Siward, Earl of Northumbria

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Siward or Sigurd ( Old English Sigeweard , Old Norse Sigurðr digri , † 1055 ) was an important earl in northern England in the 11th century. The Old Norse epithet Digri and its Latin translation grossus (fat) are already assigned to it by almost contemporary texts. Siward was probably of Scandinavian origin, possibly a relative of Ulf Jarl , and appeared during the reign of Canute the Great (1016-1035) as a regional ruler in England. Knut was a Scandinavian ruler who conquered England in the 1010s, and Siward was one of the many Scandinavians who came to England after that conquest. In the following years Siward became subordinate rulers in most of northern England. From 1033 at the latest, Siward had control of southern Northumbria , i.e. today's Yorkshire , and ruled as Earl on behalf of Knuts.

He consolidated his position in northern England by marrying Ælfflæd, the daughter of Ealdred , Earl of Bamburgh . After he was Ealdred's successor Eadwulf III in 1041 . Siward took control of all of Northumbria. He used his power to support the successors of Canute, the kings Hardiknut and Eduard the Confessor , and helped them with advice and vital military aid. He likely gained control of the central English counties of Northampton and Huntingdon in the 1050s , and there is some evidence that he extended his rule towards Northumberland in Cumberland . In the early 1050s, Earl Siward turned against the Scottish King Mac Bethad Mac Findlaich (Macbeth). Despite the death of his son Osbjörn Bulax, Siward defeated Mac Bethad on the field in 1054. More than half a millennium later, his adventure in Scotland secured him a place in William Shakespeare's Macbeth . Siward died in 1055, leaving behind a son, Waltheof , who eventually succeeded him in the Northumbrian government. The St. Olave's Church in York and nearby Heslington Hill (Siward's Howe) are brought in contact with him.

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Source material on Siward's life and career is scarce and there is only a small and possibly unrepresentative amount of information. No contemporary or even approximately contemporary biography has survived, and stories from his time such as the Encomium Emmae Reginae and the Vita Ædwardi Regis hardly mention him; Historians therefore have to rely on some entries in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and comparable Irish sources. Later Anglo-Norman stories may be reliable or unreliable depending on their source material, useful include the Chronicle of John of Worcester (compiled between 1124 and 1140), William of Malmesbury (wrote between 1125 and 1142), Henry of Huntingdon (wrote between about 1133 and 1154), and Ordericus Vitalis (wrote between about 1114 and 1141). Other sources include material attributed to Symeon of Durham (compiled and written between the late 11th and first half of the 12th centuries). Legendary material, such as that from hagiographies or later medieval sources such as John Fordun or Andrew Wyntoun , is generally not considered useful beyond its limited potential to keep earlier source material clean

background

Siward's career in northern England included the reigns of four different monarchs. It began during the reign of Canute the Great, survived that of Harald I and Hardiknut, and ended in the early years of Edward the Confessor. Most important of all was Knut's reign, when so many new politicians came to power that some historians compare it to the Norman conquest five decades later. These "new men" were in the military, mostly with weak hereditary connections to the west Saxon royal family that Knut had deposed. Since Knut ruled several kingdoms in Scandinavia in addition to England, power at the highest level was delegated to such strong men. In England power fell to a handful of newly promoted "Ealdorms" or "Earls" who ruled a Shire or group of Shires on behalf of the King . Siward was, in the words of the historian Robin Fleming , "the third man in Knut's new triumvirate of the counts", alongside Godwin of Wessex and Leofwine of Mercia .

Northern England was a very different region from the rest of the country in the 11th century. The former Kingdom of Northumbria stretched from the mouths of the Humber and Mersey rivers north to the Firth of Forth , where it touched the western Kingdom of Strathclyde and the Kingdom of Alba in Scotland. Northumbria had only been united with the West Saxon Kingdom of England by King Eadred in the 950s ; subsequent control was exercised by at least two Ealdorms, one in the north and one in the south of the tea . The former is connected to the Bamburgh fortress , the latter to the great Roman city of York. It was a politically fragmented region. The western part, from Lancashire to Cumberland , was mainly inhabited by Gael and Northmen , while the rest of Northumberland was ruled by regional Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian magnates - Thane , Haulds and High-reeves - relatively independent of the Ealdorms. One such example was the magnate Thurbrand , a Hauld in Yorkshire, probably headquartered in Holderness , whose family was often at odds with the ruling counts at Bamburgh.

ancestors

Historians generally claim that Siward is of Scandinavian origin, a conclusion supported by the Vita Ædwardi Regis , which says that Siward was called Digri in the Danish language ( Danica lingua Digara ). Legendary material contained in the Vita et passio Waldevi-Komitis (or simply Vita Waldevi ), the hagiographic biography of Siward's son Waltheof, says that Siward was the son of a Scandinavian count named Björn and provides a genealogy that claims that he was the descendant of a polar bear - a commonplace of Germanic folklore.

"The stories of the ancients tell us that Ursus (a certain nobleman whom the Lord allowed to create from a white bear as father and a noblewoman as mother, contrary to what normally happens in the conception of humans) fathered Spratlingus , Spratlingus begat Ulfius and Ulfius begat Beorn , surnamed Beresune wore, meaning "bear son." This Beorn was Danish of origin, a respected Graf and famous soldier. As a sign that he belonged to a different species because a portion of its descent, had Nature gave him the ears of his father's line, namely those of a bear, in all other marks he was of his mother's appearance, and after much manly deeds and military adventures he begat a son, a proven imitator of strength and military prowess His father's name was Siward, nicknamed "Diere", which means "the fat one".

