Theodor Scherer-Boccard

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Theodor Scherer-Boccard

Theodor Scherer-Boccard (born May 13, 1816 in Dornach , Canton Solothurn , † February 6, 1885 in Solothurn ) was a Swiss publicist , publisher and politician. The 1852 by Pope Pius IX. Scherer-Boccard, who was raised to the hereditary Roman count status, was a leading representative of Catholicism in the canton of Solothurn. He also represented his ultramontane positions , based on the instructions of the papal curia , at national level, including as editor of the Swiss Church newspaper and co-founder of the Swiss Pius Society .

Life

Youth, first political and journalistic activity

The old office building in Dornachbrugg, photo 2012

Theodor Scherer was born into an old, wealthy bourgeois family in the city of Solothurn . His father Franz Philipp Scherer was a Solothurn councilor and senior magistrate of Dorneck-Thierstein . As such, he resided in the Amtshaus or "Schlosshof" in the Dornach district of Dornachbrugg, which thus became Theodor Scherer's birthplace. Scherer's mother, Maria Rosa, came from the Gressly family of glasses , originally from France , who emigrated to Switzerland as a result of the French Revolution . She was a niece of the geologist Amanz Gressly . Both parents were intensely practicing Catholics. In his biography of Scherer, the clergyman Johann Georg Mayer describes the father as a close friend of the Mariastein abbot Placidus Ackermann and portrays the mother as a woman who often made pilgrimages with her children to Mariastein, where she said, “Her children prefer an early death to lose her innocence now, than later through a sinful life for eternity ». Theodor's older brother Franz died of scarlet fever at the age of twelve . As a result, the family relocated from Dornach to Olten and later to Solothurn, where Scherer's sister Virginie was born. In Solothurn, Theodor Scherer attended grammar school and the subsequent lyceum . He continued his studies with the Jesuits in Freiburg im Breisgau . Although he also felt drawn to the priesthood , he eventually embarked on a worldly path. Scherer's worldview is described by the historian Peter Stadler as "fixed early on".

Scherer planned a 1,836 jurisprudential studies with stops in Munich and Paris , but returned instead back to Solothurn to support his sick father. There, when he was only twenty, he founded the canton's first conservative newspaper, the Schildwache am Jura , which "as a conservative paper with an aggressive tone soon made problems for the Solothurn government," as Stadler wrote in his study of the Kulturkampf in Switzerland . On February 27, 1837, Scherer was elected to the Grand Council of the Canton of Solothurn in the "college elections" (indirect election by electors ) , of which he was a member until 1841. During this time he ran a political "correspondence bureau" with which he established connections to Catholic and Protestant conservative forces both in Switzerland and abroad.

Constitutional dispute and consequences

The liberal Solothurn constitution of 1831, which followed representative democratic principles, only permitted revision after ten years. Such a revision was generally expected in 1841, since popular rights were still relatively weakly developed in the 1831 constitution. As in other cantons ( Bern , Zurich , Lucerne and Aargau ), the unrest in the canton of Solothurn increased with the approaching revision. The conservative-ultramontane opposition to which Scherer belonged saw the old liberal party, which had ended the rule of the Solothurn patriciate at the end of 1830 , as a "persistent element", while the liberals were suspicious of the conservative demands for community autonomy and direct elections . According to Mayer, the so-called “people's veto ” was “proposed and defended by Scherer”. After a constitution in the interests of the government - without the people's veto - had been adopted in the Solothurn Grand Council on December 19, 1840, the conflict came to a head before the pending referendum on the constitution on January 10, 1841. While Scherer and the radical liberal Urs Joseph Hammer had advocated that a new constitution should be drawn up in the event of a rejection, the Grand Council decided that in this case the old constitution should remain in force for another ten years. Thus the opposition only had the choice between the old constitution and what it considered to be an insufficient new constitution. This led to leaflet campaigns against the draft constitution and against the government. On January 2, 1841, leading men of the revision movement met in Mümliswil and signed an appeal to the people of Solothurn to reject the constitution. Scherer's signature was in third place after Councilor Leonz Gugger and Grand Councilor Friedrich Glutz von Blotzheim . Subsequent to this, rumors of the coup increased . Before the appeal from Mümliswil, the “Mümliswil address”, could be widely distributed, the government struck and arrested leading figures of the opposition on January 5 and 6, 1841, including Scherer. She had the "sentry" and the correspondence office closed and charged the arrested Scherer with high treason . The constitution was adopted in the referendum on January 10th.

