Viticulture in Stuttgart
The viticulture in Stuttgart covers 423 hectares - about two percent of the city. The Baden-Württemberg state capital Stuttgart is located in the climatically favorable Neckar Valley and is one of Germany's largest wine-growing communities. In 16 of the 23 city districts, viticulture is practiced, most of the approx. 500 businesses as a sideline. Agricultural holdings in the narrower sense cultivated 358 ha (as of 2007). The cultivation area is spread over 18 individual layers , all of which belong to the Weinsteige area. Mostly steep slopes are cultivated . 71 percent of production is accounted for by red wine (295 hectares out of a total of 415 hectares of vines).
Climate and geology
The entire Württemberg cultivation area lies in a transition zone between the Atlantic and continental climates. The Neckar valley benefits from the softening influence of the river. Due to its location in the rain shadow of the northern Black Forest , Stuttgart is one of the places in Germany with the highest solar radiation . With a 230–240 day long vegetation period (average temperature over 5 ° C), Stuttgart has the longest growing season in all of Württemberg. The only disadvantage for viticulture is the high risk of hailstorms against which hailstones are deployed.
Geologically, the Stuttgart vineyards belong predominantly to the Keuper . Muschelkalk dominates only in the northeast of the city ( Bad Cannstatt , Mühlhausen ) . Due to the steepness of the layers, the soil layer made from the weathering products of the subsoil - marl and sandy to clayey loam - is quite thin. The vines therefore have to drive their roots into the bedrock.
Grape varieties
Following the Württemberg tradition, red wine also dominates in Stuttgart. At the beginning of the 1990s, 62.5 percent of the 400 hectares were planted with red grape varieties . Alone on the Trollinger accounted for 190 ha. 15 ha stressed the Pinot Noir . The Dornfelder is growing in importance . In addition there are Lemberger , Heroldrebe , velvet red , nutmeg Trollinger and Saint Laurent to name. More recently, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon have also been planted in response to the growing demand for full-bodied red wines. The typically dry and sunny autumn weather allows these grape varieties, which come from far more southern wine-growing regions, to mature. Their quality potential is difficult to assess, however, as these vineyards are still very young.
In the last few decades white wine has regained ground - in 1950 over 90 percent were planted with red wine vines. Riesling is the leading white grape variety - it took up 65 hectares in the early 1990s. 40 hectares were accounted for by Müller-Thurgau . In addition, Silvaner , Kerner , Pinot Blanc and Gewürztraminer are cultivated on a larger scale. Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc have recently been gaining ground .
Vineyards
The Stuttgart vineyard sites, together with those of the city of Esslingen am Neckar and parts of the Fellbach vineyards, form the "Weinsteige" site. The latter is rarely found on labels, however, since the Stuttgart wines usually only come from a single location anyway. The Stuttgart district is noted in front of the location name, e.g. B. "Cannstatter Zuckerle" or "Untertürkheimer Altenberg". Only the wines grown in the inner city districts are allowed to call themselves “Stuttgarter”.
The once extensive vineyards on the slopes of the Stuttgart basin have largely fallen victim to the growth of the city and the correspondingly high land prices. In addition to a larger vineyard on Birkenwaldstraße , the Mönchhalde combines three small, far apart plots on Karlshöhe , Neue Weinsteige and Hasenberg. The latter is the rest of the former south-facing Afternhalde , Wanne and Gebelsberg . The districts of Hedelfingen , Obertürkheim , Untertürkheim , Uhlbach and Rotenberg on the Neckar, on the other hand, have large contiguous vineyards. These steeply rising locations were converted into larger terraces as part of land consolidations and made accessible by farm roads running parallel to the slope. The steepest locations in Stuttgart - Cannstatter Zuckerle , Degerlocher Scharrenberg and the part of the Lenzenberg in Rohracker - still have their walled terraces.
Due to the particularly favorable climate, some Stuttgart locations are among the best in Württemberg. In addition to the Mönchhalde in Stuttgart, the Untertürkheim locations Herzogenberg , Mönchberg and Schlossberg , the Uhlbach Götzenberg as well as the Cannstatter Zuckerle, the Cannstatter Halde and Besigheim enjoy a special reputation .