Historian Timothy Bolton has argued that the similarities between these genealogies are evidence of a common family tradition between the descendants of Siward and Thorgil Sprakling . Bolton hypothesized that Siwards' alleged father Bjorn was likely a historical figure, a brother of Thorgil Sprakling. Siward would then have been the cousin of Ulf Jarl, the Jarl of Denmark, who married Knut's sister Estrith and founded the dynasty of Danish monarchs, who eventually succeeded Knut. Bolton argued that the Sprakling family had only recently gained prominence in Scandinavia, and so Siward's career in England was another indication of the family's success in Scandinavian politics.

The Vita Waldevi provides further legendary details of Siward's journey from Scandinavia to England. According to the Vita, Siward traveled to Orkney and killed a dragon there before moving on to Northumbria. There he met another dragon before meeting an Odin- like old man on a hill who gave him a raven banner and instructed him to go to London and receive the patronage of the King of England.

Career under Knut, Harald and Hardiknut

The exact date and context of Siward's arrival in England are unknown, although the Vita Waldevi offers a legendary account that mentions King Edward the Confessor and his wife Edith of Wessex , the daughter of Earl Godwin , as well as a proven magnate named Tostig - but not Tostig Godwinson , who was active during this time. Since Eduard the Confessor did not become king until 1042, but Siward is documented much earlier, this story, like others in Vita Waldevi, is considered a fantasy product:

“After a short conversation, the king ( Edward the Confessor ) took him into his service and promised him the first worthy position that would become vacant in his kingdom. Siward then said goodbye, and he and his men made their way back to London. On the bridge not far from the monastery ( Westminster Abbey ) he met the Danish native Tosti, Earl of Huntingdon , whom the king hated because he had married Earl Godwin's daughter, the queen's sister ( Edith of Wessex ). The Earl crossed the footbridge so close to Siward that he stained his coat with his filthy feet; because back then it was fashionable to wear a coat without a cord to hold it up. Then blood rushed to his heart; however, he held himself back from taking revenge on the spot, for the shame was inflicted on him by someone on his way to the king's hall. But he stayed with his men at the same bridge until Tosti came back from the king; then he drew his sword, cut off Tosti's head, and went back with him under his cloak into the king's hall. Here, according to his promise, he asked that the county of Huntingdon be given to him. But since the count had just left him, the king thought he was just joking. Then Siward related his deed and threw his head at the king's feet as sure proof. The king then kept his promise and immediately proclaimed him Earl of Huntingdon; ... A few days later the Northmen began to attack the empire. The king was now in a state of uncertainty and pondered with the great men of his kingdom which means should be used; and they unanimously assigned Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland Earl Siward, and the King enfeoffed him with the Earldom over them. "

Documents from 1019, 1024, 1032, 1033, and 1035 mention a Si [ge] was minister or the " Thegn Siward," but it is impossible to identify with certainty any of these names with the man who became the Earl of Northumbria. The earliest certain contemporary mention of Siward is a document from King Knut to Ælfric Puttoc , Archbishop of York , from the year 1033. Siward can be identified in this document as he is referred to as "Dux".

Although it is clear that Siward was 1033 Earl, he could have reached the position earlier. His predecessor Eric av Hlathir last appeared in historical sources in 1023, leaving a ten-year gap during which Siward could have taken his position. Although William of Malmesbury claimed that Erik had been driven back to Scandinavia, Scandinavian tradition held that he died in England. Historian William Kapelle believed that Erik ceased to be an earl in or soon after 1023, and that Carl, son of Thurbrand the Hold, was made Hauld or High-Reeve ( heahgerefa ) for the king in Yorkshire. Carl retained that position, it was argued, even after Siward was made Count a few years later. From then on, however, he was more of a deputy to the count than to the king. Richard A. Fletcher remained skeptical on the point, though he argued that Erik must have died by 1028. Although Timothy Bolton rejected Kapelle's argument regarding Carl, he believed that Erik died around 1023 and that the county may have remained vacant for a while. Bolton argued that Canute left the county of Northumbria empty and it appears that he paid little attention to it until the last few years of his government, so that Ealdred II of Bamburgh , another son of Uhtred , came to power in the political vacuum .

When Knut died in 1035, there were several rival contenders for the throne, including his son Hardiknut , Harold Harefoot , and Alfred Ætheling and Edward , the exiled sons of Æthelred the Unready . Hardiknut, isolated in Scandinavia, could not prevent Harold Harefoot from conquering the crown for himself, who ruled England from 1035 and died in 1040 the moment Hardiknut was preparing an invasion. Arriving shortly after Harold's death, Harthacnut ruled England for only two years until his own death in 1042. This death led to the peaceful transition to Edward. Frank Barlow speculated on Siward's political stance, suggesting that Siward "took a position of benevolent or cautious neutrality during these upheavals.

Siward is mentioned in 1038 as Sywardus Comes (Count Siward) as a witness to a document from King Hardiknut to the Abbey of St Edmund . He witnessed a confirmation that Hadiknut of Fécamp Abbey in 1040 and 1042 gave to an earlier permit granted by Knut. In 1042 he testified to Hardiknut's donations to Abingdon Abbey and Bishop Ælfwine of Winchester .

