Roman villa Haselburg
The Roman Villa Haselburg was an estate (so-called Villa rustica ) from the time when the Romans settled the Odenwald . The complex, largely visible after archaeological excavations, near the village of Hummetroth near Höchst in the Odenwald in Hesse, is designed as an open-air museum and freely accessible.
The Villa rustica "Haselburg" is one of the several hundred well-known manors from Roman times in Hesse. It is the largest known facility of this type and the most extensively researched by excavations.
Emergence
Compared to other villas in the Dekumatland , the complex, known today as Haselburg , was built relatively late in the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD). The circumstance can be explained by restructuring in the Odenwald area, in particular the relocation of the Roman Odenwald Limes Wörth am Main - Bad Wimpfen to the new Limes line Miltenberg - Lorch around 159 AD. With the transition to civil administration, a civil settlement of the possibly earlier set in quickly militarily used area. The main town of Dieburg emerged within the Civitas Auderiensium around 130 AD and with it numerous Villae Rusticae in the Dieburger Senke and on the northern edge of the Odenwald in southern Hesse , including the Haselburg, which is evidenced by finds, mainly ceramic finds of all kinds.
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investment
Around the approximately square courtyard area of Haselburg with an edge length of 183.5 by 185.5 meters was a wall with an average thickness of 0.75 to 1.00 meters. The corners of the wall are roughly aligned with the cardinal points. In the middle of the northwest side was the access gate with a passage width of 3.60 meters. In 1880 the excavator Heinrich Gieß reported about "two mighty sandstone blocks with embedded gate pans" that were excavated there. Especially in the south-eastern section on the valley side, the wall on the slope had slipped and formed a fall layer up to 3.80 meters wide.
Within the enclosure there was an unusually large main house or mansion, an adjoining service wing, an elaborate bathing building and a sanctuary of Jupiter located somewhat away from the living area . The latter was almost in the center of the courtyard, while the main residential complex, which was dominant in size, took up an area to the east of it.
Main or manor house
The main building, which was rebuilt and expanded several times during its existence, was reached through a representative entrance area in the form of a three-sided column porch . Immediately afterwards, buildings belonging to the living area, such as the bathroom and the utility wing, were added later. Thus, at the end of the structural development, an inner courtyard was created, which can be imagined as a courtyard surrounded on three sides by a colonnade, which protected the path between the building parts from wind and weather. The smaller apses on the sides of the colonnade directly adjoining the main house were possibly intended for the installation of statues. The strength of the foundations of the actual residential building shows that it was dominant within the building complex and must have had a much greater ceiling height than the surrounding buildings. There is no evidence that it was multi-story.
Of the five excavated rooms, the middle one was a dining and reception room ( oecus ) , in the apse of which was the typical semicircular arrangement of dining sofas ( triclinium ). In the area facing the entrance, the room opened into a kind of hall. The apse and the adjoining room to the west could be heated, as the found and partially reconstructed hypocausts of floor and wall heating show. The furnace corridor (praefurnium) belonging to this type of heating was located outside the apse in the form of a small room. In this a fire could be kept going, the hot smoke of which was drawn off through the suction effect under the floor of the rooms and through hollow bricks (tubuli) through the walls upwards. The room to the east of the dining room was also partially hypocausted. A large gate with a preserved threshold opened the reception room to the inner courtyard. There you can see the original threshold stone made of sandstone with recesses for the door posts, which was found in its original position ( in situ ) and included in the reconstruction.
The outside of the building was white and the plinth was plastered red. Remnants of structuring wall paintings and glass windows on the interior walls also testify to a certain level of living comfort. Numerous plaster fragments and fragments of Roman brick screed ( opus signinum ) also show this. With an average of 22.08 by 14.68 meters, it had a very regular floor plan, the outer edges a ratio of 1: 1.5. That would correspond to 50:75 feet of the pes monetalis (0.2957 m) or 44:66 feet of the pes Drusianus (0.3327 m).
Economic tract
The structural connection of the service wing adjoining the inner courtyard to the east varied greatly in the various construction phases. An integral part of the area was a cellar and kitchen building, which was probably relocated from the actual residential complex mainly because of the risk of fire. In the basement of the building was the broken stove, which probably broke through the basement ceiling after the building was abandoned.