Curiosities form of just a few hundred meters from the main train station located Kriegsberg that of the Stuttgart Chamber of Commerce and the Landesbausparkasse is managed, and the Hohenheim Schlossberg , considered experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hohenheim is used. The Untertürkheimer Gips, which is partly located in the Fellbacher district, is a former gypsum quarry, the exploited areas of which have been successively planted again.
The Stuttgart vineyards in detail (clockwise from the city center):
| Location name | Districts | Area (ha) | Alignment | Steepness | Soil type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mönchhalde | Stuttgart, Bad Cannstatt | 5 | West - Southeast - East (small isolated locations) |
steep | Keuper weathering clayey loam - loamy clay |
| Kriegsberg | Stuttgart | 1.5 | South - Southeast | steep | Keuper weathering loamy clay |
| mountain | Stuttgart, Wangen, Münster, Bad Cannstatt, Feuerbach, Zuffenhausen |
90 | Southwest - South - Southeast | moderately inclined to steep | Keuper weathering clay loam, loamy clay |
| Heap | Bad Cannstatt | 3.5 | southwest | steeply sloping to steep | Shell limestone weathering clayey loam |
| Candy | Bad Cannstatt, Munster, Hofen, Mühlhausen | 20th | West - South - Southeast | steep walled terraces | Shell limestone weathering clayey loam, loamy clay |
| Stone dump | Bad Cannstatt, Munster, Mühlhausen | 20th | Southwest - South - East | predominantly steep (terraced) | Shell limestone weathering clayey loam, loamy clay |
| Mönchberg | Untertürkheim, Fellbach | 50 | West - South - Southeast | slightly inclined to steep | Keuper weathering of light marl - sandy loam, loamy clay |
| Herzogenberg | Bad Cannstatt, Untertürkheim | 15th | West - Southwest - South | slightly to steeply inclined | Keuper weathering clayey loam |
| plaster | Untertürkheim, Fellbach | 10 | Southwest - south | moderately inclined |
Gypsum keuper - weathering clayey loam - loamy clay |
| Altenberg | Untertürkheim | 23 | Southwest - south | steep | Keuper weathering of light marl - loamy sand - loamy clay |
| Schlossberg | Rotenberg, Uhlbach, Untertürkheim | 40 | Southwest - South - Southeast | slightly inclined to steep | Keuper weathering of marly to sandy loam |
| Götzenberg with stone pit | Uhlbach | 70 | West - South | steep | Keuper weathering of sandy to clayey loam |
| Kirchberg | Obertürkheim | 22nd | West - Southwest - Southeast | steep | Keuper weathering of light marl gravel to clayey loam |
| Ailenberg | Obertürkheim, Esslingen | 28 | West - Southwest | steep | Keuper weathering of light marl gravel to clayey loam |
| Lenzenberg | Hedelfingen, Rohracker | 27 | Southwest - south | steeply sloping, partly steep terraces | Keuper weathering clayey loam, heavy Latvians |
| Schlossberg | Hohenheim | 3.7 | south | moderately inclined | Clay on the Black Jura |
| Schnarrenberg | Bad Cannstatt | 3.5 | southwest | steep (terraced) | Keuper weathering clay loam, loamy clay |
| Abelsberg | Stuttgart, Gablenberg, Gaisburg | 3 | West - Southeast (small isolated locations) |
moderately to strongly inclined | Keuper weathering clay loam, loamy clay |
Producer
Cooperatives
| cooperative | founding | Members | Vineyard area (ha) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bad Cannstatt | 1923 | 70 | 45 |
| Hedelfingen | 1955 | 40 | 11.5 |
| Rotenberg-Uhlbach | 1936/1906 | 214 | 120 |
| Rohracker | 1919 | 37 | 8th |
| Untertürkheim | 1887 | 91 | 95 |
Most of Stuttgart's wines are produced by the five wine cooperatives . Last but not least, its members include the many part-time winemakers . The production is mainly intended for the local market, which is why the traditional trollinger predominates. However, the larger cooperatives have reacted to a shift in demand with new product lines. International grape varieties, yield restrictions and modern cellar processes including barrique aging are part of the repertoire today. At the head of this movement is the Untertürkheim Wine Manufactory , a cooperative that has been calling itself Weinmanufaktur since 2001 . Your cellar master Jürgen Off was chosen by Gault-Millau as "Estate Manager of the Year" 2005. With the award of the third grape in Gault Millau 2009, the Untertürkheim wine manufactory made it into the upper house of Württemberg. This success also convinced the neighbors: In 2004, the Obertürkheim comrades voted unanimously to join the wine factory. In 2007 the Uhlbach and Rotenberg winegrowers' cooperatives merged to form the Collegium Wirtemberg - Weingärtner Rotenberg & Uhlbach e. G. together. Your wines are prepared in the “Fleckensteinbruch” wine press on the outskirts of Untertürkheim. The Hedelfingen winegrowing cooperative is one of the smallest cooperative in the greater Stuttgart area.
