Ariocarpus

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Ariocarpus
Ariocarpus retusus flower

Ariocarpus retusus
flower

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Cactus family (Cactaceae)
Subfamily : Cactoideae
Tribe : Cacteae
Genre : Ariocarpus
Scientific name
Ariocarpus
Scheidw.
The areoles of Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus sit in a furrow and extend the entire length of the warts . This was one of the characteristics that prompted Alwin Berger in 1925 to separate this and two other Ariocarpus species into the now no longer recognized genus Roseocactus .
The areoles of Ariocarpus agavoides are located near the tips of the wart.

Ariocarpus is a genus of plants inthe cactus family (Cactaceae). The origin ofthe genus botanical name is uncertain. He probably refers to the whitberry-like fruitsappearing from the wooly part .

The genus described for the first time by Michael Joseph François Scheidweiler in 1838 is distributed from the southwest of the United States to north-central Mexico and has its main distribution area in northeast Mexico. In Mexico, some species are traditionally used for glue production and medicinally by the local peoples .

description

Vegetative characteristics

The species of the genus Ariocarpus remain small and grow geophytically individually or in groups. They have a large, fleshy taproot that is criss-crossed by a system of mucous ducts . The plants protrude up to 2 centimeters, rarely up to 10 centimeters, from the soil surface and usually reach a diameter of 5 to 10 centimeters, rarely 3 to 15 centimeters. Their compact shoots consist of warts that are leaf-shaped in some species. The more or less triangular warts are arranged in a rosette or mosaic shape. They reach a length of 8 to 20 millimeters, rarely up to 60 millimeters and are 11 to 25 millimeters, rarely from 3 millimeters wide. There are no ribs . The areoles can be formed as a woolly furrow on the top of the wart or as a round pad near the tip of the wart, or they can be completely absent. Thorns are only present on seedlings. Occasionally, however, they appear on full-grown Ariocarpus agavoides warts .

Generative characteristics

The funnel-shaped flowers arise at the tip of the shoot from the woolly base of young warts and open during the day. The flowers have a length of 1.5 to 5 centimeters and reach the same diameter. Their outer tepals are brownish or greenish with a pink tint, the inner tepals are white to yellow or pink to magenta. The pericarpel and ovary are bare, the five to ten carpels are white.

The club-shaped to almost spherical, bare fruits are initially fleshy, dry when ripe and do not tear. They are white or cream-colored to pale greenish or reddish. The fruits are 10 to 25 millimeters long and 5 to 10 millimeters in diameter. Their flesh is white to pale green. It contains pear-shaped, black, warty seeds .

Chromosomes

The base chromosome number of the genus corresponds to that of all cactus plants. Ariocarpus fissuratus and Ariocarpus retusus were examined , in which a diploid chromosome set was found.

ingredients

Structural formula of N -methyltyramine

Five different phenylethylamines have so far been detected in the species of the genus Ariocarpus , including the anhalonin discovered by Arthur Heffter in Ariocarpus fissuratus in 1894 , which is now known as hordenine . Other proven phenylethylamines are N -methyltyramine , N -methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine , N -methyl-4-methoxy-β-phenethylamine and N , N -dimethyl-3,4-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine . The yellow plant pigment retusin , which could previously be produced artificially, was first discovered in nature in Ariocarpus retusus .

ecology

The flowering period extends from September to December. The fruits ripen in late spring. There is no information about the pollinators or the distribution of the seeds .

Distribution and locations

The genus Ariocarpus is distributed in the US, southwest Texas to northern Mexico in the Chihuahua Desert , where it occurs primarily in the dry gypsum and limestone plains at altitudes between 200 and 2000 meters, and occasionally above, near the peaks of low hills . The main distribution area includes the Mexican states of Nuevo León , Tamaulipas , San Luis Potosí and Guanajuato . Agave lecheguilla , Jatropha spathulata , Larrea divaricata , Opuntia species, Mammillaria species, Echinocereus species and Yucca species are available as accompanying vegetation .

