Ur-Slavic

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Ur-Slavic

Spoken in

Central Europe , Eastern Europe , Southwest and Balkan Peninsula
(before the 7th century )
Linguistic
classification

Ur- Slavic (also Proto-Slavic ) is the hypothetical common ancestor (the original language ) of the modern Slavic languages .

This "original language" has not been passed down directly. For this reason, their sounds and words must be made accessible through methods of comparative linguistics . Unused forms are marked with an asterisk in historical linguistics ( e.g. * golva for head or * rǫka for hand). Many of the words in modern Slavic languages ​​are derived from these "original words" through sound shifts .

history

The Ur-Slavonic developed from the Indo-European . It is controversial among linguists whether it split off directly from the Indo-European original language, or whether it initially formed a common Baltic -Slavic language together with the Baltic languages . At that time the Slavic tribes (as far as known) had no script and so there are no written records of the original Slavic language.

The end of the common original language can be seen as the time of the “Slavic migration” of various Slavic tribes from the 5th century following the Germanic migration .

The first Slavic written language is Old Church Slavonic , which was recorded in writing from the 9th century and which is believed to be very close to Primeval Slavonic .

Grammar - Phonology

Vowels

In its late phase, Urslavic had 11 vowels , all of which with the exception of ь and ъ could be short or long . In Slavonic studies they are usually represented as follows: i, ь, e, ę, ě, a, o, ǫ, ​​ъ, y, u.

  • ь, ъ - very short (reduced) vowels or half-vowels , probably [ ɪ ] or [ ɯ ];
  • ę, ǫ - nasal front and back vowels
  • ě - Jat , probably [ æː ]
  • y - probably [ ɯː ] or as a diphthong [ ɯi ]
  • The existence of syllabic consonants in Primeval Slavonic is controversial. Some linguists suggest the groups ъl, ьl, ъr, ьr instead of the syllable consonants l̥, ĺ̥, r̥, ŕ̥.

Consonants

The consonants of Ur-Slavonic in its late phase are shown in the following table (in the notation customary in Slavonic studies):

The Consonant Inventory of Primeval Slavonic
bilabial dental palatalized dental alveolar palatalized alveolar palatal velar
Plosives p, b t, d t ', d' k, g
Affricates c, ʒ č, ǯ
Fricatives v s, z s' š, ž x
Nasals m n n '
Liquids l l ' r r ' j
  • Entries in the table in pairs denote the corresponding unvoiced (left) and voiced (right) consonants
  • c stands for the voiceless affricate [ ʦ ]
  • ʒ stands for the voiced affricate [ ʣ ]
  • x stands for the voiceless velar fricative [ x ]
  • š, č, ž and ǯ stand for the sounds [ ʃ ], [ ʧ ], [ ʒ ] and [ ʤ ]
  • 'stands for the soft sign, i.e. H. for the palatalization of the preceding sound , in the IPA palatalized consonants are represented by a subsequent superscript j (e.g. / /).

Notation

In Slavic studies, the symbols shown above are usually used to transcribe the original Slavic sounds (and words) and not their corresponding IPA symbols.

vocabulary

The vocabulary of the Primeval Slavonic can partly be reconstructed using methods of comparative linguistics based on later written Slavic languages ​​as well as traditional Slavic words in other languages.

The following table shows some of the words of the Primeval Slavic language together with examples from other Slavic languages. The expressions written in italics represent transliterations with Latin letters. In South Slavic languages ​​(except Old Church Slavonic), the h stands for the voiceless velar fricative [ x ]. The Cyrillic characters ь and ъ stand for the reduced vowels, which only occur in the Primeval and Old Church Slavonic . In today's Slavic languages, these sounds are no longer present. Therefore, the characters ь and ъ are transliterated in words used in modern languages. So the ' stands for the soft sign, i.e. H. for the palatalization of the preceding sound. Reconstructed, unused forms are marked with a preceding asterisk * .

Comparison between the Ur-Slavonic and some Slavic languages
Ur-Slavic South Slavic East Slavic West Slavic German
Altksl. Serbo-Croatian Bulgarian Macedonian Slovenian Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Kashubian Lower Sorbian Upper Sorbian Polish Slovak Czech
* golva глава ( glava ) glava / глава глава ( glava ) глава ( glava ) glava галава ( halava ) голова ( golova ) голова ( holova ) głowa głowa hłowa głowa hlava hlava head
*eco око ( oko ) oko / око око ( oko ) око ( oko ) eco вока ( voka ) око ( okо ) ok eco woko woko eco eco eco eye
* ucho ухо ( ucho ) uho / ухо or uvo / уво ухо ( uho ) уво ( uvo ) uho вуха ( vucha ) ухо ( ucho ) вухо ( vucho ) ùchò wucho wucho ucho ucho ucho ear
* nosъ nos / нос нос ( nos ) нос ( nos ) nos нос ( nos ) нoс ( nos ) ніс ( nіs ) nos nos nós nos nos nos nose
* rǫka рѫка ( rǫka ) ruka / рука ръка ( răkа ) рака ( raka ) roka рука ( ruka ) рука ( ruka ) рука ( ruka ) rãka ruka ruka ręka ruka ruka Hand / arm
* noga нога ( noga ) noga / нога крак ( krak ) нога ( noga ) noga нага ( naha ) нога ( noga ) нога ( noha ) noga noga noha noga noha noha Foot leg
* sr̥dьce срьдьце ( srьdьce ) srce / срце сърце ( sărcе ) срце ( srce ) srce сэрца ( sėrca ) сердце ( serdce ) серце ( serce ) serce wutšoba wutroba serce srdce srdce heart
* mati мати ( mati ) majka, mater / мајка, матер майка ( majka ) мајка ( majka ) mati маці ( maci ) мать ( mat ' ) мати ( maty ) uterus maś mać uterus uterus uterus mother
* otьcь отьць ( otьcь ) otac / отац татко / баща ( tatko / baštа ) татко ( tatko ) oče бацька ( bac'ka ) отец ( otec ) батько ( bat'ko ) òjc nan (high sp. wóśc ) nan (high sp. wótc ) ojciec otec otec father
* sestra сестра ( sestra ) sestra / сестрa сестрa ( sestra ) сестра ( sestrа ) sestra сястра ( sjastra ) сестра ( sestra ) сестра ( sestra ) sostra sotša sotra siostra sestra sestra sister
* roast братръ ( bratrъ ) brat / брат брaт ( brat ) брат ( brat ) fry брат ( brat ) брат ( brat ) брат ( brat ) fry bratš roast fry fry roast Brothers
* dъkti дъшти ( dъšti ) kći or ćerka / ћерка дъщеря ( dăšterjа ) ќерка ( ḱerka ) hči дачка ( dačka ) дочь ( doč ' ) дочка ( dočka ) córka źowka dźowka córka dcéra dcera daughter
* synъ сынъ ( synъ ) sin / син син ( sin ) син ( sin ) sin сын ( syn ) сын ( syn ) син ( syn ) syn syn syn syn syn syn son

literature

  • Bernard Comrie , Greville Corbett ( Ed. ): The Slavonic languages . Routledge, London 1993, ISBN 0-415-28078-8 .
  • Sebastian Kempgen u. a. (Ed.): Die Slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages . Half volume 2, Handbooks for Linguistics and Communication Science 32.2 (HSK), De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, 2014, ISBN 3-11-017153-8 .
  • Roland Sussex, Paul Cubberley: The Slavic Languages . Pp. 25-41, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006, ISBN 978-0-521-22315-7 .

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