Disc (Lohsa)
Scheibe , Šiboj in Upper Sorbian , was a place in the Hoyerswerda district on the Kleine Spree , which was devastated and demolished in 1986/1987 for the Scheibe open-cast mine . Today is at this point of the Lusatian Lakeland belonging disk lake . On the bike path that leads around the lake, there is a memorial stone and an information board near the former location.
geography
Disk was about 10 kilometers east of Hoyerswerda and about 20 kilometers south of Spremberg in a remote heathland. Located in the northernmost part of today's municipality of Lohsa on the border with today's municipality of Spreetal , Burg in the north, Riegel in the south and Tiegling in the southeast were the next villages along the Kleine Spree. The next larger towns are Weißkollm upstream and Burghammer downstream .
history
Prehistory and early history
After the Glaciation of the Vistula , whose ice sheet, in contrast to the Glaciation of the Saale, no longer reached Scheiben, the district of Scheibe was characterized by a floodplain with flood-proof knolls and large, but low-yielding and sparsely wooded sand dunes . The abundance of game and a possible Spree crossing are likely to have favored settlement in the post-ice age .
Archaeological finds indicate that it was already settled in the second half of the Mesolithic . Bronze Age finds suggest a settlement east of the village, while Iron Age remains were also found in the locality. These findings from the Lusatian culture suggest that the first agricultural land use was outside the floodplain. Findings in Lower Lusatia indicated that field beans , emmer , einkorn , barley , spelled , as well as peas and flax were grown here.
Remains of a Germanic settlement from the 2nd to 4th centuries have been found north of Scheibe. Slag remains show that this settlement, similar to the Merzdorf settlement, smelted iron in small melting furnaces.
After the emigration of the Germanic tribes, this area remained uninhabited for the next centuries, but it can be assumed that Slavic tribes used the valley edge along the Kleine Spree as a route between the Milzener (Upper Lusatia) and Lusitzi (Lower Lusatia) settlements .
Middle Ages and feudal rule
Documented disc was indeed in a first 1568 Urbar of Standesherrschaft Hoyerswerda mentioned, the re-colonization is likely due to the routing along the Kleine Spree However, in the 12th century, and thus the time of the second Germanic eastward expansion fall. It can be assumed that the Milzeners from Radibor built a loose settlement bridge along the Kleine Spree in the direction of Spremberg, the end of which was a disc.
This thesis is supported by the village shape, which corresponds to a later expanded, Slavic round hamlet with block and striped corridors. The upstream villages along the middle reaches of the Kleiner Spree have in many cases a similar corridor shape. About half of these places were also created as a round hamlet.
The neighboring town of Riegel to the south was mentioned in a document as early as 1401, but is probably younger than Scheibe. Riegel was laid out as a street village - a type of settlement that was spread relatively late in northern Upper Lusatia. Both places belonged to the parish of Lohsa, the existence of which is assumed as early as the 12th century, but is only documented for the year 1495.
In the land register, nine possessed men and a housekeeper as well as a statehood outwork were listed for disk . A possessed man, a gardener and a hammer mill were listed for Riegel . In the period that followed, Scheibe has a declining population development, while the number of inhabitants in Riegel increased. In 1658, ten years after the end of the Thirty Years' War , five of the twelve farms were desolate . In addition, compared to the land register of 1568, six of the seven family names are new and three of them are of German origin. By Bauernlegen also Hufnerstellen were converted into several smallholdings.
The Elector of Saxony, Friedrich August II. Acquired Hoyerswerda in 1737, which was then redesigned. By means of a long-term lease in 1789, the Vorwerk was divided between several landlords and these were freed from their inheritance.
Almost two decades after the drought years of 1771 and 1772, which the Sorbian farmer Hanzo Njepila from Rohne, about 20 kilometers away, witnessed as a child and which he later recorded in writing, there was again drought and lack of water in the summers of 1789 and 1790, which resulted in crop failures and hunger . The Kleine Spree hardly had any water, so that poor harvests were achieved even near the bank. When the Spree water at Kauppa was diverted to stately fish ponds in the summer of 1790 and the river bed was drained as a result, a peasant uprising broke out because the peasants could no longer have their meager grain harvests ground or had to travel long distances.