Systematics

External system

Ariocarpus is classified within the cactus family in the tribe Cacteae . Molecular genetic studies group the genus Ariocarpus together with the genera Strombocactus , Turbinicarpus and Epithelantha in a well-developed clade :

 NN 





Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus


   

Turbinicarpus viereckii



   

Turbinicarpus gielsdorfianus



   


Ariocarpus fissuratus


   

Ariocarpus bravoanus



   

Ariocarpus agavoides




   

Strombocactus disciformis


   

Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele




   

Epithelantha micromeris



Internal system

It was first described in 1838 by Michael Joseph François Scheidweiler (1799–1861). The botanical name , which Scheidweiler did not provide information about, is probably derived from the Greek words aria (ἀρία) for 'whitebeam' ( Sorbus aria ) and karpos (καρπός) for 'fruit'. A second possible interpretation for the first part of the name would be a mutilation of the Greek word erion (ἔριον) for 'wool'.

The type species of the genus is Ariocarpus retusus . The division of the genus into the two sub-genera Ariocarpus and Roseocactus , which has been in use for a long time , could not be maintained, as the transitions between the individual species are fluid. The genus Ariocarpus includes the following species, subspecies and hybrids:

David Hunt treats the subspecies Ariocarpus retusus subsp. In his New Cactus Lexicon from 2006 . trigonus as a separate species Ariocarpus trigonus .

Synonyms of the genus are Anhalonium Lem. (1839), Roseocactus A. Berger (1925) and Neogomesia Castañeda (1941).

Botanical history

Drawing from Scheidweiler's first description of the genre from 1838.
Drawing from Lemaire's description of the genus from 1839.
Engelmann's depiction of Ariocarpus fissuratus from 1859

Henri Guillaume Galeotti (1814–1858), who lived in Mexico since the end of 1835, found the first plants in the crevices of porphyry rocks near San Luis Potosí at altitudes of 2300 to 2400 meters. He sent it to his Belgian client Philippe Marie Guillaume Vandermaelen (1795–1869) in Brussels . Michael Joseph François Scheidweiler recognized in 1838 that it was a previously undescribed plant genus and described it as Ariocarpus retusus . Charles Lemaire , who probably did not know Scheidweiler's publication, described the species under the new name Anhalonium prismaticum after plants from the collection of Hippolyte Boissel de Monville in 1839 .

The second species, Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus , was discovered by the Bavarian naturalist and plant collector Baron Wilhelm Friedrich von Karwinski (1799–1855) on his second trip to Mexico from 1840 to 1843 near San Luis Potosí. In 1842 he sent copies to his patron Vasily Viktorovich Kotschubei (1812-1850) and the Botanical Garden in Saint Petersburg . One of the specimens went to Paris, where it was immediately described by Charles Lemaire as Anhalonium kotschoubeyanum . The species was lost for almost 50 years before it was found again by Frédéric Albert Constantin Weber .

In his compilation of the cactus species of the United States and the adjacent areas, published in 1856, George Engelmann described the third species of the genus known today as Ariocarpus fissuratus . He first classified them as Mammillaria fissuratus in the genus Mammillaria and placed them in the subgenus Anhalonium . Three years later, after studying the species that were already known in Europe, he came to the conclusion that an independent genus Anhalonium was justified.

The first description of Anhalonium trigonum by Frédéric Albert Constantin Weber followed in 1893, today's subspecies Ariocarpus retusus subsp. trigonus .

The genus name Anhalonium , which was actually illegitimate due to the priority rule , remained in use for a long time, although not all botanists recognized the genus. William Botting Hemsley (1880) and Sereno Watson (1890) integrated the known species into the genus Mammillaria . It was thanks to John Merle Coulters to create the new genus Lophophora for the species Anhalonium williamsii . It was not until the end of the 19th century that the correct generic name Ariocarpus began to establish itself through two works by Karl Moritz Schumann and Charles Henry Thompson , published independently of one another in 1898 . Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose finally recognized three species of the genus with Ariocarpus retusus , Ariocarpus fissuratus and Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus in the third volume of their monograph The Cactaceae in 1922 . In 1930 Friedrich Bödeker added the description of Ariocarpus scapharostrus to the known species .

From the end of the 1950s to the mid-1960s, Edward Frederick Anderson carried out extensive research on the genera Ariocarpus , Roseocactus , Neogomesia , Lophophora , Pelecyphora and Obregonia as part of his doctorate , which led, among other things, to a comprehensive revision of the genus Ariocarpus . In his investigations, he focused in particular on the genus Roseocactus, split off from Ariocarpus by Alwin Berger in 1925, and on the genus Neogomesia ( Ariocarpus agavoides ) described by Marcelino Castañeda in 1941 with the support of William Taylor Marshall . Anderson came to the conclusion that the two genera Roseocactus and Neogomesia could not be justified and reduced the number of species to six.