Siward was married to Ælfflæd, daughter of Ealdred II of Bamburgh and granddaughter of Earl Uhtred of Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle claims that in 1041 Eadulf III. Bernicia , Earl of Bamburgh, was "betrayed" by King Hardiknut. The "betrayal" seems to have been committed by Siward, for when the Libellus de exordio and other sources write of the same event they say that Siward attacked and killed Eadulf. So Siward became Count of all Northumbria, perhaps the first person since Uhtred. It is possible that Siward used Ælfflæd's lineage to claim Bamburgh County for himself, although it is unclear whether the marriage took place before or after Eadulf's death by Siward. Kapelle has pointed out that no ruler from Bamburgh to Uhtred is attested at the English royal court, which in his view "must mean" that they were "in rebellion" against the monarchy and that Siward's attack may therefore have been encouraged by a monarch who wanted to destroy a rebellious or disloyal vassal. Siward probably also pursued his own interests. Eadulf's death eliminated his main rival in the north, and the marriage linked him to the von Uhtred family and to his surviving son Gospatric .

There may also be a connection between the murder of Eadulf and events further south. For the same year, the Chronicle of John of Worcester tells that Siward participated in reprisal against the city and monastery of Worcester for an attack on two of Hardiknut's tax collectors. Hardiknut ruled for another year and died on June 8, 1042. The exiled English ætheling Edward followed. As an ætheling , a royal prince with a present or probable future claim to the throne, Edward appears to have been invited by Hardiknut in 1041 to smooth the impending change of the throne. Edward was crowned king on Easter 1043, April 3rd.

England under Edward the Confessor

Relations between Siward and King Edward appear to have been good. Neither Siward nor any of Siward's allies were punished by Edward in later years. In fact, Siward appears to have been one of Edward's most powerful supporters. On November 16, 1043 Siward, together with the Earls Godwin of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia , as well as King Edward against his mother Emma of Normandy , helped the king to rob the queen of her huge treasury. Edward then accused Emma of high treason and deposed Stigand , Bishop of Elmham , "for being closest to his mother's advisors".

Norman propagandist and historian, William of Poitiers , claimed that Siward was among those who swore an oath to uphold Edward's alleged declaration that William , Duke of Normandy, was his heir. Others alleged to have taken this oath were the Earls Godwin of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, and Stigand, who was pardoned in 1044 and made Bishop of Winchester in 1047 . If so, it was likely during or just before the spring of 1051 when Robert von Jumièges , Archbishop of Canterbury , traveled to Rome for his pallium .

1051 mobilized Siward together with the Earls Leofric and Ralph the Timid forces to defend the king against a revolt by Earl Godwin and his sons. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that Siward had to call in reinforcements, but King Edward succeeded and Earl Godwin was temporarily exiled. Earl Godwin remained a threat even in exile, and the continued "military support" of Siward and Leofric was therefore vital to the safety of King Edward. However, it was apparently the reluctance of these two earls to fight Earl Godwin that contributed to the re-establishment of Godwin in England in 1052.

There is evidence that Siward expanded its power southward, taking control of the Northampton Shire in the 1040s and the Huntingdon Shire in the 1050s. The evidence comes from royal writs addressed to Siward as a count in these counties. Siwards predecessors as counts in these areas were other Scandinavians, Thuri and Björn , the son of Ulf Jarl ; the former was known as the "Earl of the Midlanders" ("Comes Mediterraneorum"), which shows that this county was the former community of the Central Angling of Mercia . It was to this area, and not Northumbria, that Siward's descendants were most attached.

It has also been argued that Siward brought Cumberland , which some historians had lost to Strathclyde , back under northern Umbrian rule. The evidence comes from a document known to historians as "Gospatric's Writ," a written instruction given by either Gospatric, future Earl of Northumbria, or Gospatric, son of Earl Uhtred, and given to all Gospatric Kindreds and dignitaries who resided in "all the countries that were Cumbrian" ( on eallun þam landann þeo Cōmbres ); she commanded that a Thorfinn mac Thore should be free in all things ( þ Thorfynn mac Thore beo swa freo in eallan ðynges ), and that no one should break the peace given by Gospatric and Earl Siward. Historians such as Charles Phythian-Adams believed that such language suggested that Siward conquered the region from its previous rulers, while others, such as William Kapelle, believed that whoever lost the region - whoever lost it - was back under English before Siward's time Superiority came.

A little can be said about Siward's relationship with the Church of northern Umbri, especially with regard to his relationship with the Bishop of Durham . As a result of Siward's marriage to Ælfflæd, Siward came into possession of a group of estates in Teesside claimed by the Bishops of Durham. The acquisition of these estates may have generated opposition from the Bishop of Durham, but the incumbent Æthelric had been evicted by the Durham clergy in 1045 or 1046 and could only return, according to the Libellus de Exordio , by bribing Siward. According to the Libellus , the clergy were "terrified and overwhelmed by the terrible power of the count" and "forced to reconcile with the bishop and leave him in his bishopric". Even so, Siward escaped criticism in the writings of later Durham monks, suggesting that Siward-Durham relations in general were likely to be good.

Siward has witnessed numerous documents during Edward's reign, though not as many as the Godwinsons; Siward is usually third on the earl list, behind Godwin and Leofric, but ahead of Godwin's sons and the other earls. He testified of at least seven, possibly nine still existing documents in 1044, six or seven in 1045, two in 1046, one in 1048 and one in 1049. A Dux ("earl") named Sihroþ and Sihroð testified in 1050 two documents which could be Siward. There is another evidence from 1050, and his name appears on two dubious lists of witnesses attached to deeds from 1052 and 1054. Siward's last historical appearance in English legal documents may be included in the agreement - likely in Lincoln, Lincolnshire - between Wulfwig , Bishop of Dorchester , and Earl Leofric, dating between 1053 and 1055.