There are two interpretations of the reconstruction of the area, which is mainly referred to as a utility wing because of the kitchen and cellar: The reconstruction with a large roof over the entire utility area is less likely. Several base stones evenly spaced from the wall could indicate a portico similar to the one in front of the main residential building, or they were part of a roof structure. In the first case, the large courtyard area to the south-east in front of it may have served as a herb garden for the kitchen. In the open-air museum a plantation of herbs is exhibited north of the farm wing, which shows proven kitchen herbs in consultation with the archaeobotanical department of the State Office for Monument Preservation in Hesse.
Bathhouse
The usual bathing building (14.31 by 11.29 meters), which is unusually large in relation to the size of the entire complex, adjoined the inner courtyard to the southwest. From the atrium of the main building, you first walked into the locker room ( apodyterium ) to which the typical three rooms for different temperature shoos to annexing: The cold bath ( frigidarium ) cold water bath, the Laubad ( tepidarium ) and the hot bath ( caldarium ) with hot tub. In the case of another heated room in the vicinity of the caldarium, it remains unclear whether it was a steam sweat bath ( sudatorium ) or a winter apodyterium .
As with the main building, a heating room ( praefurnium ) was attached to the warm bath in the west, which supplied warm, warm and sweat bath with warmth via a hypocaust.
The reconstructed latrine was reached via a corridor that was separated from the bathing facility next to the entrance to the bath. The toilet was flushed by the running water from the cold bathtub.
The entire building complex was supplied with running water via small canals, which were found in large numbers to the north (inflow) and south (waste water) of it during the excavations. For this purpose, a spring was probably taken north of the facility and the water was led to the building via wooden or clay pipes. In the vicinity of the building, it was led underground in small masonry canals with a slight gradient, which can be found very often in Roman baths. Wells could not be detected on the entire site.
Jupiter sanctuary
On the Haselburg area, 30 meters west of the main building, are the foundations of a small Temenos (17 by 10 meters), which an intermediate wall divides into a main room and a later added forecourt. In the center of the main courtyard was a giant column of Jupiter , the fragments of which were found in the vicinity of the building. The uppermost, scaled column drum was found in a nearby pit. Four small pits at the corners of the column location are regarded as parts of the scaffolding (burial of wooden beams) for erecting the column that was once over ten meters high in antiquity.
The structural demarcation of the column from the rest of the courtyard area in this way is rare, although the giant columns of Jupiter are often found in a civil context, especially near Villae rusticae .
Outbuildings
In addition to the main building complex, there were also various smaller outbuildings that were used as apartments for the servants, stables for the animals or storage space. In the south-western corner of the courtyard, H. Giess discovered another residential building at the end of the 19th century. The finding was examined geophysically again in the 1990s, but not reconstructed in today's open-air museum.
To the south-east of the service wing there is another residential building leaning against the courtyard wall. It continues to the south with plinth stones and post stand traces along the wall. Apparently a kind of shed had been added to the courtyard wall there. There are further indications of ancillary buildings, but often no complete floor plans resulted due to erosion phenomena on the hillside. A remnant of a building south of the bathing building is to be mentioned, the wall of which, however, was no longer encountered when it was exposed. Another corner of the wall appeared in the geophysical map southwest of the Jupiter sanctuary in a depression. A probe in 2005 showed, however, that the area was too disturbed by medieval or modern limestone mutations to allow a floor plan to be reconstructed.
Pre-Roman finds
During the excavations in 1985 several prehistoric findings were uncovered. On the one hand, there is a so-called stool grave from the late Neolithic , which was found near the western corner under the surrounding wall. The grave was located slightly below the foundation of the wall and was missed by the Romans only by centimeters. It is one of the earliest finds of a sedentary settlement in the Odenwald. Through radiocarbon dating , it was determined that the dead with a probability of 68.2% v in the period 2865-2605. Lived.
A few meters northwest of the Jupiter shrine, a circular moat was discovered as part of a burial mound. The burial mound contained two burials from the early Celtic period (4th / 3rd century BC) with costume components made of iron and bronze, including a washer collar with coral inlays. But there is no indication whether the hill was still visible in Roman times. Considerations about a continuity because of the neighboring sanctuary are therefore speculative.