Private wineries
Most of the private Stuttgart wineries only produce small quantities, which are either served in the attached broom bar or in local wine bars. Only a few enjoy national fame. Four estates with locations in Stuttgart are members of the Association of German Predicate and Quality Wineries (VDP) :
- The Aldinger winery located in Fellbach cultivates a total of 23 hectares, including the Untertürkheim Gips (9.6 hectares) as a monopoly . Riesling accounts for 24%, Trollinger for 19%, Red Burgundy and Lemberger 12% each, the rest for Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Blanc, Cabernet grape varieties and Merlot.
- The Untertürkheimer Herzogenberg (15 ha) is the sole owner of the Untertürkheim Wöhrwag winery . 35 percent Riesling, 20 percent Trollinger and 10 percent each of Lemberger and Merlot grow on a total of 18.5 hectares, the rest is made up of Pinot Blanc and Pinot Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscat, Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon.
- That the Court Chamber of the House of Württemberg owned winery Duke of Württemberg in Ludwigsburg has 7.5 ha in Untertürkheimer Mönchsberg on Württemberg . Lemberger and Pinot Noir are offered as site wines.
- The Fellbacher Weingut Rainer Schnaitmann not only manages Fellbach sites, but also smaller areas in Uhlbacher Götzenberg and Untertürkheimer Altenberg . The former even provides a large plant.
Other quality-oriented goods are
- Winery Diehl (5.4 ha), Rotenberg (Schlossberg)
- Warth winery (10 ha) Rotenberg (Altenberg and Mönchberg)
- Markus Schwarz winery (8.6 ha), Untertürkheim (Altenberg and Mönchberg)
- Wine and sparkling wine estate Christel Currle (8.5 ha), Uhlbach (Götzenberg)
- Gerhard Schwarz winery (2.5 ha), Untertürkheim (Altenberg and Mönchberg)
- Peter Mayer Jägerhof winery (3.3 ha), Burgholzhof (Cannstatter Berg)
- Albert and Konrad Zaiß winery (11 ha), Obertürkheim (Kirchberg)
- Weingut Bauer (4 ha), Bad Cannstatt (locations: Cannstatter Berg and Zuckerle, Feuerbacher Berg)
Urban winery
The city of Stuttgart's winery has existed since 1949 . Previously, the yield from the urban vineyards was auctioned. The winery is located in a former air raid shelter in Bad Cannstatt. The estate cultivates 17.4 hectares in Stuttgart's Mönchhalde (including on Karlshöhe and Neue Weinsteige ), Cannstatter Berg and Cannstatter Zuckerle. With the maintenance of a total of 4.9 hectares of terraced steep slopes , the city makes its contribution to the preservation of these cultural monuments. The quality of the wines has improved significantly in recent years. In 2007, sales of 124,000 liters of wine generated sales of € 700,000, which means the winery is in the red. As a way out, an appraiser commissioned by the city suggested privatizing or leasing the property. Now a market survey is to investigate the alternatives of leasing or continuing as a municipal company. A decision should be made by the end of 2008. In April 2009 the municipal committee for economy and housing approved a renovation of the municipal wine press after the building was only partially usable due to structural defects. In addition to the winery, the city also runs the Stuttgart Wine Museum in the former Uhlbach wine press.
