Privileged archery society in Dresden

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Badge of the privileged archery society in Dresden from 1890

The Privileged Archery Society of Dresden is considered to be the oldest shooting association in the city of Dresden . It was founded in 1446 . Known as the organizer of courtly bird shooting and the royal chain stolen from the Dresden City Museum in 1977 , her work is closely linked to the Dresden Vogelwiese festival .

history

Emergence

City map of today's inner old town of Dresden in 1591 with Ratsschießgarten and (29) shooting house and (28) target house.

At the end of the 13th century, today's inner old town was surrounded by Dresden's fortifications , which included an approximately five-meter high city wall, which was defended by Dresden residents in the event of threatened attacks. The most effective weapon was the crossbow , the use of which the citizens regularly practiced in the city ​​moat , which was drained during peacetime . This place, also known as trench and later called the Council Shooting Garden, was probably after the demolition of the old fortifications running parallel to Schießgasse ; from today's Kurländer Palais to the Pirnaischer Tor on the inner ramparts or in the so-called Zwinger . In a council bill in 1401 there was the first reference to the existence of a shooting house, which also served the shooters as a meeting place. According to strict regulations, shooting was at targets attached to a wooden wall. On special occasions, people shot at the wooden bird on a “low pole” (height 20 meters) with “half armor” (designation of crossbow strength), otherwise at the wreath or compass sheet 70 meters away. The latter resembled a target without division ring with a diameter of 18 centimeters and a located in the center with parchment paper covered hole, which corresponds to the diameter of the crossbow strength corresponded to about 1.5 to 2 centimeters. The best hit was known as a “purpose or circular shot”; the bolt went unharmed through the hole in a target wall behind it.

Those armed with a crossbow were also called bow , crossbow, armor or steel archer because of the steel bow used ; for a long time they were considered the most dangerous warriors of the Middle Ages .

From 1400 to 1486, in accordance with the current military constitution, in addition to guard and defense duty, the Dresden crossbowmen had to perform military victories for their sovereign in Bohemia , Franconia , Thuringia , Brandenburg and Silesia 49 times . During this time they began to organize themselves along the lines of guilds and brotherhoods and to gain social influence. In 1446, Elector Friedrich II recognized the crossbowmen for the first time as an association by granting them privileges . The privileges existed u. a. in that the shooters - like the guilds and brotherhoods - were allowed to maintain their own altars in the houses of God with their patron saint ( Sebastian ). Twice a year they were given the “Lundian trousers” (cloth from Leyden ) for their harem pants and they were granted the right to walk behind the councilors in full armor during riflemen and processions .

Crossbow (half armor)
Crossbow winch (half armor)

Due to the rapid development of firearms , the crossbow lost its importance as a long-range weapon . Younger and better off crossbowmen changed their armament at the end of the 14th century and became rifle shooters . Disputes due to different interpretations of the rules during joint practice shooting increased and made new shooting regulations necessary; after its introduction, this was under the strict supervision of the council . In 1549, the rifle shooters separated from the crossbow shooters and were given their own practice area by the city council in front of the Wilsdruffer gate on the cattle pasture, at today's Schützenplatz. At this point, common bird shootings were held before and occasionally until 1724.

From the second decade of the 16th century, the citizens were no longer called up for military service. Under Elector Moritz formed from the hired mercenaries mercenary armies with which the Elector led his military campaigns. However, according to the current military constitution, the citizens were still used for urban guarding and defense tasks until the 18th century.

The Prussian bombardment of Dresden during the Seven Years' War destroyed over 400 houses, public buildings and palaces, including the Kreuzkirche , the Gewandhaus and the Ratsschießgarten on the city moat. There was no longer any reason for the council to rebuild the destroyed buildings in the council's shooting garden, especially since the need for and use of target practice with the crossbow was no longer appropriate. The property was leased to the then governor, the Chevalier de Saxe , and the adjacent Wackerbarth Governor's house - later known as the Kurländer Palais - was restored in 1764.