Total inventory and valuation
The pronounced living comfort and the sometimes very sophisticated planning (dimensions of the main residential building, water channel, three-sided portico) suggest that large parts were designed by an architect. Compared to the distinctly luxurious living comfort, which at that time was reserved for only a small upper class, buildings that can be assigned an economic function appear underrepresented. This is particularly reflected in the dimensions of the building. The bath building surpasses numerous fort baths that were built for a whole troop. The finds point in the same direction, for example due to the frequent presence of imported goods in the finds or the size of the giant column of Jupiter.
Haselburg also occupies a special position among the previously known villa buildings in the region. In particular, the well-known Roman sites of the Odenwald and the surrounding area usually have no special structural features and are much smaller. Bathing buildings or hypocausts are otherwise not occupied at all , with the exception of the Arnheiter Hof . Owners of a luxurious complex like Haselburg could probably afford to outsource a large part of the work to other dependent farms.
This makes it clear that Haselburg did not exist as a self-sufficient business enterprise. The large reception room in the main building, the representative design of the sanctuary and the main residential complex, as well as the size of the baths suggest that certain administrative functions of the rural area were performed here. Such a use is supported by the type of construction of the main building, which also has precursors in military architecture. The system of patronage , which can only be sporadically fixed in the written sources, becomes tangible here, which was particularly pronounced in rural regions of the empire and which gained importance again in the high imperial era. The plant thus assumed a central function within the rural administrative district ( Pagus ) , the owner was probably a magister , if he did not even hold a higher function in the civitas or provincial administration at the same time . The daily work on the estate was done by so-called colons , semi-free workers who usually lacked their own property.
Decay
The finds on the Haselburg area show that it probably did not exist for more than 100 years, which at the time corresponded to three generations. At the latest in AD 260, when Germanic attacks on the borderland increased and the Limes system could no longer guarantee the safety of such facilities ( Limesfall ), it was already abandoned. Then the facility fell into disrepair. It was partly used as a quarry, but reports from the years 1880 to 1886 still showed that its rubble towered over half a meter. Agricultural use was often only possible to a limited extent , which is why hazel bushes grew on the remains of the wall , from which the complex takes its current name. In the 20th century, these remains also seem to have disappeared mainly through mechanical plowing. Only the area of the main building and bathing building could not be plowed until the end of the 1970s due to the rubble.
Research history
Early research
After the Roman residents gave up the facility, it was forgotten. From an undetermined point in time, the name Haselburg or Hasselburg appeared in older land register plans. Only Francis I of Erbach-Erbach (1754-1823) in charge of investigating the Haselburg his count's Councilor Johann Friedrich Knapp , who mistakenly assumed, a Roman fort in front of you. His descriptions, however, provided a good status report of the facility at the beginning of the 19th century, while his archaeological findings were negligible due to the false assumptions.
Knapp not only described the external dimensions of the complex very precisely, but also the height of the wall or wall remains, now three to four shoes high , that is at least 75 centimeters (shoe = foot), if you put it in the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt at that time usual measurement for a foot of 25 centimeters. Knapp also reported the ruins of two Roman baths and two other elevations in the earth , although it later turned out that the second bath was the manor house. Knapp also noted that each of four rooms was a foot lower than the other; perhaps in order to be able to channel the water from a nearby source the easier from one room to the other . This could be proven in later excavations when a water channel was found that exactly followed the arrangement of the rooms described by Knapp. Not only were foundations and remains of foundations exposed, but numerous ceramic fragments were also secured. In 1839, for example, a cover tile with incised characters was found in the hypocaust complex of the main building. Knapp published this find in 1841. In 1986, as part of a research project at the TH Darmstadt , this find was used to determine the chemical composition of Roman bricks non-destructively for the first time.
The interpretation of these very early excavations for modern soil research is for the most part difficult, so Knapp claimed to have discovered mosaics . Unfortunately, there is no such thing in the finds from the excavations from 1979 to 1986.
