigation of the moor is closely connected with the hydration for the production of agricultural land and the extraction of peat. The cessation of peat cutting and the protection of the territory took place at the insistence of individual enthusiasts, especially with reference to the lesser spotted eagle as a breeding bird.
Surname
The part of the name tyrelis is a regionally used name for moors, in particular the raised bog or tree-free bog heath. The term is related to tyras ("empty, clear, noble, without admixtures") and tyrė ("porridge"). However, residents mostly use the high-level term pelkė , which can also be found in some literature.
The eponymous lake has been interpreted differently . It is probably related to viršus (“above”), which in turn could relate to the location of the lake in the raised bog.
Local legends
The most famous legend , which is still told today, deals with the etiology of Lake Praviršulis.
- The lake was originally in a different location further south. Since it had no name (there are also other reasons in variations), it rose one day with great noise and now hung like a cloud over several villages. Since the falling water would have destroyed the villages, someone had to sacrifice himself to lead the lake to a deserted area and give it a name there. A woman named Uršulė finally found herself willing to do this; she went into the moor and shouted: "I am Uršulė and you are Prauršulis". Then the lake fell. When local residents rushed over, they were surprised to find Uršulė alive on an island in the lake.
Another motif also exists in different variants and is also known from other lake couples in Lithuania.
- A cow once drowned in Lake Meiliškio ežeras, which was later found in Lake Praviršulis, five kilometers away.
literature
- Daiva Šeškauskaitė, Bernd Gliwa (eds.): Praviršulis . Kaunas 2009, ISBN 978-9955-37-079-6
- Laura Penikaitė Janulaitienė, Raimondas Čiuplys, Justinas Janulaitis: Praviršulio tyrelio gamtotvarkos planas (Management Plan , 2005, so far unconfirmed draft)
- Zigmantas Gudžinskas, Mindaugas Ryla: Lietuvos Gegužraibiniai (Orchidaceae Lituaniae) . Botanikos institutas, Vilnius 2006, ISBN 9986-662-28-1 .
- L. Balčiauskas et al .: Lietuvos gamtinė įvairovė - Radviliškio rajonas . Kaunas 1997.
Web links
- Map and brief description (Lithuanian)
- Entry at EUNIS (not entirely up-to-date)
- Sargeliai e. V. (additional pictures, biotopes, butterflies, dragonflies, orchids)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lietuvos saugomos teritorijos - Protected Areas of Lithuania , Map 1: 400,000, Vilnius 2006
- ↑ Słownik Geograficznych Krolestwa Polskiego [Geographical Dictionary of the Polish Kingdom] Vol. IX, Warsaw 1888, p 68
- ↑ Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija Vol. 9, p. 184
- ↑ Lietuvos TSR geografija - textbook for grade 7/8. Kaunas 1982, p. 128
- ↑ Lietuvos TSR geografija - textbook for grade 7/8. Kaunas 1982.
- ↑ Management plan, see literature
- ↑ Management plan, see literature
- ↑ Petras Bluzma. “Lūšių apsauga Lietuvoje” Žurnalas apie gamta No. 3–2006, pp. 24–27, ISSN 1648-8938
- ↑ Management plan, see literature
- ↑ B. Gliwa & D. Šeškauskaitė. Rare species of lepidoptera and odonata recorded from the environments of lake Pravirulis. New and Rare for Lithuania Insect species 20, 64-68. 2008. entomologai.lt ( Memento of the original from March 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Article), sargeliai.org (receipt photos)
- ↑ Text of the decree (Lithuanian)
- ↑ Audit of the Radviliškis Chief Forestry Officer (Lithuanian) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ B. Gliwa. Praviršulis or Prauršulė. Contributions to name research 40/3 (2005), 291–298.
- ↑ Daiva Šeškauskaitė (ed.). Sargelių apylinko pasakojimai [Stories from the Sargeliai region]. Sargeliai 2007, ISBN 978-9955-9939-0-2
- ↑ B. Gliwa. Some Lithuanian local sagas, bottomless waters and Mrs. Holle (KHM 24, ATU 480). Studia Mythologica Slavica 8 (2005), 187-224.