A realignment became necessary for the archery society. After decades of disagreement, the necessary changes to the company's purpose and the adaptation of outdated shooting regulations became possible at the beginning of the 18th century. From the "field shooting" according to the compass sheet, a "pleasure shooting" according to the bird was decided as an essential corporate purpose. The city council approved this resolution; This paved the way for the commercialization of the now annual and public bird shooting.

Festival shooting

Since the end of the 15th century, the Council held a military rally over citizens who were capable of arms at Pentecost . It was considered to be an inspection of armament and equipment and was under the responsibility of the " four masters " responsible for the four city districts . According to old custom , a barrel of beer was emptied at the end of the city and a bird shooting was carried out. The oldest documented mention of bird shooting by crossbow shooters dates back to 1440. Documents also show that the shooters in the Altendresden district (today's Inner New Town ) also owned a bird perch on the opposite side of the Elbe .

and display information about the image
Dresden 1650 with bird poles on the left in front of the Ziegelschlag and on the right in today's Dresden Neustadt

In 1577 the crossbow archers relocated bird shooting to the meadow in front of the brickwork because of the increasingly tight space . This place was located between the Elias cemetery to the south and the Elbe in the north. Due to its size, it offered the opportunity to shoot the bird from a “high pole” (height 40–42 meters) with “full armor”. The council organized the first Whitsun shooting on the new square with the participation of Prince Elector Christian .

His grandson, Elector Johann Georg II. , Influenced by the court culture of the Sun King Louis XIV. , After the interruption caused by the Thirty Years' War , again suggested a shooting festival in 1660. In addition to court and government officials, he commissioned the mayor of Dresden to organize free or state shooting with a crossbow and rifle at two birds at his own expense. The liquidity of the electoral fund did not allow any such plan, contrary to expectations and so, the Council found it necessary to use the Electoral request from the "city coffers."

As with the Whitsun and Land shootings of previous times, which have become famous across national borders, the shooting of 1660 was of particular importance. For the first time citizens "with impeccable and good names" were allowed to participate, even if they were not members of the archers. The deposit or entry fee was 2 thalers per shooter . In addition to the two-day shooting, there was a festival for the citizens of the city with everything that was happening at that time. Farmers tournaments, gambling booths, exhibition fights and other merrymaking testified to a new form of traditional shooting that had developed into a folk festival. After the 7th “race” (round) on the second day, Baron Kurt Reinicke von Callenberg cleared the last remaining part of the bird from the “cap” (recording of the shooting bird on the pole) and became the king of the shooters . The income from deposits and entry fee contrasted with additional expenses of 1,280 thalers and burdened the city budget for a long time.

Bird shooting in Dresden on September 20, 1699

Efforts to suspend such costly and council-based shooting found their way into the city's administrative authorities in 1678. When Elector Friedrich August I returned to the Saxon residence from his coronation procession to Poland in 1699 and ordered that another shooting be held on the occasion of his return, this pause was suspended for the time being. Despite limited resources, this shooting stood out in its opulence and magnificence from the previous ones and for a long time gained fame far beyond the state borders of Electoral Saxony.

From 1710, the shooting festivals developed as part of the electoral festival weeks into even more splendid entertainment options for the Dresden court society . Following this claim, at the request of the Elector, the Archery Society also carried out bird shooting in courtly places such as in the Great Garden or on the melted meadow behind the Duchess Garden . It was not until 1724 that the competitions took place again on the meadow in front of the brick loft.

As a result of increasing war unrest and natural disasters, there were again interruptions in the Whitsun shooting from the middle of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th century. With the resumption of shooting at a premium bird on a low pole, in 1830 women's shooting, valued by the wives of the riflemen and the female members of the Saxon royal family , as well as children's shooting .