history
It is possible that the roots of viticulture on the central Neckar go back to Roman times . The first documentary mention comes from the year 708 and documents vineyard ownership of the Sankt Gallen monastery in Cannstatt. In the 10th century, cultivation on walled terraces was introduced in the Neckar Valley. In the inner city area, wine has been grown with a high degree of certainty since the 11th century, because a document from 1108 mentions the donation of a Stuttgart vineyard to the Blaubeuren monastery .
The oldest vineyard in Stuttgart could be the Relenberg near the old castle , whose name goes back to the Duchess Regelinda , wife of Duke Hermann I of Swabia . The Mönchhalde was first mentioned in documents in 1229 and the Kriegsberg in 1259 . Records of the quality of the harvests have been preserved since the 13th century. In 1400 a wine grower ordinance was issued to put a stop to wine counterfeiting. The Stuttgart vineyard guild was founded in the early 16th century. In order to prevent the frequent disputes about wine prices, it was ordered in 1456 that a “wine bill” should be made after the harvest. For this purpose, a commission of two councilors, a sub-buyer (wine broker) and four wine growers was set up. These "sevens" made a price proposal for the wine trade. Despite the regulation, the prices fluctuated very strongly. The price for a bucket (293.92 l) ranged between two and ten guilders in the 16th century . Bad harvests between 1585 and 1589 drove him down to 36 guilders.
Viticulture remained the main source of income for the people of Stuttgart throughout the Middle Ages. In 1350 502 hectares were already planted, in 1594 even over 1200 hectares - the suburbs that were later incorporated such as Cannstatt and Untertürkheim are not counted here! After Vienna and Würzburg , Stuttgart was Germany's largest wine-growing community in the 16th century. Most of the Stuttgart wine was exported to the east via Ulm . However, this agricultural economic structure of their residence city disturbed the Württemberg rulers. In the middle of the 16th century, Duke Christoph von Württemberg even banned the creation of new vineyards under threat of punishment, except in the hitherto "uncouth wilderness".
After the destruction of the Thirty Years' War - a quarter of the vineyards lay fallow in 1648 - the pendulum swung back: To protect Stuttgart's viticulture, the import of foreign wine was prohibited in 1655, and beer brewing was also prohibited in 1667. In 1710 this ban was extended to all of Württemberg. Quality assurance measures also go back to the early modern era: the first autumn regulations , issued in 1595, regulated, among other things, the beginning of the harvest, the so-called autumn rate , and the operation of the wine presses. Another autumn regulation recommended the cultivation of quality varieties to winegrowers in 1607. At that time , these were Klevner , Silvaner , Grüner Veltliner , Gutedel , Gewürztraminer and Muskateller . Until the middle of the 18th century, the white grape varieties predominated with around 80%.
Feudal structures dominated viticulture until the 18th century. It was not until 1813 that the so-called wine press ban was lifted, which only allowed noble and spiritual landlords to operate wine presses. So the amount of the tithe wine could be precisely controlled. The wine presses became the property of the city, but since then they have only been allowed to be operated outside the city walls. The importance of viticulture for Stuttgart only declined with industrialization and the associated displacement of the vineyards.
In the first half of the 19th century, 400 vintner families still cultivated almost a third of the area around old Stuttgart, in 1895 only 15 percent - 400 hectares. The Stuttgart vineyard area grew again through incorporation to 750 hectares, but more and more vineyards fell victim to the growth of the city. In the middle of the 19th century there were only six wine presses in operation in Alt-Stuttgart, at the beginning of the 18th century there were still 27. Today only the "Fruchtkasten" on Schillerplatz remains, which is a museum for old musical instruments is being used.