Scherer and other leading figures in the opposition were able to leave the prison for the time being after several months in order to take part in the constituent assembly of the Grand Council, to which they had been re-elected. The sick Scherer went on a recovery stay in the Birstal , where he received the news that he was threatened with arrest again. If convicted of treason, a life chain sentence or even the death penalty could be imposed. As a result, Scherer fled to France via Basel and stayed in Paris . In the meantime, a conservative government had come to power in the canton of Lucerne , which now wanted to create a Catholic newspaper and invited Scherer to Lucerne as its director for this purpose. Scherer followed this call, went to Lucerne and founded the state newspaper of Catholic Switzerland with others . On April 11, 1843, the University of Würzburg awarded him the title of Doctor of Both Rights for his work Revoluzion and Restaurazion der Staatswissenschaft .

On June 23, 1843, the verdict on Scherer and his ten co-defendants was passed in Solothurn. The prosecutor had called for the death penalty for all of the accused. The court, however, declared the trial to be "police only," after which Scherer was sentenced to 11 months in state prison. The other defendants also received similar prison sentences. Scherer left Lucerne in November 1843 to begin his prison sentence in Solothurn; according to Johann Georg Mayer, because his father, who was sick again, had wanted Scherer to return to Solothurn. The father obtained Scherer's release on February 28, 1844 through a petition.

Until his father's death on December 14, 1844, Scherer stayed with his family in Solothurn, where he was also in close contact with the conservative constitutional lawyer Karl Ludwig von Haller , who became his "mentor and donor of ideas". Afterwards, at the invitation of Lucerne's ultramontane government councilor Constantin Siegwart-Müller, he moved with his mother and sister to Lucerne, where he took up a position as Siegwart-Müller's cabinet secretary. During the time of the Sonderbund , Scherer was entrusted with the diplomatic correspondence of Siegwart-Müller, who chaired the war council of the Sonderbund. In addition, he was a reporter for the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung for Catholic Switzerland during the Sonderbund period ; his articles for this newspaper were marked with † or †† .

After the Sonderbund War

Hünenberg country estate, photo 2013

The victory of the liberal cantons in the Sonderbund War ended the political careers of both Siegwart-Müller and Scherer. Scherer, his mother and sister moved back to Solothurn. He now concentrated entirely on his journalistic activities for Swiss Catholicism, especially as editor of the Swiss Church Newspaper (1855-1880). The political conditions in Switzerland after 1848 were fundamentally rejected by Scherer - Peter Stadler suspects that this also contributed to the fact that he no longer tried his hand at a political career and did not run for parliamentary elections. In any case, his attitude of giving up a political career in the service of the church was in line with a general tendency of Roman Catholics in the course of the 19th century, according to Alois Steiner in the Zeitschrift für Schweizerische Kirchengeschichte .

After a trip to Rome , Pope Pius IX. Scherer on May 18, 1852 as Roman Count . In 1855 he acquired the Hünenberg castle in the Ebikon community near Lucerne, where he initially lived in summer and from 1864 all year round. Scherer was a co-founder of a number of Catholic organizations, such as the Swiss Pius Society in 1857 , as its president he subsequently served until his death. Scherer's mother died in 1859. In 1868 he married Marie Louise de Boccard, who came from a patrician family of the city of Freiburg in Üechtland , and has been called Scherer-Boccard ever since . The marriage remained childless.

In 1874 Scherer-Boccard was involved in the first attempt to found a nationwide Catholic-Conservative party, which was unsuccessful. According to Scherer-Boccard's remarks, which historian Urs Altermatt describes as “groundbreaking”, the party to be founded would have already acquired the character of a people 's party on a democratic basis. The founding of a Conservative People's Party , today's Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland (CVP), did not take place until 1912. During Scherer's lifetime, the founding of the party was opposed by resistance from old conservative groups in the Catholic-Conservative camp, who believed that a federal party would have disrupted the faction's ability to act.