A dispute between the butchers' guild as the lessor and the archery company, which lasted almost 100 years, over so-called damage to the meadow in front of the brickworks , was settled in 1841. The city council decided, on a trial basis , to relocate the bird shooting to the former parade ground of the municipal guard , an area between today's Gerok , Dürer and Güntzstraße , where shooting at the wooden bird continued for 30 years. The move brought significant costs to society; The construction of a shooting parlor and a music pavilion alone cost 3,000 thalers.

At the beginning of 1846, a 400-year jubilee celebration of the Society's existence was suggested, but after extensive research it was declared inadmissible. The celebrations for the 50th anniversary of King Friedrich August II. And his brother Prince Johann were connected with the bird shooting in 1847 and 1852 . The members of the electoral or royal family were members of the archery society from birth.

Bird shooting on the Dresden bird meadow in the middle of the 19th century

On the festival meadow in 1862, a Turkish pasha tent was used for the first time as a reception pavilion for the rifle king, which was given as a trophy by Elector Johann Georg III on September 2, 1683 . was captured in the battle of Vienna . In 1865 the archery society inaugurated its newly acquired society banner . The focus was on the crossbowman, combined with the motto : "Loyalty to the king, sacrifice to the fatherland, obedience to the laws"; this was considered the legacy of the archers ancestors . In 1870, the regulation that had been introduced in 1763 that the sovereign was represented by a court cavalier or royal commissioner at the shooting competitions ended in 1870.

Since the mid-1860s, the archery society got into an existentially threatening crisis. The decision taken by the City Council to withdraw from the obligation to cooperate with the Dresden rifle system in the future meant the financial end of the bird shooting at Whitsun on the bird meadow. As a result, the archery society was entered in the cooperative register in 1868 in order to give up its previous status as a public corporation and to submit to private law . In 1873 the council decided that the community no longer had any duties to fulfill towards the archery society. With the temporary continued use of the space previously used and the abolition of the administrative supervision, a relationship that had existed since the establishment of the municipal military constitution ended in 1873. After the executive board recognized the resolution of 1868 as a serious mistake, it was annulled on March 20, 1876 , with the loss of old rights .

Commercialization

From here on, the more than 400 years old council responsibility, the basic idea of ​​which was to maintain the defensibility of the urban bourgeoisie, was the sole responsibility of the archery society. The extension of the use of the space by one year, limited by the city council, made it necessary to find a new bird pole meadow. After approval by the general assembly of archers, it was decided in 1874 to purchase a 130,000 square meter meadow on the Elbe in the Johannstadt district of Dresden (at today's Waldschlößchenbrücke ). To finance it, the archery society issued a member loan of 150,000 marks in 1000 drawable promissory notes of 150 marks each and began construction in the same year. The meadow area was divided into streets, squares and the Königsplatz in the middle and provided with electricity and water connections. The Königsplatz with its shooting range and music pavilion was lined with various taverns in addition to the Königs- and Schützenzelt. In front of the shooting range there were three bird poles with their attached wooden birds for bird shooting. In the westerly and northerly locations, the leasing spaces for traders' stalls and exhibitions were integrated into the new festival site.

After the first successful years on the festival site, it was possible to repay the member bonds in full in 1888. In addition to the annually recurring income from demurrage from dealers and showmen, an additional 50,000 marks filled the society's coffers through the redemption of state privileges.

The archery society associated the 300-year return of the bird meadow with the bird shooting in 1877. In a historical parade, the archers demonstrated the development history of the Dresden shooting festivals over the past three centuries. The next year, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of King Albert of Saxony's shooter , the king opened the old rule to shoot the big bird (4 meters × 2.5 meters, 100 kilograms) with "full armor". For the 800th government anniversary of the House of Wettin on June 19, 1889, the Privileged Archery Society took part in the pageant with 25 archers in historical costume; for this the general convention granted 1,800 marks.