Campaign against the Scots

"About this time Siward, the mighty Earl of Northumbria, almost a giant of greatness, very strong mentally and physically, sent his son to conquer Scotland. When they returned and told his father that he had been killed in battle, asked." he: “Has he got his fatal wound on the front or back of his body?” The messengers said, “On the front.” Then he said, 'I'm very pleased because I don't consider any other death worthy of me or my son.' Then Siward made his way to Scotland and defeated the king in battle, destroyed the whole empire, and subjugated it to itself after destroying it. "

Siward is perhaps best known for his expedition in 1054 against Mac Bethad (Macbeth), King of Scotland , an expedition that cost Siward his eldest son, Osbjorn Bulax. The origin of Siward's conflict with the Scots is unclear. According to "Libellus de Exordio", 1039 or 1040, the Scottish King Donnchad mac Crínáin attacked northern Northumbria and besieged Durham . Within a year, Mac had deposed and killed Bethad Donnchad. The failed siege occurred a year before Siward attacked and killed Earl Eadulf of Bamburgh, and while no link is apparent between the two events, it is likely that they are related.

The “Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham”, written in the early 12th century, record under the year 1046 that “Earl Siward came to Scotland with a great army, driving out King Mac Bethad, and appointing another; but obtained after his departure Mac Bethad returned his kingdom. " Historian William Kapelle thought that this was a real event of the 1040s, combined with an entry in the "Annals of Tigernach" for 1045 reporting a "battle between Scots" that resulted in the death of Crínán von Dunkeld , the father Donnchads. Kapelle believed Siward tried to put Crínán's son and Donnchad's brother Maldred on the Scottish throne. Another historian, Alex Woolf, argued that the entry in the "Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham" likely referred to the invasion of Siward in 1054, but was incorrectly dated to 1046.

During the invasion of 1054, somewhere in Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, a battle known as the "Battle of the Dormouse" or the "Battle of Dunsinane" was fought. The lore that the battle actually took place at Dunsinane Hill has its origins in later medieval legend. The earliest mention of Dunsinane as the site of battle is in the early 15th century by Andrew Wyntoun . The first contemporary mention of the battle is in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:

Her ferde Siward eolr mid miclum here on Scotland, ægðer ge mid scyphere 7 mid landfyrde, 7 feaht wið Scottas, 7 aflymde þone kyng Macbeoðen, 7 ofsloh eall þæt þær betst wæs miclum here on þam lande, 7 lærele here nanhu eonane sw manhu swonane onane anonane þonane þone kyng Macbeoðen begeat,
ac his sunu Osbarn, 7 his sweostor suna Sihward, 7 of his huscarlum 7 eac þæs cynges wurdon þær ofslægene on þone dæg Septem Dormientium.

“At that time Count Siward went to Scotland with a large army, both with a fleet and with land forces; and fought against the Scots and put the king Mac Bethad to flight and killed all the best in the country and brought from there much spoils of war as no one had ever obtained before; "

"And on the Day of the Seven Sleepers (July 27th) his son Osbjörn and the son of his sister Siward and some of his Huscarl (bodyguards) and also the king were killed."

John of Worcester, using a related version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, adds that Normans named Osbern Pentecost and Hugh, who had earlier joined Mac Bethad after fleeing England, were killed in battle.

The battle is also mentioned in Irish chronicles, briefly in the Annals of Tigernach , more fully in the Annals of Ulster :

Cath eter firu Alban & Saxanu i torchradur tri mile do Feraib Alban & mile co leth do Shaxanaib in Dolfinn m. Finntuir.

“A battle [was fought] between the men of Scotland and the English; and in it fell 3,000 men from Scotland and 1,500 Englishmen, including Dolfin, Finntur's son. "

Dolfin is not identified, but may have been a relative of Mac Bethad's enemy, Crínán von Dunkeld, on the basis that some of Crínán's descendants might have carried this name.

The purpose of Siwards' invasion is unclear, but it may be related to the identity of the "Máel Coluim" (Malcolm) mentioned in the sources. The early 12th century Chronicle, attributed to John of Worcester, reports, probably using an earlier source, that Siward defeated Mac Bethad and made "Máel Coluim, son of the Cumbrian King" a king ( Malcolmum, regis Cumbrorum filium, ut rex jusserat, regem constituit ). The identity of Máel Coluim and the reasons for Siward's help are controversial. The traditional historical interpretation was that "Máel Coluim" is identical to Máel Coluim mac Donnchada , now known as Malcolm III. or Malcolm Canmore, and that Siward was trying to oust Mac Bethad in his favor.

This traditional historical interpretation derives from the chronicle attributed to the 14th century Scottish chronicler John Fordun, as well as earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury. The latter reports that Mac Bethad was killed in the Battle of Siward, but it is known that Mac Bethad Siward survived by two years. Archie Duncan argued in 2002 that later authors, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry, unintentionally misidentified Máel Coluim's "son of the Cumbrian king" with the later Scottish king of the same name. Duncan's argument is supported by several later historians who specialized in the era, such as Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun, and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim was a son of the British King of Strathclyde, Owain Foel, possibly by a daughter of Máel Coluim II , King of Scotland.

Duncan believes that the Battle of the Edible Sleepers did not immediately result in a change of power in the Kingdom of Scotland. It has been suggested that the main consequence of Siwards' expedition was not the fall of Mac Bethad, but the surrender of British territory - perhaps previously under Scottish suzerainty - to northern Umbrian suzerainty. Alex Woolf has postulated that in such a context, Máel Coluim could have been a disaffected Cumbrian prince who was forced to "place himself under English protection". Evidence of North Umbrian control of Strathclyde during this period is the 11th century North Umbrian masonry found on the site of Glasgow Cathedral and early 12th century claims by the Archdiocese of York that Archbishop Cynesige (1051-1060) ordained two bishops of Glasgow .