New descriptions from the late 1980s and early 1990s of Ariocarpus fissuratus var. Hintonii by Wolfgang Hermann Stuppy and Nigel Paul Taylor and Ariocarpus bravoanus by Anderson and Héctor Manuel Hernández as well as recent field studies prompted Anderson and his co-author Walter Alfred Fitz Maurice to do one in 1987 renewed assessment of the genus, the result of which has been generally recognized so far. The editing of the genus by Josef Jakob Halda , published only one year later , in which he took up an old idea by Marshall and treated the genera Obregonia , Strombocactus and Pelecyphora as subgenera of Ariocarpus , was ignored and is not supported by the current research results.

Danger

Numerous species of the genus are endangered in their existence through illegal collection in their natural locations and the trade in them. At the suggestion of the United States , the two species Ariocarpus agavoides and Ariocarpus scaphirostris were initially included in Appendix I of the Washington Convention on Endangered Species . Ariocarpus trigonus followed two years later, also at the request of the United States . Sara Oldfield's evaluation of the global trade in cacti ultimately led the Netherlands to apply to include all species of the genus Ariocarpus in Appendix I. The CITES conference, which met in Kyoto in 1992 , accepted this proposal. Since June 11, 1992, the entire genus has been protected by the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species.

For some species there are in the Red List of Threatened Species of IUCN information on the risk status. The subspecies Ariocarpus bravoanus subsp. bravoanus is considered to be critically endangered , the subspecies Ariocarpus bravoanus subsp. hintonii and the species Ariocarpus agavoides and Ariocarpus scaphirostris are considered endangered (" Vulnerable "). Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus is classified as a type of the warning list (" Near Threatened "). Ariocarpus retusus and the subspecies Ariocarpus retusus subsp. trigonus are not considered endangered in nature (“ Least Concern (LC) ”).

Traditional use

The people living in Mexico extract a mucilage from the roots of the plants , which they use as glue to repair pottery . The common name “Chaute”, which means something like “glue”, also refers to this usage . Different types are used medicinally. They are used to treat bruises , wounds and bites and to relieve fever and rheumatic complaints . Local runners chew or drink the plants to increase their stamina. The Huichol and Tarahumara fear them as a false peyotl cactus that drives people crazy.