In the years before his death, Scherer-Boccard lived mainly in his little castle in Ebikon. From the end of December 1884, however, he stayed in his Solothurn house, where he suffered a stroke , the consequences of which he died on February 6, 1885. He was buried in Ingenbohl in the canton of Schwyz .

estate

Bishop Friedrich Fiala , who was a friend of Scherer, planned to write a description of Scherer's life and work, for which he had access to biographical material collected by Scherer himself. However, Fiala, who died three years after Scherer-Boccard, no longer realized this project. After Fiala's death, the material was first in the possession of Scherer's sister Virginia, then with the Chur canon Johann Georg Mayer, who used the material for his Scherer biography. After the return by Mayer, the documents and other source material were again in the Solothurn family's possession under the name “Scherer-Boccardsches Familienarchiv”, until they were finally donated to the Friborg Cantonal and University Library (KUB) in 1936 . The estate holdings, including Scherer's correspondence, are still in the KUB.

Positions

Scherer-Boccard represented a strict conservative Catholicism all his life. He admitted early on to "want to defend the Church everywhere, to attack its enemies everywhere" and continued this course steadily, also in his later years as editor of the Swiss Church Newspaper , in which he represented a "strictly ecclesiastical attitude". Scherer-Boccard wrote in his diary when he resigned from the editorial office of the church newspaper in 1881 after 25 years:

«It gives me consolation that during my 25 years of participation I have never dealt with the apostolic nunciature or with Switzerland. Episcopat had some fundamental decency, but always led the editorial team in full agreement with my ecclesiastical superiors. Et nunc dimittis servum tuum ! "

- Theodor Scherer-Boccard

In the church newspaper founded in 1832, which had taken anti-Judaism positions from the start, anti-Semitic reports began to accumulate from the second half of the 1850s (Scherer had been an editor since 1855) . During this period, the church newspaper “decidedly opposed the process of emancipation among the Jews ”.

Politically, Scherer-Boccard strove for a "natural, sociable state structure" in the sense of Karl Ludwig von Haller , whose positions he took over and repeated with little change. Scherer was thus also referred to as a "typical Haller disciple". The starting point of Scherer and Haller's conservatism is the rejection of the doctrine of the social contract ( contrat social ) of the Enlightenment , in the place of which the family, in which mother and children obey the father because they are dependent on him, is set as the "archetype of the state" . The individual should not be patronized by the state, so Scherer in agreement with Haller, and personal freedom must be sacred to the state. Scherer's views on the nature of the state differ from those of Haller, however, in that Scherer defines the state as the "union of several people to secure their innate and acquired rights", while for Karl Ludwig von Haller, as an advocate of the divine right of the ruler, the state is only one Accumulation of private rights is. According to Haller, securing these private rights is a matter for the ruler and is therefore a matter of course. Scherer and Haller do not see welfare as a task of the state, but rather this is brought about by the legal security of the state.

reception

The reception of Scherer's work and activity during his lifetime and well into the 20th century was strongly influenced by the political and religious standpoints of those who dealt with Scherer. Anton Henne, who was strongly anti- ultramontane , described him in 1843 as a “fanatical editor of Haller's Jura guard”, while the Catholic leader from Baden, Heinrich von Andlaw Scherer's commitment to the Catholic cause, wrote an open “missive on political and religious freedom to Count Theodor von Scherer »(1861) praised. In 1945, Canon Johannes Mösch published a brochure Theodor Scherer and his "Schildwache am Jura" , which ends with the statement that Scherer was "a whole man and a whole Christian".

For Peter Stadler (1984), Scherer-Boccard is the "embodiment of an 'ultra-dynamic' in the literal sense of the time". The historian Urs Altermatt also stated that Scherer-Boccard personified the “ultramontane direction in Catholicism in our country” like hardly any other layman of his time. Scherer's literary work is not rated highly by Stadler; his works lack independence. They would "hardly get beyond collections of quotations or devout platitudes", but would reflect the "unbroken uniformity" of his ultramontanism.