The following table shows the decline in the Stuttgart wine-growing area:
| district | Vineyard area (ha) 1850 |
Vineyard area (ha) 2006 |
|---|---|---|
| Old Stuttgart | 750 | 10 |
| Degerloch | 23 | 3.5 |
| Feuerbach | 140 | 15th |
| Hedelfingen | 92 | 16 |
| Rohracker | 66 | 12 |
| Cheeks | 112 | 2 |
| Zuffenhausen | 50 | 10 |
The last significant cut was brought about by the vineyard consolidation since the 1960s. The dry stone walls in Ober- and Untertürkheim, Hedelfingen, Rotenberg and Uhlbach gave way to broad terraces, which are accessible via asphalt farm roads. 110 hectares still have their original shape today. The vineyards on the Neue Weinsteige, threatened by decay, were restored by 1990 and then planted again by the municipal winery.
Until well into the 19th century, the wine-growers were an important, mostly conservative, political factor. In 1848, for example, “wingers” armed with sticks broke up a demonstration by democrats in Stuttgart.
The republican minority among the wine growers founded the "Winzerklubb" in 1863, and it was not until 1904 that all Wingerters joined together in the "Stuttgarter Winzerbund". The first winegrowers' cooperative was founded in 1887 in Untertürkheim. However, it was re-established every autumn and only became a permanent organization in 1907. Other cooperatives were established in 1918 in Obertürkheim, 1923 in Cannstatt and 1936 in Rotenberg. After the Second World War , 45 cooperatives merged to form the state central cooperative of Württemberg winegrowers' cooperatives based in Untertürkheim. It is now called Württembergische Weingärtnerzentralgenossenschaft and moved its headquarters to Möglingen in 1968 . Even if viticulture is no longer important in Stuttgart's economy today, the "Wingerters" still have political influence: Two of the 60 Stuttgart municipal councils are full-time wine growers.
Wine culture
Numerous events show Stuttgart's connection with its viticulture. The biggest event is the Stuttgart Wine Village , which has been located in the city center since 1974 from the end of August to the beginning of September. Stuttgart and other Württemberg wines are served to visitors at 120 stands. There are offshoots in Hamburg and Berlin. Can stay under the Swabian "Vierteles-Schlotzer" on the wine festivals in the neighborhoods and in the numerous Besenwirtschaften and wine bars.
The top of the quality pyramid faces the judgment of the public at the annual "Stuttgart's best wines" wine tasting held in mid-November.
The Württemberger Weinstrasse runs through Stuttgart, and since April 12, 2007 it has been making a detour from Stuttgart-Münster to the city center and from there to Bad Cannstatt. The history of Stuttgart viticulture is presented in the Uhlbach Viticulture Museum. The tourist office has marked four wine trails.
References
- ↑ Agricultural area in Stuttgart - State Statistical Office ( Memento from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Data and facts about the Württemberg wine region ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Global radiation in the Federal Republic of Germany 2003 ( Memento of the original from February 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Monika Spiegel: Winery under discussion again . In: Official Journal Stuttgart, No. 15 of April 10, 2008, p. 6
- ↑ Monika Spiegel: Don't block your view . In: Official Journal Stuttgart, No. 17 of April 24, 2008, p. 6
- ↑ Monika Spiegel: Everything has to be ready before the grape harvest . In: Official Journal Stuttgart, No. 18 of April 30, 2009, p. 6
- ^ Text of the Württemberg Autumn Regulations from 1607 on the homepage of Eberhard Fritz under the link "Viticulture in Württemberg".
literature
- Gunter Link: Stuttgart and its wine . Silberburg Verlag, Tübingen / Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-87407-145-6
- Hans Ambrosi , Bernhard Breuer: German Vinothek - Württemberg . Busse + Seewald, Herford 1996, ISBN 3-512-03044-0
- Hans Schleuning (ed.): Stuttgart manual . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8062-0376-8
- Ulrike Maushake, Martin Nied: Württemberger Weinstrasse - People, Traditions, Landscapes, Brackenheim 2006, ISBN 978-3-935474-04-7
- Stuttgart Marketing GmbH (Hrsg.): The Stuttgart wines . Stuttgart 2008