proof

literature

  • Edward F. Anderson : The Great Cactus Lexicon . Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4573-1 , p. 71-75 .
  • Edward F. Anderson: A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). I. The Status of the Proposed Genus Roseocactus . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 47, number. 7, 1960, pp. 582-589, JSTOR .
  • Edward F. Anderson: A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). II. The Status of the Proposed Genus Neogomesia . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 49, Number 6, Part 1, 1962, pp. 615-622, JSTOR .
  • Edward F. Anderson: A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). III. Formal Taxonomy of the Subgenus Roseocactus . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 50, Number 7, 1963, pp. 724-732, JSTOR .
  • Edward F. Anderson: A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). IV. Formal Taxonomy of the Subgenus Ariocarpus . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 51, Number 2, 1964, pp. 144-151, JSTOR .
  • Edward F. Anderson, WA Fitz Maurice: Ariocarpus Revisited . In: Haseltonia . Volume 5, 1997, pp. 1-20.
  • Franz Buxbaum: genus Ariocarpus . In: Hans Krainz (Ed.): Die Kakteen . 1963, delivery C VIII b.
  • JJ Halda: Synopsis of the genus Ariocarpus Scheidweiler . In: Acta Musei Richnoviens . Volume 5, Number 1, 1998, pp. 34-39.
  • Werner van Heek, Willi Strecker: The genus Ariocarpus . Special edition of the German Cactus Society e. V., Pforzheim 2008.
  • David Hunt : The New Cactus Lexicon . dh books, Milborne Port 2006, ISBN = 0-9538134-4-4, pp. 26-27.
  • Libor Kunte, Vladislav Šedivý: Kaktusy Special 2 - Ariocarpus . 2002 ( online ).
  • Karl Moritz Schumann: The genus Ariocarpus (Anhalonium) . In: Botanical yearbooks for systematics, plant history and plant geography . Volume 24, 1898, pp. 541-567, (online) .
  • Karl Moritz Schumann: Complete description of the cacti . J. Neumann, Neudamm 1898, pp. 604-609, (online) .
  • Charles Henry Thompson: The Species of Cacti Commonly Cultivated Under the Generic Name Anhalonium . In: Missouri Botanical Garden Annual Report . 1898, pp. 127-135, JSTOR 2992140 .
  • Allan D. Zimmerman, Bruce D. Parfitt: Ariocarpus . In: Flora of North America . Volume 4, (online) .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Allan D. Zimmerman, Bruce D. Parfitt: Ariocarpus . In: Flora of North America . Volume 4.
  2. ^ Edward F. Anderson: A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). I. The Status of the Proposed Genus Roseocactus . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 47, number. 7, 1960, pp. 582-589, JSTOR: 2439437 .
  3. ↑ James F. Weedin, A. Michael Powell: Chromosome Numbers in Chihuahuan Desert Cactaceae. Trans-Pecos Texas . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 65, Number 5, 1978, pp. 531-537, JSTOR: 2442586 .
  4. ↑ Arthur Heffter: About two Cacteenalkaloids . In: Reports of the German Chemical Society . Volume 27, number 3, pp. 2975-2979, doi : 10.1002 / cber.18940270362 .
  5. ^ DL Braga, JL McLaughlin: Cactus alkaloids. V. Isolation of Hordenine and N-Methyltyramine from Ariocarpus retusus . In: Planta Medica . Volume 17, Number 1, 1969, pp. 87-94, doi : 10.1055 / s-0028-1099832 .
  6. ↑ JL McLaughlin: Cactus alkaloids. VI. Identification of Hordenine and N-Methyltyramine in Ariocarpus fissuratus varieties fissuratus and lloydii . In: Lloydia . Volume 32, Number 3, 1969, pp. 392-394.
  7. ↑ WW Speir, V. Mihranian, JL McLaughlin: Cactus alkaloid. VII. Isolation of Hordenine and N-Methyl-3,4-Dimethoxy-β-Phenethylamine from Ariocarpus trigonus . In: Lloydia . Volume 33, 1970, pp. 15-18.
  8. ^ DG Norquist, JL McLaughlin: Cactus alkaloids VIII: Isolation of N-Methyl-3,4-Dimethoxy-β-Phenethylamine from ariocarpus fissuratus var. Fissuratus . In: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . Volume 59, Number 12, 1970, pp. 1840-1841, doi : 10.1002 / jps.2600591231 .
  9. ↑ JM Neal, JL McLaughlin: Cactus alkaloids. IX. Isolation of N-Methyl-3,4-Dimethoxy-β-Phenethylamine and N-Methyl-4-Methoxy-β-Phenethylamine from Ariocarpus retusus . In: Lloydia , Volume 33, 1970, pp. 395-396.
  10. ↑ JM Neal, PT Sato, CL Johnson, JL McLaughlin: Cactus alkaloids X: Isolation of Hordenine and N-Methyltyramine from Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus . In: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . Volume 60, Number 3, 1971, pp. 477-478, doi : 10.1002 / jps.2600600334 .
  11. ^ Jan G. Bruhn: Phenethylamines of Ariocarpus scapharostrus . In: Phytochemistry . Volume 14, Number 11, 1975, pp. 2509-2510, doi : 10.1016 / 0031-9422 (75) 80379-7 .
  12. ↑ Xorge A. Domínguez, Rafael H. Ramírez, Olga Lock Ugaz, Jesús García D., Roger Ketcham: Chemical study of the cactus Ariocarpus retusus . In Planta Medica . Volume 16, Number 2, 1968, pp. 182-183, doi : 10.1055 / s-0028-1099897 .