The resulting increased hunger - if there was no flour, bread could not be baked - erupted on August 3, 1790. Two farmers set out that morning in Scheibe to destroy the weirs and moats in Kauppa. On the way there, the group grew in every village, so that 600 farmers arrived at the Kauppa manor in the afternoon. The local manager could not counter this, so he had the trenches filled. In the same year there were similar uprisings in various other Saxon towns.
Four years later, at the end of July 1794, there was another peasant uprising in the parish of Lohsa with around 2000 participants. In this case, however, it is uncertain whether farmers from Scheibe were involved. After the threat of further expansion of the uprising by rebellious peasants from the villages around Wittichenau and from the rulership of Muskau , the Saxon state government sent troops in August to put down the uprisings. Eighteen farmers were sentenced to prison terms of between two weeks and two years, three more were brought to Dresden to build a fortress for several years.
As a result of the Congress of Vienna , Scheibe was in the part of Upper Lusatia that the Kingdom of Saxony had to cede to Prussia in 1815. The western part of Prussian Upper Lusatia first came to the province of Brandenburg . As the district of Hoyerswerda , this part came to the province of Silesia in 1825 . In 1828, Scheibe became the school location for washer and bolt.
In 1844 the feudal system in the place was completely abolished.
The last 140 years until the demolition
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1825 | 65 |
| 1851 | 53 |
| 1871 | 52 |
| 1884 | 64 |
| 1910 | 56 |
| 1917 | 60 |
| 1919 | 52 |
| 1925 | 45 |
| 1935 | 43 |
Scheibe was one of the smallest communities in the district, only Kolbitz was smaller with 16 inhabitants (as of 1873). In a comparison of areas, Scheibe, with a village hall of around 300 hectares, was in front of places such as Neida or Kolpen (around 100 to 130 hectares), but far behind the larger municipalities of Lohsa (around 1250 hectares) and Weißkollm (around 2250 hectares).
With just under 195 hectares, around two thirds of the village grounds were forests and forests , 18 percent were arable land, 9 percent were meadows and about 4 percent were pastures. The soils had a fairly low soil index and the meadows were often so damp that hay could not be dried on them. In addition to oats , millet , potatoes and rye, all farmers cultivated flax , which was spun in winter, as an additional income . Furthermore, some small farmers went to nearby industrial companies as day laborers.
Since the 1870s washer and bolt with the six Spreetal communities were District Burghammer managed. In 1873, Scheibe had nine eligible voters, while the neighboring town of Riegel, which had grown in the meantime, had 14.
In 1884 Arnošt Muka found an entirely Sorbian population who spoke Upper Sorbian and wore the evangelical costume of the Bautzen region . This population structure remained until the 20th century.
In the First World War , nine men and two horses had to be put into military service (bars: 12 men, four horses). In January 1915, the teacher fell off Verdun .
After the war, life returned to pre-war normality. It only changed when coal seams were found by drilling in 1923. Ilse Bergbau AG emerged victorious from the rival lignite companies . She had bought several properties and was able to secure the mining rights for most of the rest of the community. The inhabitants who became wealthy in this way bought new businesses elsewhere or built new houses in the vicinity. A farmer bought a new farm near Bunzlau , his daughter returned to Scheibe in 1945 after being expelled.
After Scheibe's population stagnated or fell for centuries and recently declined due to brown coal, while the population in Riegel rose slowly but steadily, on April 1, 1938, Scheibe was incorporated into Riegel. The community had 125 inhabitants, including 50 men, 26 of whom were drafted into military service in World War II . Six men from Scheibe died in the war.
Towards the end of the war, the villagers fled to Dresden and Chemnitz in April 1945. Troops of the Soviet 5th Guard Army broke through the Neisse Line on April 16 and were able to advance to the Great Spree in Neustadt / Spree by April 18 . The Spreebrücke in Neustadt was blown up on the morning of April 18 by members of the Wehrmacht; it was no longer possible for them to blow up the Struga bridge in the direction of Spreewitz. After a bridgehead was built, the south-western part of Neustadt, Döschko, was taken by the Soviet Army. Their further advance divided the Wehrmacht line between Weißkollm (towards Hoyerswerda) and Lohsa (towards Uhyst ). Disk was taken on the afternoon of April 20 without major damage, and Riegel was not taken until the following day. The first villagers came back in April and the first few days of May. They found an undestroyed but plundered village.