Death and legacy

"Siward, the imperturbable count who was ravaged by dysentery , felt that death was at hand and said: 'How shameful it is that I, who could not die in so many battles, should be for the shameful death [according to Art] a cow should have been saved! At least dress me in my impenetrable breastplate, gird myself with my sword, put my helmet on my head, my shield in my left hand, my gilded battle ax in my right, so that I, the bravest soldier, may die like a soldier. ' He spoke and armed as he had requested, he gave up his ghost with honor. ”(A description of Siwards death from the Historia Anglorum by Heinrich von Huntingdon)

Heinrich von Huntingdon, the historian of the 12th century, reports in his Historia Anglorum that when Siward was attacked by dysentery, he feared dying “like a cow” and, since he would rather die like a soldier, he pulled one Put on armor and picked up an ax and shield. In this way ennobled, Siward died. This anecdote is of dubious historicity and is believed to be derived from the saga dedicated to Warl Siward, now lost. The Vita Ædwardi Regis explains that Siward died in York and was buried in the "Convent of St. Olaf" in Galmanho , an assertion confirmed by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, John of Worcester's Historia Regum.

Material from two extant sources is believed by some to be evidence of the existence of a lost saga or other literary tradition about Siward's life. The first source is the Vita et Passio Waldevi , a hagiographic story a hagiographic story of Siward's cult-inspired son Waltheof. This text contains a report about Waltheof's paternal origin and tells of certain adventures of his father Siward. The second significant testimony to this tradition is Heinrich von Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum, which contains excerpts from saga-like material relating to Siwards' invasion of Scotland (1054) and his death (1055). Anglo-Saxonist Frank Merry Stenton stated that Siward was "not a statesman, but a Danish warrior of the primitive type". Writers from half a century after his death remembered Siward as a powerful ruler who brought peace and suppressed robbers.

Siward died more than a decade before Edward the Confessor, yet the Domesday Book lists four estates, three in Yorkshire and one in Derbyshire, which Earl Siward owned directly in 1066 and later owned by Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester . The value of these estates is given as £ 212 while his son Waltheof owned land worth £ 136 in nine counties. The Domesday records, however, give an incomplete picture of Siward's possessions. In total, they list a fortune to Siward and his son worth £ 348, which contrasts poorly with the £ 2,493 value owned by the Earls of Mercia family. Of the latter, Morcar of Mercia, Earl of Northumbria, owned land worth £ 968 on the day of King Edward's death, while Tostig, Earl in exile at the time, had land worth £ 491; both may have acquired Siwards Land when they became Earls of Northumbria. In addition, the counties that would become Durham , Northumberland , Cumberland and Westmorland were largely excluded from the survey, while lands in Yorkshire were not only very poorly documented, but badly devastated and devalued during the Harrying of the North .

Siward is said to have built a church dedicated to Saint Olaf in Galmanho, York. The record of his burial in this church is the only report of a non-royal lay burial in a church in pre-Norman England. Siward's Howe, now at Heslington Hill near York, was most likely named after Earl Siward, although Siward probably held court days there rather than being his burial place.

A son of Siwards is known to have survived him, Waltheof, whose mother was Ælfflæd. Waltheof later became an Earl in the East Midlands before becoming Earl of Northumbria. However, when Waltheof rebelled against William the Conqueror, this led to his execution and subsequent veneration as a saint in Croyland Abbey . Waltheof's daughter married David I of Scotland , making Siward the ancestor of the later Scottish and British monarchs.

It is known that, in addition to Ælfflæd, Siward was married to a woman named Godgifu who died before Siward. The marriage is known from a donation in which it transferred land around Stamford, Lincolnshire to Peterborough Abbey . Although no surviving children are recorded and no source gives the name of Osbjörns mother, this marriage nonetheless opened up the possibility that Waltheof and Osbjorn were born to different mothers, and William Kapelle suggested that Siward originally intended to give Osbjörns the southern territory inheritance, while Waltheof was to get those areas in the north that were connected to his mother Ælfflæd's family.

