Ivenack Castle

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Ivenacker Castle

The castle (actually: mansion ) in Ivenack ten kilometers east of the Reuterstadt Stavenhagen in the Mecklenburg Lake District goes back to a former Cistercian convent from the 13th century, which was abolished during the Reformation and became a ducal Mecklenburg office with a princely seat . After the facility was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War and a change of ownership through an exchange of goods in 1709, a new mansion was built in the 18th century , which was essentially expanded to its present form in the early 19th century. Ivenack was one of the best-known estates in Mecklenburg because of its extensive castle park with centuries-old oaks and the famous thoroughbred breeding of the Counts of Plessen on Ivenack.

history

Ivenack Church

Founded as a Cistercian convent

On the site of the current Ivenack Castle there was originally a nunnery of the Cistercian order , which had gained importance for Mecklenburg agriculture during the colonization period. This was donated in 1252 by the Stavenhagen city ​​founder, the knight Reimbern von Stove. A Latin inscription on the large bell in the Ivenack church later attested to this : "Anno post Christum natum MCCLII fundatur monasterium iuenack a remberno de stouen inhabitatore castri (in) stouenhagen." The founding document of the monastery was dated May 15, 1252, and it was consecrated by Bishop Conrad von Cammin . In 1401 the brothers Nikolaus V and Christoph von Werle confirmed the rights and privileges of the monastery. At that time the nun Wendula Wilde was his prioress . Little was written about the further history of the monastery. The monastery property was very large and increased steadily through numerous donations from the dukes of Pomerania and the regional knightships of Mecklenburg and Pomerania.

secularization

During the Reformation the monastery from 1550 to 1560 at the instigation of Duke was Johann Albrecht I. secularized . A second inscription on the large church bell of the Ivenack church testified that as early as 1555 the incumbent abbess Anna Kamptz was assisted by two secular officials of the duke, Prefect Claus Pentz and Quaestor Otto Schröder, as well as a Protestant clergyman. The complete dissolution took place in the following years. In 1557, nuns still lived in the complex.

After Duke Johann Albrecht I had enforced the Lutheran faith for the united estates in June 1549 in the Sternberg Landtag and thus introduced the Reformation in Mecklenburg under state law, he dissolved almost all Mecklenburg monasteries from 1552 and incorporated them into the ducal domains. The so-called ducal office of Ivenack was formed from the previous monastery property with the secularization . When he died (1576), Johann Albrecht wanted to consolidate and hold together his new property, which had been spatially rounded off , by giving testament to the birthright for his descendants. As a result, he decreed that his younger son, Duke Sigismund August von Mecklenburg , should be excluded from the division of the estate because of nonsense and instead with various offices, including the Ivenack office, but without state sovereignty , and with an annual payment of 6,000 guilders from the Chamber, should be resigned. Although this regulation was aimed at the introduction of the Primogenitur in the Mecklenburg house, it did not have any lasting success.

Change of ownership and construction of the castle in the 16th century

Before that, Duke Johann Albrecht I felt compelled to pledge the Ivenack office to his creditor because of his debts in 1572. He handed over the office of Ivenack to the Mecklenburg nobleman Werner Hahn zu Basedow as a security deposit for the sum of 15,000  thalers , which he had gradually borrowed from him. His older brother, Duke Ulrich , as guardian of the children Johann Albrecht, had borrowed another 22,500 thalers from him for them, and the creditor Hahn received Ivenack's property in 1578 as a repayable pledge for nine years. This period had not yet fully expired when, at the end of 1586, through the mediation of Duke Adolf von Holstein , the future father-in-law of Duke Johann VII , Ivenack was bought back from him in order to deal with the estate in accordance with the will of his father Johann Albrecht I. could be. After reaching the age of majority, Duke Sigismund August took up residence in Ivenack in accordance with Adolf von Holstein's 1586 contract, where his brother, Johann VII , had the castle built for him around 1590.