Stadler believes that Scherer-Boccard's support for democracy is due to the fact that for him it represented “an instrument against the hated representative system of liberalism”. The assessment by the historian and Christian Democratic politician Thomas Wallner in the history of the canton of Solothurn (1992) is somewhat different, who writes of Scherer's «forward-looking progressiveness within the framework of Christian-democratic thinking», referring to the fact that Scherer-Boccard basically supported the democratic order of 1831 (overthrow of patrician rule and liberal-democratic constitution) “and even wanted to give the 'female sex' a place in the cantonal legislature”. Wallner also quotes Stadler's conclusion, according to which Scherer's "pronounced sense of political organization and coordinated press work [...] is in a certain contrast to the backwardness of his ideology, which still remains entirely in pre-industrial forms of thought".

honors and awards

Works (selection)

Signature of Scherer-Boccard

Johann Georg Mayer lists 35 writings by Scherer. These include:

  • Revolution and restoration of political science . Augsburg / Luzern 1842, 2nd edition 1845.
  • The fifteen-year feud of the revolution against Catholic Switzerland 1830–45 . Lucerne 1846.
  • The relationship between church and state . Regensburg 1846, 2nd edition 1854.
  • The reform movement of our time and Christianity . Augsburg 1848.
  • The holy father. Reflections on the Mission and the Merits of the Papacy . Munich 1850.
  • Paganism and Christianity considered in the monuments of old and new Rome . Schaffhausen 1853, 2nd edition 1880.
  • Life pictures from the Society of Jesus. A contribution to the history of the Catholic restoration . Schaffhausen 1854.
  • Reintroduction of the Catholic cult in Protestant Switzerland in the nineteenth century . Ingenbohl 1881.

literature

  • Alois Steiner: Theodor Scherer's relations with the Apostolic Nunciature in Lucerne and with Giuseppe M. Bovieri 1848–1864 . In: Journal for Swiss Church History . tape 94 , 2000, pp. 47-66 , doi : 10.5169 / seals-130302 .
  • Thomas Wallner: Theodor Scherer-Boccard . In: History of the Canton of Solothurn . tape 4.1 . Solothurn 1992, p. 239-240 .
  • Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947. Only covers the period up to 1840, no more published).
  • Friedrich Lauchert: Theodore, Count von Scherer-Boccard . In: Charles G. Herbermann (Ed.): Catholic Encyclopedia . Volume 13. Appleton, New York 1913.
  • Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900 (Biographical work of a clergyman friend of Scherer).