  13. ^ Edward F. Anderson: A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). III. Formal Taxonomy of the Subgenus Roseocactus . P. 726.
  14. ^ Edward F. Anderson: A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). I. The Status of the Proposed Genus Roseocactus . 1960, p. 586.
  15. Jump up ↑ Tania Hernández-Hernández, Héctor M. Hernández, J. Arturo De-Nova, Raul Puente, Luis E. Eguiarte, Susana Magallón: Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae) . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 98, number 1, 2011, pp. 44-61, doi : 10.3732 / ajb.1000129 .
  16. ^ MJ Scheidweiler: Descriptio diagnostica nonnullarum Cactearum quae a domino Galeotti in provinciis Potosi et Guanaxato regni Mexicani inveniuntur . In: Bulletins de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et des Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles . Volume 5, 1838, pp. 491-492 (online) .
  17. ^ Edward F. Anderson: The great cactus lexicon . 2005, p. 71.
  18. ^ Edward F. Anderson: The great cactus lexicon . 2005, pp. 71-75.
  19. ↑ Charles Lemaire: Cactearum Genera Nova Speciesque Novae et Omnium in Horto Monvilliano . Paris 1839, p. 1.
  20. ↑ George Engelmann: Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the Territory of the United States and Adjacent Regions . In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Volume 3, Boston 1856, p. 270, (online) .
  21. ↑ George Engelmann: Cactaceae of the Boundary . In: William H. Emory: Report of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey . 1859, pp. 74-75 (online) .
  22. ^ William Botting Hemsley: Botany . Volume 1. pp. 502-528, 1880. In: Frederick Ducane Godman, Osbert Salvin (eds.): Biologia Centrali-Americana . (online) .
  23. ↑ Sereno Watson: Descriptions of New Species of Plants from Northern Mexico, collected chiefly by Mr. CG Pringle, in 1888 and 1889 . In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Volume 25, Boston 1890, p. 150, (online) .
  24. ^ John Merle Coulter: Preliminary revision of the North American species of Cactus, Anhalonium and Lophophora . In: Contributions from the US National Herbarium . Volume 3, 1894, pp. 128-132, online
  25. ^ NL Britton , JN Rose : The Cactaceae. Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family . tape III . The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington 1922, p. 80-84 .
  26. ^ Friedrich Bödeker: Ariocarpus scapharostrus Boed., Sp.n. In: Monthly of the German Cactus Society . Volume 2, 1930, pp. 60-61.
  27. ↑ Alwin Berger: Roseocactus, a new genus of Cactaceae . In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . Volume 15, 1925, pp. 43-48.
  28. ↑ Marcelino Castañeda: A New Cactus . In: Cactus and Succulent Journal . Volume 13, Los Angeles 1941, pp. 98-99.
  29. ↑ Bradleya . Volume 7, 1989, p. 84.
  30. ^ HM Hernandez, EF Anderson: A new Species of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae) . In: Bradleya . Volume 10, 1992, pp. 1-4.
  31. ^ JJ Halda: Synopsis of the genus Ariocarpus Scheidweiler . In: Acta Musei Richnoviens . Volume 5, Number 1, 1998, pp. 34-39.
  32. ↑ COP3 Prop. 79, Prop COP3. 80 , accessed 9 January 2011.
  33. ↑ COP4 Prop. 66 , accessed 9 January 2011.
  34. ^ Sara Oldfield: Review of Significant Trade in Species of Plants. Included in Appendix II of CITES; 1983-1989 . December 1991, PDF
  35. ↑ COP8 Prop. 81 , accessed 9 January 2011.
  36. ↑ Appendices I and II as adopted by the Conference of the Parties, valid from June 11, 1992. PDF .
  37. ↑ Ariocarpus bravoanus subsp. bravoanus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Anderson, EF, Fitz Maurice, WA, Fitz Maurice, B., Sotomayor, M., Arrendondo, AG & Sánchez, B., 2002. Accessed January 3 2011.
  38. ↑ Ariocarpus bravoanus subsp. hintonii in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Anderson, EF, Fitz Maurice, WA, Fitz Maurice, B., Sotomayor, M., Arrendondo, AG & Sánchez, B., 2002. Accessed January 3 2011.
  39. ↑ Ariocarpus agavoides in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2009. Posted by: Anderson, EF, Fitz Maurice, WA, Fitz Maurice, B., Sotomayor, M., Arrendondo, AG & Sánchez, B., 2002. Retrieved on 3 January 2011.
  40. ↑ Ariocarpus scaphirostris in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2009. Posted by: Anderson, EF, Fitz Maurice, WA, Fitz Maurice, B. & Hinton, GS, 2002. Accessed January 3, 2011th
  41. ↑ Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2009. Posted by: Sotomayor, MM & Arredondo, AG, 2002. Accessed January 3, 2011th
  42. ↑ Ariocarpus trigonus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by Fitz Maurice, WA & Fitz Maurice, B., 2002. Retrieved on 5 October 2011th
  43. ↑ Ariocarpus retusus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by Fitz Maurice, WA & Fitz Maurice, B., 2002. Retrieved on 5 October 2011th
  44. ^ Jeff Nugent: Permaculture Plants, agaves and cacti . 1999, ISBN 0958636702 , p. 38.

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