According to a list of the inventory from 1605, the building was three chambers high and had three small and one large raised stone gable on the inside facing the square, with a large diaper tower in between, which was covered with lead and had three chimneys. It can therefore be assumed that the architectural character of the house was similar to that of the house with the relief tiles on the ducal residence palace in Schwerin . With regard to the time of construction, the short reign of Duke John VII (1585–1592) leaves little room for maneuver. The news that the Prince and his young wife, Sophia von Holstein , visited his brother Sigismund August in Ivenack from Stargard on March 4, 1592, indicated that the castle was completed before the prince's sad end .

Duke Sigismund August married Princess Clara Maria von Pommern-Barth the next year and held court with her to Ivenack until his death, which took place at Ivenack on September 5, 1600 at the age of 40 after seven years of childless marriage.

The Ivenack estates were then leased to Colonel Nicolaus von Peccatel for 20 years from 1605 , and from 1621 to 1632 they were pledged to Captain Christoph von Neuenkirchen .

Destruction in the Thirty Years War

In the course of the Thirty Years War, the entire complex was largely destroyed and the villages belonging to the estate had suffered badly. A visitation report from 1649 made the extent of the destruction for Ivenack and the associated ancillary estates Basepohl, Fahrenholz, Goddin, Grischow, Klockow, Krummsee, Wackerow, Weitendorf and Zolkendorf clear. After that Basepohl lay very desolate and desolate, while 16 farmers and 9 Kossats had lived in it when the time was good. Before the war there were eight farmers and 17 kossats in Ivenack  , after the war there were only eight people, besides the blacksmith and the miller. Krummsee lay desolate, in Grischow only two people were left of twelve farmers and six kossats, Klockow and Goddin were completely deserted. The three farmers stayed in Zolkendorf, but there was no trace of the three Kossaten families. In Weitendorf, where six farmers and four Kossats had lived before the war, there were only two inhabited farms, while in Wackerow there were three farmers and one Kossate in 1649 instead of the previous two farmers and six Kossats. The Fahrholz community, otherwise consisting of twelve farmers and seven kossats, only had seven people. From a total of 59 farmers and 52 Kossaten, the population of the estates was reduced to eight farmers and one Kossaten. Together with two craftsmen and 17 servants, they represented the entire population of the goods complex. In 1703, a total of 404 inhabitants lived on the Ivenack estate and in 1859 there were again 1876 inhabitants.

Transition from domanium to knighthood

Portrait of the castle builder Ernst Christoph von Koppelow on his epitaph in the church

After the goods had always been leased from the ducal chamber in the course of the 17th century as part of the duke's domanium , a fundamental change in ownership occurred in the first decade of the 18th century, through which the former "Domanial Office Ivenack" became a knightly property in the area of ​​responsibility of the knighthood office of Wittenburg , which is about 150 km away .

Duke Friedrich Wilhelm I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin wanted to expand his hunting area to include the Bakendorf estates and the adjacent estates in the Hagenow area in the knighthood of Wittenburg, which were among his preferred hunting grounds near his residence. The goods were owned by the Privy Councilor Ernst Christoph von Koppelow , whom he urged into an exchange contract in 1709, by means of which Koppelow received the ducal office of Ivenack with the associated ancillary goods in exchange for his previous possessions.

Koppelow received the office of Ivenack, i.e. the entire former monastery property, as a free allodium , but with the reservation of the sovereign sovereignty and justice and also the imperial, district and common land taxation. He also received 5000 thalers to build a new house - the barter agreement said that “Ivenack did not have a decent apartment”. Friedrich Wilhelm I had the exchange from his younger brothers Karl Leopold and Christian Ludwig II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duke Adolf Friedrich III. von Mecklenburg-Strelitz and obtained an imperial confirmation. The documents testify that Koppelow only entered the barter with a heavy heart. The Danish landowner Friedrich von Buchwald reported after a visit about Ivenack:

“Ivenack belonged to the ducal domains until 1709, and was then known under the name of Mecklenburg Siberia, because the least part was cultivated and most of it was forest and mud. It was therefore only posted at 2,000 Reichstaler annual income. In the year mentioned it was exchanged for another property belonging to the Koplov family and lying in the middle of the ducal wilderness. "

It was only through Koppelow and his successors that the situation in Ivenack changed:

“Since then the owners have been hard-working and wealthy country folk. By digging up and eradicating the marshes, which were not peat-like, but fat and loamy, one farm after the other was established: so that a total of 700 cows are now kept here, which are leased for 10 Reichstaler. The wheat was very good in the fields; but mainly rye caught my eye, which could be seen without any weeds, yes, where not a blade of grass in the ground. The ears were long and smooth, and the grains were almost as big and yellow as wheat grains. "

From then on, the name "Amt Ivenack" referred to the main property of the associated nine secondary estates, which had been added to the knighthood office of Wittenburg in the area of knighthood in the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin for tax purposes since the exchange in 1709 .

Reconstruction of the castle and ownership until the 20th century

Helmuth Reichsgraf von Plessen : from 1741 to 1761 lord of the castle
Stallion Bras de fer (born 1837), horse racing horse from Alfred von Rauch , lieutenant in the regiment of the Gardes du Corps , with the brand of the Graeflich Plessen stud farm Ivenack . Unsigned sketch, probably by Theodor Schloepke , around 1842

The reconstruction of the castle and the Ivenack church go back to von Koppelow. The Ivenack estate came into his possession through the marriage of his widow to Helmuth von Plessen , later Count of Plessen, on Cambs and Torgelow. He obtained by will that the estate became the entails of the Counts of Plessen in 1761 . In the same year Helmuth von Plessen died childless, so that the property fell to his nephew Helmuth Burchard Hartwig von Maltzahn († 1797) from the house of Kummerow , a son of Helmuth's sister Elisabeth Magdalene, on the basis of a will. It was also regulated in the will that in future the respective majority holder from the Ivenack line of the Maltzahn family should bear the title and coat of arms of an Imperial Count of Plessen in addition to his family name, which was confirmed by an imperial diploma.

The Dane Friedrich von Buchwald wrote about life on Ivenack in 1786:

“You live on Ivenack just like at the courts of the little German princes, with the only difference that you are exempt from paying bland compliments and listening to mindless frills. Prince Heinrich of Prussia , who is only nine miles away in the summer that he spends on Rheinsberg , comes here from time to time along with various princely persons. "

In July 1796, the Prussian Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm and his wife, who later became Queen of Prussia Luise Ivenack , paid a short visit. When Helmuth Burchard Hartwig von Maltzahn, Count of Plessen, died soon afterwards, unmarried and childless, the property passed to his nephew Albrecht Joachim von Maltzahn, Count of Plessen (1762–1828; no. 954 of the gender census , a son of his older brother) Christoph Gustav Friedrich von Maltzahn on Rottmannshagen , Rützenfelde, Pinnow, Duckow and Zettemin and his wife Diederike Eleonore von Zülow adH Flensdorf). Under Albrecht Joachim, the palace complex was essentially given its present form. The park was transformed into an English landscape garden around 1800 using the old baroque structures . A tea house and an orangery were built in the park . To the north-west of the castle park there is a large zoo with the famous Ivenack oaks . In 1810 the castle got a side wing.

On the threshold of the 19th century, the thoroughbred breeding of the Counts of Plessen, and especially his stallion Herodot Ivenack, made known far beyond national borders.