Excavations under Heinrich Gieß and the refutation of the fort theory
It was not until 1880, 1882, and 1886 that Heinrich Gieß carried out excavations again in the Haselburg area and on the surrounding walls on behalf of the General Association of German History and Antiquity Associations . He regularly published the results of his investigations in the quarterly papers of the Historical Association for the Grand Duchy of Hesse . In 1880 and 1882 he still referred to the complex as Castell , in 1886 as "Kastell" and in 1893 after the end of his excavations as the largest of the bourgeois settlements known to date in the Odenwalde and continues: It has been a popular object for over half a century the explorer and was considered to be a large fort until 1886 . The castle theory was thus credibly refuted with these excavations.
Excavations 1979 to the present
In the following years, the Haselburg was mentioned again and again by well-known archaeologists such as Friedrich Kofler , Eduard Anthes , Fritz Behn and the local historian Friedrich Mössinger, but the plant did not attract the public's interest again until 1973, when the plans for a gas pipeline that would Should cut through terrain became known. If Giessen's research had not provided any information about the exact location of the rooms that had already been uncovered and filled up again, their foundation walls came to light when the shaft for the MEGAL I gas pipeline was excavated in 1979.
The Darmstadt branch of the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments in Hesse ensured that the gas pipe was pressed under the foundations of the manor house without digging with the help of a protective pipe. So the substance of the mansion was preserved. In 1984, under the direction of Reinhard Andrae, the foundation walls of the residential building, the bathroom, the forecourt, the adjacent courtyard area with a cellar and a section of the surrounding wall were excavated and bricked up.
A few years later, as part of the laying of MEGAL II, a second gas pipeline through the Haselburg site, the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments began. In a large area excavation, a wide strip around the relics that had already been found was uncovered and parts of the enclosing wall, its western corner, a gate, a wall extension and the sanctuary with the foundation for the giant Jupiter column and parts of it were found again. In 1993, excavations by the State Office uncovered the three remaining corners of the surrounding wall, which were also made visible by the masonry. The remaining parts are indicated by a hedge. The area has also been geophysically investigated since the 1990s .
The current condition of the facility is mainly due to the excavations and reconstructions of those years.
In 2005, the State Office and the University of Frankfurt held a probe to investigate a step on the south-western perimeter wall. The geophysical measurements here showed wall corners that could not previously be assigned to a building. One of them could be exposed, but it turned out that the entire area was disturbed by a large medieval or modern limestone mining.
Archaeological finds
In all excavations, not only were building foundations uncovered, but numerous small finds were also secured, which on the one hand provide information about the furnishings of the rooms as such and on the other hand about the period of their use. As is usual with settlement excavations, most of the small finds consist of ceramic products such as bricks or clay pots. The most important stone finds consist of fragments of the Jupiter giant column.
Jupiter giant column
During excavations west of the bathing building in a structure that was later recognized as the Jupiter sanctuary, numerous fragments of the giant column of Jupiter were found in layers near the surface, disturbed by the plow. There are also some fragments of the cornice and smaller parts of the four-god stone, all made of sandstone . The top drum which are all stone monuments shed column found to the north of the sanctuary in a pit verlocht was presumably aside made at a later date for the purpose of agricultural use. Its curvature made it possible to approximately reconstruct the former column height of over 10 meters. They led to the address of the building as a Jupiter shrine. During the excavation, the location of the pillars in the middle of the second courtyard was also documented. Despite these clear findings, a maximum of 5% of the substance of the column was found in the finds. The fragmentation of the fragments suggests that it is not a ritual destruction, but one for very practical reasons (recycling of the stones as building material), because protruding parts of the reliefs and cornice fragments are often found chipped off.
For this reason, a particularly large number of fragments of the crowning group of riders have survived: the mouth and chin of Jupiter, several parts of the cloak, both hands, left upper arm, left knee and both lower legs, right foot of Jupiter. Parts of the body of the horse, the left hind leg and part of the right foreleg, have been preserved from the giant, eight fragments whose assignment is uncertain. From this we recognize that it is Jupiter on horseback with a waving coat. The giant lies under the horse, it is uncertain whether it is on its stomach or back. The diameter of the knee (8 cm) shows that the sculpture was not quite life-size, but was much larger than comparable columns, and that the size of the column as a whole comes close to the model of the Jupiter column in Mainz .