literature

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Remarks

  1. ↑ The English Siward or Sigeweard was related to the only Old Norse name, which was spelled variously as Sigvarðr and Sigurðr ; see. Holman, Northern Conquest , p. 103; Munch / Goss (eds.), Chronica regum Manniae et Insularum , Volume 1, p. 140; Stevenson, Simeon of Durham , p. 119. He is known in Latin as Siwardus .
  2. ↑ Barlow (ed.), Life of King Edward , p. 35 (= Vita Ædwardi , I. 3); Aird, "Siward"
  3. ^ Gransden, Historical Writing , p. 144
  4. ↑ Thomson, "Malmesbury, William of"
  5. ^ Gransden, Historical Writing , p. 194
  6. ^ Gransden, Historical Writing , p. 152
  7. ↑ For a discussion of the sources from this period, see Lawson, Cnut , pp. 39–80, and Gransden, Historical Writing , passim ; for a particularly relevant analysis, see the sources used by Duncan, Kingship , pp. 33-43 and Woolf, Pictland to Alba , pp. 248-71
  8. ↑ The texts in question are the Historia Regum , the Libellus de exordio , De primo Saxonum adventu , and De obsessione Dunelmi ; the Libellus de exordio seems to have been written by Symeon, for the current discussion see Rollason, Symeon of Durham , pp. xlii – l, lxxvii – xci, et passim
  9. ↑ Duncan, Kingship , passim; Broun, Scottish Independence , passim
  10. ↑ a b E.G. Fleming, Kings and Lords , pp. 21-52
  11. ↑ Lawson, Cnut , pp. 81-102; Sawyer, "" Cnut's Scandinavian empire, "pp. 10-22
  12. ↑ For a list and discussion of Knuts Earls, see Keynes, "Cnut's Earls," pp. 43-88; the term was interchangeable with the Scandinavian word during Knut's reign, which replaced the former by the end of the 11th century (Crouch, Image of the Aristocracy , pp. 46-50)
  13. ↑ a b Fleming, Kings and Lords , p. 49
  14. ^ Lewis, "Introduction", p. 6; Woolf, Pictland to Alba , pp. 232-40
  15. ↑ Rollason, Northumbria , pp. 65-66; Woolf, Pictland to Alba , pp. 190, 211
  16. ↑ Fletcher, Bloodfeud , passim; Chapel, Norman Conquest , passim
  17. ↑ Bolton, Empire of Cnut , pp. 109-118
  18. ↑ Bolton, Empire of Cnut , pp. 114-117; Fletcher, Bloodfeud , passim
  19. ↑ Barlow (Ed.), Life of King Edward , pp. 34-35
  20. ^ A b Michel, Chroniques Anglo-Normandes , Volume 2, 1836, p. 104, Rauer, Beowulf and the Dragon , pp. 162-63
  21. ↑ A collection of such reports can be found in Panzer, Beowulf , Volume 1, pp. 16–29; Axel Olrik established the correspondence between the Siwards genealogy and two others: The genealogy of the Saxo Grammaticus of King Sven Estridsson of Denmark and the genealogy of Sven's brother Björn Jarl in Johannes von Worcester (Axel Olrik, "Siward Digri of Northumberland", p. 218-219, 234, in: "Saga Book of the Viking club", VI, pp. 212-237, ISSN  0305-9219 ; Darlington, McGurk, Bray (eds.) "Chronicle of John of Worcester", Volume 2, Pp. 548-549; Christiansen, "Saxo Grammaticus", Volume 1, pp. 29-30). Saxo reports that Thorgil Sprakling (i.e. "Spratlingus"), the father of Ulf Jarl (i.e. "Ulfius"), father of Björn and Sven, was similarly born to a she-bear (Christiansen, "Saxo Grammaticus", Volume 1, p. 190). Saxo may have used Siwards 'history and genealogy when writing his report on Sprakling (Olrik, p. 234, noted in No. 1 that the name of Siwards' son "Osbjörn" ("Bear Spirit") reinforces the notion that Siwards Father was actually called Björn); alternatively, the earlier version in Johannes von Worcester could have been the source for both (Christiansen, Saxo Grammaticus , Volume 1, p. 190, who nevertheless believes that Saxo might have had access to the "Vita Waldevi" or the sources behind it).
  22. ↑ "Tradunt relaciones antiquorum quod vir quidam nobilis, quem Dominus pemisit, contra solitum ordinem humanae propaginis, es quodam albo urso patre, muliere generosa matre, procreari, Ursus genuit Spratlingum; Spratlingus Ulsium"; Ulsius Beorn, cognomentius ursi ". Hic Beorn Dacus fuit natione, comes egregius et miles illustris. In signum autem illius diversitatis speciei ex parte generantium, produxerat ei natura paternas auriculas, sive ursi. In aliis autem, post multas virtutis ac milicieexperiencie paterne, filium fortinerne probum imitatorem. Noun autem huic Siuuardius. " (in the margin: "cognomen Diere, id est grossus")
  23. ↑ Bolton, "Ancestors of the Danish Royal Family?", Pp. 42-71
  24. ^ Bolton, "Ancestors of the Danish Royal Family?", P. 71
  25. ↑ See Rauer, Beowulf and the Dragon , pp. 128, 131, for discussion of the raven banner and the old man on the hill as Odin; Siwards killing dragons is comparable to killing his namesake, Sigurd the dragon slayer
  26. ↑ Michel, Chroniques Anglo-Normandes , Volume 2, p. 104; Rauer, Beowulf and the Dragon , pp. 125-33, 162-66
  27. ^ Aird, "Siward"; Bartlett, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings , pp. 33-34; Axel Olrik, Siward Digri of Northumberland , Saga Book of the Viking Club, VI, pp. 212-237, ISSN  0305-9219 ; Harmer, Anglo-Saxon Writs , pp. 303-04