Ivenack Castle around 1880

The estate with its nine subsidiary estates grew to 48 Hufen in the 19th century and had around 2000 inhabitants. It was subsequently passed on to the descendants of Albrecht Joachim, who was married to Charlotte von Wackerbarth- Kassow for the first time and, after her death from 1791, to Amelie Countess von Schwerin- Wolfshagen for the second time . Next to him was succeeded by his eldest son, Gustav Theodor Helmuth Diederich von Maltzahn, Earl of Plessen (1788-1862) and his wife Cecilie of smoke (1795-1854), to 1862, the grandson of Adolf Freiherr von Maltzahn, Earl of Plessen-Ivenack (1835- 1909), married to Elisabeth Charlotte von Meyerinck (1837–1924).

In 1888 the main estate Ivenack, together with the associated nine subsidiary estates Basepohl, Fahrenholz, Goddin, Grischow, Klockow, Krummsee, Wackerow, Weitendorf and Zolkendorf (today districts of various municipalities of the Stavenhagen office ) had an agricultural area of ​​6,964  hectares and was thus by far the largest knighthood in Mecklenburg. The estate was a fideikommissarisches allodium and consisted of fields , gardens , meadows , pastures and forests . There were twelve leasehold farms , as well as a water mill , a brick factory and a steam dairy on the estate. For the purpose of taxation, the property was subject to a specially established knighthood office Ivenack.

The owner family resided in Ivenack Castle until 1936, when they could no longer bear the tax burden. After the Red Army marched in , the landlord Albrecht (Adolf Lebrecht Helmuth) Baron von Maltzahn, Count von Plessen (* 1891) shot his wife Magdalena, née Magdalena, on May 2, 1945. Countess von Waldersee , the nanny Emma Fuchs and herself in the Rehgarten forest . Later they were secretly buried by their people under birch trees in the old cemetery of the manor near the church . A memorial stone commemorates them. In the days of the end of the war, 29 people took their own lives in Ivenack.

Use after 1945

After 1945 the castle first became a resettler home and then served as a retirement and nursing home for the mentally handicapped. The castle, the orangery and the tea house came into the possession of Christian Brueck, managing director of the parquet manufacturer Sanforst Holzveredelung in Stavenhagen in 2000. Together with the community of Ivenack and an agricultural enterprise, the Sanforst company wanted to build a wood-fired combined heat and power plant in the farm buildings of the former Ivenack estate. The parquet manufacturer wanted to use his wood waste there, and the farm wanted to use straw to generate energy. In addition, the Friends of Ivenack Castle e. V., which had set itself the goal of creating a regional education, culture and marketing center Ivenack. However, the project was canceled in April 2005.

While the church was extensively renovated between 1996 and 2004 , the tea house and orangery have not yet been renovated . The renovation of the palace is also making slow progress. The surrounding farm buildings are partially parceled out for residential property. The entire ensemble is classified as a national cultural asset .

The castle and the associated park - including the orangery and tea house - were sold to the Danish businessman Lars Fogh in 2012 as part of a renegotiation for an unsuccessful auction under the fixed minimum bid of 285,000 euros; the purchase price was ultimately “a six-figure sum” . The buyer is now initially planning an "emergency backup" of the ailing building ensemble. A temporarily favored takeover of the historic palace complex by the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or a foundation had previously failed. Fogh had previously renovated the Retzow manor near Rechlin . In 2019, the extensive renovation of the roof structure began, which - like large parts of the building - is affected by dry rot.

description

View of the south facade of the south wing

Ivenack Castle is a two-story, three-wing plastered building with a mansard and hipped roof . The main wing is located in the east, in the south and north side wings form a courtyard open to the west to Lake Ivenacker with a three-axis, gabled central projection . The east side to the park and the church has a way of pilasters gegliedertem, two-axis, triangular übergiebelten central projection and two side projections with two-axle segment arc on gables. The gables of the risalites are decorated with figure friezes. The northwest wing contains the remains of a half-timbered building from the 16th century, probably parts of the first mansion built under Duke Johann VII. The art treasures of the palace building inside include the staircase with three-flight stairs, the wall cupboards in the library, some preserved wall paneling , parquet and chimneys. In the large ballroom, the valuable stucco ceiling has largely been preserved despite the room division .