In addition to many fragments of architectural parts of the column, a fragment of the relief of the stone of the four gods , which probably represents a lion's head, is remarkable. It is counted as evidence of a representation of Hercules . Nothing is known of the other reliefs on the column base, as well as the inscription that such a column usually bore on the front.
Ceramics
In addition to the very numerous bricks that provide information about the structural design of the building, the bulk of the ceramic shards consists of clay-ground, utility ceramics from the Roman Empire. These include pots, plates, jugs, bowls and mortars, and more rarely special shapes such as incense goblets or so-called "honey pots". The finer tableware consisted of so-called terra sigillata and mainly comprised bowls, plates, bowls and a couple of bowls. The terra sigillata shards found come from central and east Gallic manufactories, goods from Rheinzabern ( Tabernae ) are strongly represented here. Most people drank from cups of so-called glossy crockery , which has a brown to black coating and often has plastic decorations made of clay slurry (so-called barbotine ) or a "gritty grout" made of coarse-grained material that should prevent it from slipping off the hand.
The amphorae represent a special group within the ceramic finds . They allow conclusions to be drawn about the eating habits of the residents. What is striking about the finds from the Haselburg is that more imported products (e.g. olive oil from southern Spain) were consumed here than at other comparable Roman sites.
Overall, the material points to the advanced second and early third centuries AD. Later forms are still represented, but no longer as numerous. The system could therefore have survived the events in Germania in 233. At the end of the Limes around AD 259/260 it seems to have been abandoned.
brick
Among the brick finds, a distinction must first be made between roof tiles ( tegulae and imbrices ) , tiles that belong to the hypocaust complex ( tile columns, capital and cover tiles), and the cladding tiles found here in the interior.
Many bricks from Haselburg have "smudge marks" - small symbols that brickworkers left on the bricks for accounting purposes. On the Haselburg this is often a loop, sometimes an omega-shaped bow. The craftsmen carrying out the work were apparently illiterate.
Cladding brick
So that the interior plaster adhered better to the wall surfaces and probably also for better insulation , rectangular cladding tiles measuring 82.5 by 57.5 centimeters and about 3 centimeters thick were used. The bricks, in which square patterns were raised on one side using a roller stamp, were attached to the wall with T-shaped nails before plastering. This elaborate construction technique, which was only used for a short time in the second half of the second century in the limited area of what is now southern Hesse , was also found in the rooms of the Haselburg manor house, where a large number of cladding bricks were discovered.
In 1903, with no knowledge of their actual purpose, imitations of these cladding tiles were laid as flooring in the Saalburg and in the Mainfränkisches Museum in Würzburg . It was not until a few years later that further finds in situ or with adhering plaster residues showed that it was not floor tiles but wall tiles. In 1988 the wall tiles found in southern Hesse were typed for the first time according to the shape and design of the stamped pattern. Named after the sites where they were found, five types were distinguished: Stockstadt , Semd , Dieburg, Saalburg and Haselburg.
Cover tile
Among the numerous remaining tiles of the hypocaust complex in the main building, one found in 1839 which, in addition to the usual sign of the brickworker (a loop in the Haselburg), had the following inscription in Roman italics carved into the still soft mass :
- stratura tertia
- laterc [u] li capit [u] lares
- n (umerus) CCCLXXV
(Translation: "Third layer of capital tiles 375 pieces").
This is probably the last brick in a batch , which was included in the delivery as a settlement for the brickworker. That this was built into the hypocaust with the inscription facing down is shown by the dark soot color around the inscription. Due to its importance (it is one of the earliest evidence of written form in Hessian history), the piece is now in the Hessian State Museum in Darmstadt .
Wall paintings
The interior walls and ceilings of all rooms in Haselburg were plastered. During the excavations, numerous preserved pieces of plaster were found in the floor area of the walls, which in some rooms had simple red-brown decorations in the form of straight lines of various thicknesses. In the corners of the room, the intersecting lines formed right angles, so that the walls and ceilings were more architecturally subdivided and surfaces were particularly emphasized.
Glass
As the finds of numerous window glass fragments show, most of the windows in the complex were probably glazed. They are usually green or brown in color and usually rough on one side, as the glass was placed in the sand to cool during production. Fragments of glass vessels are particularly found from the bathing building, as they were often used as ointment vessels.