Vogelwiese 1909 with marking of the fire outbreak

In 1904, the archery society concluded a contract with the council in which they left their area to the city for free use for games and sports purposes outside the bird meadow time. At the same time, it submitted to the provisions of a new local law in the case of development from 1898 and made a conditional zoning agreement with the city. The year 1909 began with a tragic accident while setting up the bird perch when a nine-year-old was killed in an accident. In addition, on the evening of July 31st, a devastating conflagration spread over the Vogelwiesen area, starting from a wooden building filled with guests for serving beer and music. Within an hour, the flames destroyed a quarter of the festival area. The archers immediately approved 10,000 marks for the relief fund for those injured by the fire; the damage to the superstructure of the archers themselves was put at 12,000 marks.

In 1910, thanks to various acquisitions of adjacent parcels, the Vogelwiese took up an area of ​​172,000 square meters. Elbe ships and the Dresden tram took care of the arrival and departure of the visitors. A few days before the declaration of war in July 1914, the last Whitsun shooting took place. As a result, there were interruptions that continued into the 1920s. With the introduction of the uniform statute and the leader principle in 1936, shooting clubs became a direct member of the National Socialist Reich Association for Physical Exercise (NSRL) . The folk festival on the Vogelwiese aroused displeasure among the Nazi superiors because of the “waning content” and the “display of world war scenes” . Restrictions followed after the outbreak of World War II , with the traditional rifle festival on the Vogelwiese still remaining in the city's festival calendar. What began with the defense of the medieval city and was based on a folk festival known all over the world ended with the end of the Second World War in 1945. On the basis of Law No. 2 of the Allied Control Council and the order No. 126 of the Supreme Chief of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) of October 30, 1945, the Privileged Archery Society, like most clubs in the Soviet zone of occupation, was established also, dissolved, banned and their property confiscated.

King chain

King's Chain from 1660–1877: Curt Reinicke Baron von Callenberg 1660 (1), Elector Johann Georg II. 1661 (2), Duke and Hereditary Elector Prince of Saxony Johann Georg III. 1665 (3), Churprinzlicher Hof-Marshal Heinrich Gebhard von Miltitz 1673 (4), Electress of Saxony Magdalena Sybilla 1676 (5), Chamberlain August von Einsiedel 1677 (6), City Judge Philipp Strobel 1678 (7), Royal Envoy of Great Britain Joannes Robinson 1707 (8), unknown donor around 1600 (9), unknown donor undated (10), all members of the Armbrust-Schützen-Societät 1769 (11), Kgl. Minister of State Bernhard August von Lindenau 1832 and 1839 (12), quarter master and elder of the archery society Carl Senf 1840 (13), commissioner Heinrich Klemm 1862 (14), district chief of Georg Curt von Einsiedel 1877 (15)

The king's chain - also known as the little bird because it was attached to a silver bird - was seen as an outward sign of the marksman's royal dignity . It was kept in a rifle chest and was the sanctuary of the rifle association. The chain was presented to the public for a year by the last rifle king at rifle pulls or shooting events. According to the current shooting regulations, it was up to him to put a pendant " made of precious metal " on the chain. Over time, the king's chain became heavier and heavier due to the growing number of followers, and carrying it became an ordeal for the king of the archer. The silver king's chain of the Privileged Archery Society weighed an impressive 21 pounds until it was renewed in 1660 , and there were 75 small and large plates and birds on it; its origin dates back to 1513 and ends in 1627. When Elector Johann Georg II wanted to continue shooting birds after the Thirty Years' War, he suggested a new king's chain to be purchased. The old silver chain was melted down so that a 1.60 meter long gold chain could be commissioned from the proceeds. The "first" shooting in 1660 was also the beginning of a new king's chain. It was up to the future Ober-Hofmarschall Kurt Reinicke Freiherr von Callenberg to donate the first sign for the new chain . His shield in gilded silver - two griffins holding the Callenberg coat of arms and underneath the year 1660 - opened the insignia. When von Callenberg shot the bird again the following year, the elector intervened. As the founder of the royal chain, he saw himself disadvantaged in the order of the donors and added his shield to the chain. And so in the course of 230 years - the traditional rules were no longer adhered to - 15 foundation medallions were added.  