As a result of the land reform , 18 applicants were allocated land areas in the community. After its completion in 1948, there were three farms with an area of up to five hectares and five farms with an area between 10 and 15 hectares. The community received 12.84 hectares, including the public roads and bodies of water that it had sold to Ilse Bergbau AG in 1930. With 122 hectares, most of the 217 hectares of the reform area went into state ownership. The land recipients owned a horse, eight dairy cows, 10 other cattle, four pigs, three sheep and five goats. It was not until 1958 that the LPG Type I "Heidescholle" was founded in Scheibe, which all local farmers joined by 1960. With the construction of a stable, dairy cows and fattening bulls were kept in the LPG.
Between 1951 and 1953, the community was connected to the drinking water network, after Scheibe had been connected to the electricity network since 1924.
After only eight people in the community identified themselves as Sorbs in a survey by the Soviet district command in 1946, national self-confidence rose again in the following years. In 1956 Ernst Tschernik was able to make out 109 inhabitants in Riegel und Scheibe who said they knew the Sorbian language. That was 86.5 percent of the 126 inhabitants. The Domowina local group, which more than half of the community's residents had joined by 1970, developed into the largest association in the village and, together with the volunteer fire brigade, shaped village life.
The small community with its two places Riegel and Scheibe was incorporated into Weißkollm in 1979.
The Ministry of Coal and Energy East Germany decided in March 1980 short-term disruption of the pit disc , mainly to hedge the coal demand of the gas combine Schwarze Pumpe . The approximately 53 million tons of coal were supposed to secure the coal supply for what was then the largest lignite refining combine in Europe by the end of the 1990s. The council of the district of Hoyerswerda then decided on July 9, 1981 a "program to prepare and carry out the relocation of the OT Scheibe and the extensions to Burg in the course of the opening up of the Platte opencast mine [...]". As a result, the infrastructure was adapted to the new requirements and the Kleine Spree was laid over a length of five kilometers. Most of the 23 officially registered resettlers moved to Hoyerswerda and within today's municipality of Lohsa.
On September 22nd, 1984, a festive farewell event was held for the residents of Scheibe in the Weißkollmer Kulturhaus.
Place name
The place name Scheibe experienced only minor variations in its history. The first known documentary mention in 1568 mentions the place by this name. In the state visit files of 1658 the place is called Scheybaw , but in 1748 the original spelling was used again. The name is probably based on a flat, so disc-like hilltop on which the five largest farms of the place were. Chronicles from the middle of the 19th century report that Scheibe originally lay below this knoll directly on the banks of the Kleiner Spree and was only relocated by a fire in 1774. This thesis of relocation has recently been questioned because the sandy hilltop, in contrast to the Spree meadows, hardly produced any agricultural income, but was flood-proof. It is therefore possible that some inns that could have been located on the Spree were relocated to the town center after a fire.
The Sorbian name Šiboj is only documented in writing in 1831. It is reminiscent of the Sorbian name Kupoj of the town of Kauppa on the upper reaches of the Kleiner Spree, which is interpreted as a 'river island' or 'elevation'. It should be noted that a parcel of land in Scheibe was named Kuppa .
attachment
See also
literature
- Günter Meusel et al .: Scheibe. A historical foray into the past of a small rural community in the Hoyerswerda district . Ed .: Council of the District of Hoyerswerda and VEB BKW Welzow (= Hoyerswerdaer Geschichtshefte . Volume 26 ). Bautzen 1985.
- Frank Förster : Disappeared Villages. The demolitions of the Lusatian lignite mining area until 1993 (= series of publications by the Institute for Sorbian Folk Research in Bautzen . Volume 8 ). Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1995, ISBN 3-7420-1623-7 .
Footnotes
- ↑ Disc in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony
- ^ Ludwig Elle: Language policy in the Lausitz . Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1995, p. 250 .
- ↑ Ernst Eichler , Hans Walther : Oberlausitz toponymy - studies on the toponymy of the districts of Bautzen, Bischofswerda, Görlitz, Hoyerswerda, Kamenz, Löbau, Niesky, Senftenberg, Weißwasser and Zittau. I name book (= German-Slavic research on naming and settlement history . Volume 28 ). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1975, p. 268-269 .
Coordinates: 51 ° 27 ' N , 14 ° 21' E