  28. ↑ A saga-like description of Siward's rise to power in England, based on Vita Waldevi and the translation by Axel Olrik, pp. 215–216: “Sywardus autem annuit reverenter; et cum rege non nimio habito sermone, retinuit eum rex in servicio suo; cui promisit se primum honorem collaturum qui in regno suo ad manus ejus diveniret. Quo facto, licencia a rege impetrata, Siwardus cum sociis suis versus Londonias pedes profectus est; cui super pontem quemdam, a Westmonasterio non longe distantem, obviabat comes de Huntedonia, Tosti nomine, Dacu nacione. Rex autem eundem habuit odio, quia duxerat in uxorem filiam comitis Godwini, sororem regine. Dictus vero comes adeo super ponticulum illum se Syuuardo approximavit quod pelles ejus pedibus suis lutosis defecavi: mos itaque erat nobilibus tunc [108] temporis pellibus uti absque panno. Cujus rei causa sanguis circa cor ejus accensus, eum in iram vehementem exarsit. Temperabatur autem, nec confestim ad vindictam properabat, quia dedecus illud ei fuit illatum cum inferens versus curiam domini sui proficisceretur. Sustinebat autem suoer eundem ponticulum, cum sociis suis immobilis existens, qouusque dictus Tosti a curia rediret; quo redeunte, Sywardus, extracto gladio, ei caput amputavit, quod sub pellibus qjus in manu gestans ad curiam reversus est; et rogavit regem ut, juxta poliicitacionem regiam, ei conferret dominum et honorem de Huntedonia, quam tunc a domino vacare asserebat. Rex autem admirans, quia comes seine paulo ante ab eo rexesserat, credidit sermones ejus plus joculacionis continere quam veritatis. Ad hec Sywardus ejus interitum asserens, in singnum infallibile rei geste, ante pedes regis capud abcisum projectit; et rex confestim, juxta promissum suum, quod inviolabile voluit observare, contulit ei honorem de Huntedonia et eundem inde investuit. ... [109] Postea vero, aliquibus annorum circulis revolutis, accitid quod Norrenses guerram moverunt regi, qui vacillando hesetabat quid sibi melius foret facturum; qui tandem, animo et consilio concordi, Northumberlandiam, Cumberlandiam, Wesmerilandiam comiti Sywardo contulit, eundem comitem inde investiando. "(Francisque Michel, Chroniques anglo-normandes , Volume 2, pp. 107-109)
  29. ↑ Keynes, "Cnut's Earls," p. 65; some of the Danish Counts Knuts are most likely to appear as ministers , see ibid., pp. 54–66
  30. ↑ a b Aird, "Siward"; Keynes, "Cnut's Earls," pp. 65-66; see Sawyer 968 ( on Anglo-Saxons.net, accessed March 13, 2013 )
  31. ^ Aird, "Siward"; Kapelle, Norman Conquest , p. 23; Fletcher, Bloodfeud , p. 131; Keynes, "Cnut's Earls," p. 66; Rollason, Northumbria , p. 267
  32. ↑ Keynes, "Cnut's Earls," p. 58
  33. ↑ Kapelle, Norman Conquest , p. 23
  34. ↑ Fletcher, Bloodfeud , pp. 121, 131
  35. ↑ Bolton, Empire of Cnut , pp. 119-122
  36. ↑ Bolton, Empire of Cnut , pp. 122-25
  37. ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 48; see idem pp. 28–53 for an overview
  38. ^ A b Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 53
  39. ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 57
  40. ↑ Sawyer 995 on Anglo-Saxons.net, March 13, 2013 Retrieved on ; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations , Plate LXIX
  41. ^ Sawyer 982 on Anglo-Saxons-net, accessed March 13, 2009 ; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations , Plate LXIX
  42. ^ Sawyer 993 on Anglo-Saxons-net, accessed March 13, 2009 ; Sawyer 994 on Anglo-Saxons-net, accessed March 13, 2009 ; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations , Plate LXIX
  43. ↑ a b Aird, "Siward"
  44. ↑ ASC MSs C , D , s. a. 1041
  45. ↑ Rollason (ed.), Libellus de Exordio , pp. 170–71
  46. ^ Morris, Marriage and Murder , p. 14
  47. ↑ Chapel, Norman Conquest , p. 24
  48. ^ Aird, St Cuthbert , p. 53
  49. ^ Aird, "Siward"; Whitelock (Ed.), English Historical Documents , p. 318
  50. ↑ ætheling as a name for an Anglo-Saxon king's son
  51. ↑ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , pp. 48-49
  52. ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 61
  53. ↑ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , pp. 76-77
  54. ↑ ASC MS D , s. a. 1043; Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 76; Baxter, Earls of Mercia , p. 39
  55. ↑ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , pp. 76-77, and No. 1 on p. 1, for the quotation from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS C
  56. ↑ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 107, no. 1. The passage is a quotation from ibid , p. 222
  57. ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 78
  58. ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 107
  59. ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 107; Mason, House of Godwine , 63
  60. ↑ ASC MS D , s. a. 1051; Barlow, Edward the Confessor , pp. 107-14
  61. ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 119
  62. ↑ Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 119; Williams, "Godwine"
  63. ↑ Anderson, Early Sources , p. 595 (No. 1 of p. 594); Cain, "Introduction", p. 31; Chapel, Norman Conquest , p. 29
  64. ^ Anderson, Early Sources , p. 595
  65. ↑ Anderson, Early Sources , pp. 595-96; Barlow, Edward the Confessor , p. 89, no. 5; Williams, "Cockles amongst the Wheat", pp. 11, 20, No. 61
  66. ↑ Anderson, Early Sources , pp. 596-97
  67. ^ Phythian-Adams, Land of the Cumbrians , pp. 109, 148