The endeavors of the archers have always been aimed at the safe custody of their archery jewelery and the silver treasure. Moving it to municipal custody when not in use guaranteed the safe storage of the precious treasure. Since 1891 the king's chain with its medallions could be viewed in the exhibitions of the Dresden City Museum . On September 20, 1977, one of the largest and most spectacular art thefts in the GDR occurred . During the day, unknown robbers turned off the surveillance cameras and opened a showcase with a paper clip. Unnoticed, they stole parts of the Sophia treasure and the complete king's chain of the archery society. The theft could never be resolved, but everything except for the gold chain and the undated monogram CCHvR was returned to the Dresden City Museum.

literature

  • History of the city of Dresden. Volume 1: From the beginning to the end of the Thirty Years War . Edited by Karlheinz Blaschke , Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1906-0 .
  • History of the city of Dresden. Volume 2: From the end of the Thirty Years War to the founding of the empire (1648–1871) . Edited by Reiner Groß , Theiss, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-1927-3 .
  • History of the city of Dresden. Volume 3: From the founding of the empire to the present (1871–2006) . Edited by Holger Starke , Theiss, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-1928-1 .
  • G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913.
  • Heidrun Wozel: The Dresden bird meadow . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden - Basel, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 .
  • Heinrich Moritz Neubert : The rifle clubs in Dresden in their legal relationship to the community . Hellmuth Henkler publishing house, Dresden, 1872.
  • Otto Richter : Constitutional history of the city of Dresden . Dresden, 1885.
  • Otto Richter: Administrative history of the city of Dresden. Second division . Dresden, 1891.
  • Otto Richter: The Dresden bird shooting in 1660 , In: Dresdner Geschichtsblätter, 1909, No. 1 .
  • Reiner Groß: History of Saxony . Edition Leipzig, 2001, ISBN 3-361-00505-1 .
  • Friedrich Reichert: King's chain of the archery society in Dresden . In: Dresden History Book - Volume 12 . Verlag DZA, Dresden, ISBN 978-3-936300-41-3 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: The city as a living unit in the late Middle Ages. In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 1: From the beginnings to the end of the Thirty Years War . Edited by Karlheinz Blaschke, Hermann Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1927-3 , p. 337.
  2. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 31.
  3. ^ Hugo von Bose: Pocket book about the bird shooting of the venerable archery society in Dresden . Julius Blochmann jr., Dresden 1855, p. 9 ( digital copy of the SLUB Dresden ).
  4. ^ Eva Papke: The city as a unit of life in the late Middle Ages. In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 1: From the beginnings to the end of the Thirty Years War. Edited by Karlheinz Blaschke, Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1906-0 , p. 280 f.
  5. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 101.
  6. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , p. 5.
  7. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden. Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 129.
  8. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden. Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 114.
  9. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 43 f.
  10. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , p. 10.
  11. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, pp. 6-8.
  12. ^ Karlheinz Blaschke: Economy and Constitution . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 1: From the beginnings to the end of the Thirty Years War . Edited by Karlheinz Blaschke, Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1906-0 , p. 189 ff.
  13. ^ Heinrich Moritz Neubert: Official description of the army succession . Dresden, 1872.
  14. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, pp. 107–110.
  15. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 117.
  16. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , p. 13 f.
  17. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , p. 7.
  18. ↑ Jörg Oberste: Everyday life and living environment in late medieval Dresden . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 1: From the beginnings to the end of the Thirty Years War . Edited by Karlheinz Blaschke, Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1906-0 , p. 325.
  19. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 28.
  20. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 29.
  21. ^ A b G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 94.
  22. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , p. 9.
  23. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Eigenverlag, Dresden, 1913, p. 92 ff. And p. 111.
  24. ↑ Reiner Groß: From the Thirty Years 'War to the Seven Years' War - Dresden as the center of Saxon rule . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 2: From the end of the Thirty Years War to the establishment of an empire . Edited by Reiner Groß and Uwe John, Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-1927-3 , p. 53 f.
  25. ^ A b G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 133.
  26. ^ Walter May: Urban development . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 2: From the end of the Thirty Years War to the establishment of an empire . Edited by Reiner Groß and Uwe John, Theiss, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-1927-3 , p. 400.