Stables

The royal stables very close to the castle is a semicircular complex, open to the southeast, with connecting tracts and corner pavilions, the center of which is a two-storey, five-axis plastered building. The royal stables housed the most valuable property of the estate, the riding horses bred in Ivenack ( thoroughbred breeding ). The magnificent stallion Herodotus emerged from the Ivenack stud at the beginning of the 19th century . The qualities of this gray horse were not hidden from Napoleon either, at least he is said to have taken the animal with him on his foray to Paris, from where it only returned after the Wars of Liberation at the instigation of Marshal Blucher . Two horse busts are reminiscent of Herodotus. One hangs on the gable of the Marstall, the other above the door to the riding hall inside the building.

To the east of the castle is the castle park with Ivenack church, tea house and orangery. The cemetery was located in the area north of the church until the end of the 18th century. The orangery is a rectangular plastered building with pilasters, arched windows and a hipped roof. The tea house is a single-storey, nine-axis plastered building, which is also structured with pilasters and covered by a hipped roof.

The historical residential development of Ivenack is essentially related to the castle area. The houses are lined up along the oak avenue leading east from the castle.

  • Segmented arch gable of a corner risalit

  • Triangular gable of the central risalit

  • Detail from the patio door on the south wing

  • Orangery

  • tea house

literature

  • Hubertus Neuschäffer: Mecklenburg's castles and mansions. Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Husum 1993. ISBN 3-88042-534-5 .
  • Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch : Album of Mecklenburg castles and country estates. Volume 1, Section 3: Ivenack, 1860–1862 ( online version in the Lexikus full-text library).
  • René Wiese (ed.): Vormärz and Revolution. The diaries of Grand Duke Friedrich Franz II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. (2014), especially pp. 225-227

Web links

Commons : Schloss Ivenack  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Hubertus Neuschäfer: Mecklenburgs castles and manors. Husum 1991, p. 119.
  2. ^ A b cf. Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch: Album Mecklenburgischer Schlösser und Landgüter. Volume 1 . 1860-1862.
  3. ^ Hubertus Neuschäfer: Mecklenburg's castles and mansions. Husum 1991, p. 118.
  4. ↑ See Hamburg comparison (1701) .
  5. ^ A b Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch: Album Mecklenburgischer Schlösser und Landgüter. Volume 1 . 1860-1862.
  6. ↑ a b Friedrich von Buchwald (translated from the Danish by Valentin August Heinze): Economic and statistical journey through Mecklenburg, Pomerania, Brandenburg and Holstein. Copenhagen 1786.
  7. ↑ On Maltzahn-Plessen'schen lineage: see Worldhistory mwH
  8. ↑ Traugott Mueller: Handbook of real estate in the German Empire - The Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz ( Memento of the original from December 16, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Rostock 1888, p. 102.
  9. ↑ Traugott Mueller: Handbook of real estate in the German Empire - The Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz , Rostock 1888, p. 103.
  10. ↑ So after the death certificate, see archival document of the month April 2020: Register des Horens. The second death register of the registry office Ivenack 1945 , accessed on April 6, 2020; according to other information on May 6th: The Maltza (h) n 1194–1945. The life path of an East German noble family. Ed .: Maltza (h) nscher Familienverein. Cologne, 1979. p. 340.
  11. ^ Ulrich Koglin, Achim Tacke: Landpartie - on the way in the north: Mecklenburg Switzerland, Schlei, Cuxhavener Land, Dümmer . Volume 6, p. 50
  12. ↑ Businessman buys Ivenack Castle . In: ndr.de from November 15, 2012 ( Memento from November 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ No buyer for Ivenack Castle . In: ndr.de from September 28, 2012 ( Memento from July 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ^ Website Schloss Retzow
  15. ^ Website of Ivenack Castle

Coordinates: 53 ° 42 ′ 47 "  N , 12 ° 57 ′ 21"  E