  68. ↑ Harmer (Ed.), Anglo-Saxon Writs , No. 121, pp. 419-23; Kapelle, Norman Conquest , pp. 42-43; Phythian-Adams, Land of the Cumbrians , pp. 109, 148
  69. ^ Phythian-Adams, Land of the Cumbrians , p. 181
  70. ^ Kapelle, Norman Conquest , p. 43
  71. ↑ Harmer (Ed.), Anglo-Saxon Writs , pp. 423-4
  72. ^ Phythian-Adams, Land of the Cumbrians , pp. 131-52, 174-81
  73. ↑ Kapelle, Norman Conquest , pp. 43–44; Phythian-Adams, Land of the Cumbrians , pp. 131-52, 174-81
  74. ↑ Aird, St Cuthbert , p. 53; Morris, Marriage and Murder , pp. 4-5
  75. ↑ Aird, St Cuthbert , pp. 53-54; Rollason (Ed.), Libellus de Exordio , p. 171
  76. ↑ Rollason (ed.), Libellus de Exordio , p. 171
  77. ^ Aird, St Cuthbert , p. 54
  78. ↑ For an overview see Keynes, Atlas of Attestations , Plate LXXIV
  79. ↑ Sawyer 1001 ; Sawyer 1006 ; Sawyer 1006 ; Sawyer 1004 ; Sawyer 1003 ; Sawyer 1002 ; Sawyer 1044 ; Sawyer 1391 ; Sawyer 1011 ; Sawyer 1010 ; Sawyer 1012 ; Sawyer 1007 ; Sawyer 1008 ; Sawyer 1009 ; Sawyer 1014 ; Sawyer 1015 ; Sawyer 1055 ; Sawyer 1017 ; Sawyer 1019 ; on Anglo-Saxons.net, accessed March 13, 2013; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations , Plate LXXIV
  80. ↑ Sawyer 1022 ; Sawyer 1020 ; on Anglo-Saxons.net, accessed March 13, 2013; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations , Table LXXIV
  81. ↑ Sawyer 1021 ; Sawyer 1023 ; on Anglo-Saxons.net, accessed March 13, 2013; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations , Plate LXXIV
  82. ↑ Sawyer 1478 ; on Anglo-Saxons.net, accessed March 13, 2013; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations , Plate LXXIV
  83. ↑ Greenway, Henry of Huntingdon , p. 21 - A description of Osbjörn's death and Siward's reaction, from Heinrich von Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum
  84. ↑ Aird, St Cuthbert , p. 53; Rollason (ed.), Libellus de Exordio , p. 169; Woolf, Pictland to Alba , pp. 254-255
  85. ↑ Aird, St Cuthbert , p. 53; Woolf, Pictland to Alba , p. 255
  86. ↑ Aird, St Cuthbert , p. 53; Woolf, Pictland to Alba , pp. 254-55
  87. ↑ Anderson, Scottish Annals , p. 84
  88. ^ Chapel, Norman Conquest , p. 46
  89. ↑ Woolf, Pictland to Alba , p 259
  90. ^ Aitchison, Macbeth , p. 90
  91. ↑ Aitchison, Macbeth , p. 90; Duncan, Kingship , pp. 35-36; see Aitchison, Macbeth , pp. 172-73, for discussion of Dunsinane as a possible site of battle.
  92. ↑ ASC MS D , s. a. 1054; Transfer based on the English translation by Anderson, Scottish Annals , pp. 86-87
  93. ↑ Darlington, McGurk, Bray (Eds.), Chronicle of John of Worcester , Vol. 2, pp. 572 No. 2, 573, 574 No. 12, 575
  94. ↑ Annals of Ulster, see 1054 ; Translated from the English translation by Anderson, Early Sources , Volume 1, p. 593
  95. ↑ Aitchison, Macbeth , p. 89; The relationship depends on whether Crinán, grandfather of Gospatric, Earl of Northumberland, is equated with Crínán von Dunkeld, which is controversial today; see. Woolf, Pictland to Alba , pp. 249-52 and no. 39
  96. ↑ Darlington, McGurk, Bray (Eds.), Chronicle of John of Worcester , Vol. 2, pp. 574-75; see also Woolf, Pictland to Alba , p. 261, no. 59
  97. ↑ See e.g. B. Ritchie, Normans , p. 5, or Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England , p. 570
  98. ↑ Broun, "Identity of the Kingdom", pp. 133-34; Duncan, Kingship , p. 40
  99. ↑ Oram, David I , p. 29
  100. ↑ Duncan, Kingship , pp. 37-41
  101. ↑ Broun, "Identity of the Kingdom", p. 134; Oram, David I , pp. 18-20; Woolf, Pictland to Alba , p. 262
  102. ^ Duncan, Kingship , p. 41
  103. ↑ Woolf, Pictland to Alba , p 262
  104. ^ Duncan, Kingship , p. 40
  105. ↑ Woolf, Pictland to Alba , pp 262-63
  106. ↑ Magsuen and John Scotus , see Woolf, Pictland to Alba , S. 263; Johnson, Brett, Brooke, et al. , Hugh the Chanter , pp. 52, 53
  107. ^ A b Greenway, Henry of Huntingdon , p. 22
  108. ↑ Mason, House of Godwine , pp. 88-89
  109. ↑ a b Barlow (ed.), Life of King Edward , p. 49 (= Vita Ædwardi , I. 5), and footnote ibid , p. 48, no. 114; Darlington, McGurk and Bray (Eds.), Chronicle of John of Worcester , Vol. 2, p. 576, and No. 5; Stevenson, Simeon of Durham , p. 124
  110. ^ Wright, Cultivation of Saga , pp. 75-76, 127-33, 136
  111. ^ Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England , p. 417
  112. ↑ Aird, St Cuthbert , p. 54, and footnotes 163-63
  113. ↑ See Williams, Martin (eds.), Domesday Book , pp. 744, 802-03; Clarke, English Nobility , pp. 28, 220
  114. ^ Clarke, English Nobility , pp. 221-24
  115. ↑ Clarke, English Nobility , pp. 206-20
  116. ^ Clarke, English Nobility , pp. 191-94, 205, 215-17, 220
  117. ↑ Green, Aristocracy , pp. 100-10; Kapelle, Norman Conquest , pp. 158-90
  118. ^ Daniell, Death and Burial in Medieval England , p. 186
  119. ^ Baxter, Earls of Mercia , p. 103
  120. ↑ a b Lewis, "Waltheof"
  121. ^ Lewis, "Waltheof"; Scott, "Earl Waltheof," pp. 206-07; Watkins, "Cult of Earl Waltheof," pp. 95-101
  122. ↑ Aird, St Cuthbert , p. 53, no. 160; Chapel, Norman Conquest , p. 31
personal data
SURNAME Siward, Earl of Northumbria
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Sigeweard; Sigurd
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Earl of Northumbria
DATE OF BIRTH 10th century or 11th century
DATE OF DEATH 1055