  27. ^ A b G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 134.
  28. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: The city as a living unit in the late Middle Ages . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 1: From the beginnings to the end of the Thirty Years War . Edited by Karlheinz Blaschke, Hermann Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1927-3 , p. 340.
  29. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 104.
  30. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 104 f.
  31. ^ Rifle societies in Dresden. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: Treasures of the City Archives : Clubs in Dresden. Dresden City Archives , 2010, accessed on March 22, 2020 .
  32. ^ Otto Richter: Administrative history of the city of Dresden . Second division. Dresden, 1891, supplements to Volume I, pp. 360–361.
  33. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 102.
  34. ^ Friedrich Reichert: Pirnaische Vorstadt, between brick barn and Bürgerwiese . In: Dresdner Geschichtsbuch - Volume 14. Verlag DZA, Dresden, ISBN 978-3-936300-63-5 , p. 77 ff.
  35. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 135.
  36. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , p. 16.
  37. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 228 ff.
  38. ^ Anke Fröhlich: Art, Culture and Education . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 2: From the end of the Thirty Years War to the establishment of an empire. Edited by Reiner Groß and Uwe John, Theiss, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-1927-3 , p. 196 ff.
  39. ^ A b G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 163 ff.
  40. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: The city as a living unit in the late Middle Ages . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 1: From the beginnings to the end of the Thirty Years War . Edited by Karlheinz Blaschke, Hermann Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1927-3 , p. 339.
  41. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , p. 22 ff.
  42. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 152 f.
  43. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 147.
  44. ^ Anke Fröhlich: Art, Culture and Education . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 2: From the end of the Thirty Years War to the establishment of an empire . Edited by Reiner Groß and Uwe John, Hermann Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-1927-3 , p. 196 ff.
  45. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , p. 34.
  46. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 146.
  47. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , p. 48.
  48. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 262.
  49. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , p. 38 ff. And p. 47.
  50. ^ Matthias Kunert: On the disappearance of a parade ground, history of Johannstadt. District Management Nördliche Johannstadt, December 2, 2019, accessed on January 7, 2020 .
  51. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 263 f.
  52. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, pp. 264 and 266.
  53. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 267.
  54. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 249.
  55. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 273.
  56. ^ A b G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 274.
  57. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 275.
  58. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , pp. 62–64.
  59. ^ A b G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 277.
  60. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 278.
  61. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 281.
  62. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, pp. 283–285.
  63. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 279.
  64. ^ Holger Starke: Everyday Life and Culture . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 3: From the founding of the empire to the present (1871-2006) . Edited by Holger Starke, Theiss, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-1928-1 , p. 473.
  65. ↑ Holger Starke and Heidrun Wozel : leisure, everyday life and sports . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 3: From the founding of the empire to the present (1871-2006) . Edited by Holger Starke, Theiss, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-1928-1 , p. 300.
  66. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: Dresdner Vogelwiese . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1993, ISBN 3-364-00284-3 , pp. 63–65.
  67. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, p. 76 ff.
  68. ↑ Heidrun Wozel: The city as a living unit in the late Middle Ages . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 1: From the beginnings to the end of the Thirty Years War . Edited by Karlheinz Blaschke, Hermann Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1927-3 , p. 338.
  69. ^ G. Adolph Schulze: History of the privileged archery society in Dresden . Self-published, Dresden, 1913, pp. 200-218.
  70. ^ Friedrich Reichert: King's chain of the archery society in Dresden . In: Dresden History Book - Volume 12 . Verlag DZA, Dresden, ISBN 978-3-936300-41-3 , pp. 7-24.
  71. ↑ Heiko Weckbrodt: Stolen Sophia treasure returns piece by piece to Dresden. Oiger - News from business and research, July 28, 2017, accessed on January 9, 2020 .