Todays situation
At the end of 1983 the association for the promotion of the open-air museum "Römische Villa Haselburg" eV was founded, which has been committed to the research, maintenance and expansion of the facility ever since. He makes the villa accessible to the public and organizes guided tours, which are free by appointment and annually on the day of the open monument (usually at the beginning of September). Once a year a "Roman Festival" takes place on the site, and in 2016 for the twelfth time.
The Haselburg area is a listed building . This made unwanted interventions in the substance of the archaeological monument impossible. The entire area of the Roman villa was bought by the municipality of Höchst in the Odenwald. The excavations with their reconstructed foundation walls were provided with display boards and appropriate greenery. Haselburgverein, the municipality and the Odenwaldkreis spend considerable funds on maintaining the facility.
Since 2003, Haselburg has been working on a doctoral thesis at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main with the aim of creating a citable monograph on this important archaeological site.
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In association with the Museumsstrasse Odenwald-Bergstrasse association , the bodies involved sought to establish a second Roman museum in addition to the Saalburg in an excavation site in Hesse through further research into Haselburg history and the expansion of the facility. In 2011–2012 a new visitor center was built to replace the makeshift wooden hut on the site. Larger groups such as school classes can also be received there, finds can be exhibited and the events on the site can be held more independently of the weather. The new museum building was completed in early September 2012.
Individual evidence
- ^ Heinrich Gieß: Quarterly sheets of the historical association for the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Historical association for the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Darmstadt 1880.
- ↑ Information on the values according to CJ Bridger The Pes Monetalis and the Pes Drusianus in Xanten . In: Britannia 15, 1984, p. 85. The greatest deviation, at 0.98 percent, is that of the south-western outer wall (14.64 m). Assuming that 50 feet of the pes monetalis had been aimed for, one would have miscalculated by 0.49 feet. However, the value corresponds exactly to 44 feet in the pes Drusianus . The main façade to the southeast (22.14 m) has a slight deviation of 0.18 percent from the presumably targeted 75 feet des pes monetalis . If you had aimed for 66 feet of the pes Drusianus , you would have measured too much at 66.55 to 0.83 percent. Ultimately, it must remain unclear which foot was used.
- ↑ Numerous examples of such systems at Heinrich Jacobi : The irrigation and drainage of our Limes fort. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 8, 1934, 32–60.
- ↑ For information on the grave and its chronology, see Roland Wiermann: Separated and yet united. Archeology in Germany 5/2003 p. 26f.
- ↑ Roland Wiermann: From life to the counter. A personal reflection between fiction and reality.
- ↑ On the burial see Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann: The villa rustica "Haselburg" near Hummetroth. ² State Office for Monument Preservation Hessen, Wiesbaden 2001. (Archaeological Monuments in Hessen, 55), ISBN 3-89822-055-9 , p. 13.
- ↑ A building with an almost identical floor plan and an inscription and other finds documented by the military was uncovered in Baden-Baden - "Auf dem Rettig". The excavators propose to receive further impulses for the classification of Haselburg. P. Knieriem, E. Löhnig, E. Schallmayer: At the end of the excavations on the Rettig in Baden-Baden. In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 1994, pp. 120f.
- ↑ Müller, AiD 2006 (see list of references) and UniReport 1/2006 ( memento of the original from June 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ So D. Baatz suspected in Baatz / Herrmann 2002 (see bibliography), p 360f.
- ↑ Land map with the parcel bròuillon of the district Hummetroth from 1856/57, edited by the geometer first class Dieter (municipality archive Höchst i. Odw.).
- ↑ a b For the inscription, see also Marcus Reuter and Markus Scholz (eds.): Scored and deciphered: Written documents of the Roman information society. Writings of the Limes Museum Aalen 57, Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, p. 57, cat-no. 86.
- ↑ Determination of elements in Roman bricks of Haselburg / Odw. through non-destructive X-ray fluorescence analysis
- ↑ Refutation of the mosaic finds ( Memento of the original of September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Online publications of the Department of Provincial Roman Archeology at the University of Freiburg i. Br.
- ^ Heinrich Gieß: Breuberg Castle in the Odenwald and the Germanic and Roman monuments in its vicinity . OV, Heppenheim 1893.