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ 13 May based on the more recent articles by Thomas Wallner in the Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (2012) and in the history of the Canton of Solothurn (1992); Letter (1949) and Mayer (1900) give May 12th as their birthday.
  2. ↑ "[The family] was rich under the circumstances at the time." Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 8 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  3. ^ Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 5 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  4. ^ A b Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 2 .
  5. ^ Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 7 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  6. ^ A b Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 3 .
  7. ↑ a b c Peter Stadler: The culture war in Switzerland . Huber, Frauenfeld / Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-7193-0928-2 , p. 141 .
  8. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 6 .
  9. ^ A b c Thomas Wallner: Scherer [-Boccard], Theodor. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  10. ^ Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 201 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  11. ↑ a b Thomas Wallner: History of the Canton of Solothurn . tape 4.1 . Solothurn 1992, p. 261 .
  12. ↑ On the conflict between old liberal and radical liberal currents in the canton of Solothurn, see FDP Canton Solothurn
  13. ↑ a b Thomas Wallner: History of the Canton of Solothurn . tape 4.1 . Solothurn 1992, p. 262 .
  14. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 21 .
  15. ↑ a b Thomas Wallner: History of the Canton of Solothurn . tape 4.1 . Solothurn 1992, p. 268 .
  16. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 31 .
  17. ^ Thomas Wallner: History of the Canton of Solothurn . tape 4.1 . Solothurn 1992, p. 269-270 .
  18. ↑ a b c d Thomas Wallner: Theodor Scherer-Boccard . In: History of the Canton of Solothurn . tape 4.1 . Solothurn 1992, p. 239-240 .
  19. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 38-39 .
  20. ^ A b Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 39-40 .
  21. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 44 .
  22. ↑ Heribert Raab: Conservative journalism and Catholic historiography . In: Journal for Bavarian State History . tape 50 , 1987, pp. 593-594 ( online ).
  23. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 46 .
  24. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 47 .
  25. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 52 .
  26. ^ Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 91 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  27. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 53-55 .
  28. ↑ a b c d Peter Stadler: The culture war in Switzerland . Huber, Frauenfeld / Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-7193-0928-2 , p. 142 .
  29. ↑ Alois Steiner: Theodor Scherer's relations with the Apostolic Nunciature in Lucerne and with Giuseppe M. Bovieri 1848–1864 . In: Journal for Swiss Church History . tape 94 , 2000, pp. 48–49 , doi : 10.5169 / seals-130302 .
  30. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 63 .
  31. ↑ Mike Bacher: The long way to founding a party . In: Die Politik (Ed.): Die Politik . Bern October 2012, p. 6 .
  32. ↑ Urs Altermatt: The way of the Swiss Catholics into the ghetto . 3rd, revised. Edition. University Press, Freiburg i.Üe. 1995, ISBN 3-7278-0968-X , pp. 74 .
  33. ↑ Urs Altermatt: The way of the Swiss Catholics into the ghetto . 3rd, revised. Edition. University Press, Freiburg i.Üe. 1995, ISBN 3-7278-0968-X , pp. 74-75 .
  34. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 179-180 .
  35. ^ Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 2-3 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  36. ↑ Scherer-Boccard, Theodor (ISplus inventory) . In: HelveticArchives . Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  37. ^ Theodor Scherer 1836, quoted from: Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 85-86 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  38. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 92 .
  39. ^ Theodor Scherer-Boccard: Diary, quoted from: Johann Georg Mayer: Graf Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 99 .
  40. ↑ Ulrich Köchli: Anti-Semitism in the Swiss Church newspaper in the 19th century . In: Journal for Swiss Church History . tape 93 , 1999, p. 21 , doi : 10.5169 / seals-130291 .
  41. ↑ a b Ulrich Köchli: Anti-Semitism in the Swiss Church newspaper in the 19th century . In: Journal for Swiss Church History . tape 93 , 1999, p. 38 , doi : 10.5169 / seals-130291 .
  42. ^ Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 90 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  43. ^ Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 92-93 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  44. ^ Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 94-95 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  45. ^ Theodor Scherer in: Schildwache am Jura, 1837, No. 3, quoted from: Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 97 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  46. ↑ a b Paul Letter: Theodor Scherer, 1816–1885. 1. Basics and first activity . Benziger, Einsiedeln 1949, p. 99 (Diss. Phil. I Freiburg i.Üe., 1947).
  47. ^ Franz Xaver Bishop : Henne, Josef Anton. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  48. ^ Anton Henne: Swiss chronicle in four books . 2nd, completely revised and increased edition. tape 4 . Huber, St. Gallen / Bern 1843, p. 1144 ( Google Books ).
  49. ^ Heinrich von Andlaw: Open letter on political and religious freedom to Count Theodor von Scherer, President of the Swiss Pius Society . Herder, Freiburg i.Br. 1861.
  50. ↑ Johannes Mösch: Theodor Scherer and his "Schildwache am Jura" . [Sn], [Sl] 1945 (special print from St. Ursen-Glocken . 1945, no. 17–20).
  51. ↑ Urs Altermatt, quoted from: Alois Steiner: Theodor Scherer's relations with the Apostolic Nunciature in Lucerne and with Giuseppe M. Bovieri 1848–1864 . In: Journal for Swiss Church History . tape 94 , 2000, pp. 47 , doi : 10.5169 / seals-130302 .
  52. ^ All honors and awards according to: Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 178-179 .
  53. ^ Johann Georg Mayer: Count Theodor Scherer-Boccard . Eberle & Rickenbach, Einsiedeln 1900, p. 183-187 .
personal data
SURNAME Scherer-Boccard, Theodor
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Scherer, Theodor
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Swiss publicist, publisher and politician
DATE OF BIRTH May 13, 1816
PLACE OF BIRTH Dornach
DATE OF DEATH February 6, 1885
Place of death Solothurn


This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on February 9, 2014 .