- ^ Find reports from Hessen , 1973
- ↑ A list of the fragments found can be found in M. Mattern, CSIR 2,13 (see literature list).
- ↑ D. Baatz: Cladding tiles with roller stamp patterns from southern Hesse . In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 44, 1988 pp. 65–83.
- ↑ Michael Müller: The Roman Villa Rustica "Haselburg" near Hummetroth (Odenwaldkreis) in its surrounding area ; on the website of the Institute for Archaeological Sciences. Vers .: Luxurious country life in the provinces (PDF; 1.7 MB) in UniReport of February 8, 2006, volume 39, p. 3.
- ↑ Echo online: The shell is scaffolded (January 6, 2012) ; Eveline Grönke: Topping-out ceremony for the information center "Römische Villa Haselburg" . In: Monument Preservation and Cultural History 1/2012, p. 41.
- ↑ echo-online.de: A place that tells of the life of the Romans
literature
- Dietwulf Baatz : Hummetroth. Rom. Haselburg estate . In: Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann and Dietwulf Baatz (eds.): The Romans in Hessen . Licensed edition of the 1982 edition, Hamburg 1989, ISBN 3-933203-58-9 , pp. 360–362.
- Helmut Castritius : The Odenwald and the Romans . In: Der Odenwald , magazine of the Breuberg-Bund 47/3. Breuberg-Bund, Breuberg-Neustadt 2000, pp. 87-94.
- Heinrich Gieß: Breuberg Castle in the Odenwald and the Germanic and Roman monuments in its vicinity. Allendorf, Heppenheim 1893.
- Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann : The villa rustica "Haselburg" near Hummetroth . 2nd expanded and supplemented edition. State Office for Monument Preservation Hesse, Wiesbaden 2001. (Archaeological Monuments in Hesse, 55), ISBN 3-89822-055-9 .
- Werner Jorns : New land documents from Starkenburg . Bärenreiter, Kassel 1953, pp. 112–145.
- Johann Friedrich Knapp : Roman monuments of the Odenwald, in particular of the County of Erbach and Lordship of Breuberg (1813, 1814², 1854³).
- Jörg Lindenthal: Cultural Discoveries. Archaeological monuments in Hessen. Jenior, Kassel 2004, pp. 107-109. ISBN 3-934377-73-4
- Marion Mattern: Roman stone monuments from Hesse south of the Main and from the Bavarian part of the Main Limes. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani . Germany vol. 2,13, Mainz 2005, publisher of the Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum; Commissioned by Habelt, Bonn, ISBN 3-88467-091-3 , pp. 178-186.
- Friedrich Mössinger: The Romans in the Odenwald . Südhessische Post, Heppenheim 1954. (Writings for local studies and home care in the southern Hessian area, 13/14).
- Michael Müller: The "Haselburg" near Höchst-Hummetroth. In: Vera Rupp , Heide Birley (Hrsg.): Country life in Roman Germany. Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2573-0 , pp. 154f.
- Michael Müller: Monument: Villa rustica Haselburg. Roman way of life at draughty heights. In: Archeology in Germany . Issue 6, 2006, pp. 71-72.
- Michael Müller: Prehistory and Roman times in Höchst and the surrounding area. In: Contributions to the history of Höchst in the Odenwald . Höchst i. Odw. 2006, pp. 9-20.
- Vera Rupp : The rural settlement and agriculture in the Wetterau and the Odenwald during the imperial period (up to and including the 3rd century). In: H. Bender, H. Wolff (ed.): Rural settlement and agriculture in the Rhine-Danube provinces of the Roman Empire. Passau / Espelkamp 1991/1994, pp. 237-253 ( Passau University Writings on Archeology 2 ).
- Egon Schallmayer : The Odenwald Limes. Along the Roman border between the Main and Neckar. Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2309-5 , pp. 53-56.
- Bernd Steidl: World Heritage Limes - Rome's border on the Main . Volume accompanying the exhibition in the Archaeological State Collection Munich 2008. Logo, Obernburg 2008, ISBN 3-939462-06-3 , p. 117f.
Web links
Coordinates: 49 ° 46 ′ 24.6 " N , 8 ° 56 ′ 42.5" E
