Zagłębie Dąbrowskie
Zagłębie Dąbrowskie ([ zaˈɡwɛmbjɛ dɔmˈbrɔfskjɛ ], German Polish coal basin , Dombrowa coal basin ) is an industrial region in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship . It is located east of the district capital Katowice on the edge of the Upper Silesian coal basin , but historically it is part of the Lesser Poland region , although it has been politically united with Silesia a few times. The largest cities are Sosnowiec and the eponymous Dąbrowa Górnicza , the historically most important Będzin and Czeladź on the south of the former Duchy of Siewierz . The city limits are hardly noticeable, the villages have grown together so strongly.
Historic region
Historically, Zagłębie is not Silesian, but the joint industrial development allowed the region to merge with Upper Silesia , even if the differences still lead to some animosity among the inhabitants of the region on both sides of the historical Brynica river and allow prejudices to persist: In Upper Silesia you stay to yourself that the people are rather simple workers, strongly denominational (Catholic or Protestant), zealous and hostile to Warsaw. The inhabitants of Zagłębie, Zagłębiacy , on the other hand, are the clever career types, atheists, communists or socialists and loyal to Warsaw. Some of the prejudices are true, however: Silesian (Polish dialect) is mostly spoken in Upper Silesia, while standard Polish (except for the jargon of the workers) is spoken in Zagłębie due to the large influx of people from all areas of Poland. The original local Lesser Poland dialect has died out. There is also a noticeable difference to Silesia in matters of faith . The number of Catholics attending Sunday masses in Sosnowiec is the lowest in Poland. The good transport links to Warsaw allow the Zagłębiacy to have quick contact with the country's capital, while Upper Silesia sees itself as a competitor and industrial supplier of the Polish center of power. The Zagłębiacy in Silesia are seen as foreigners, while in Poland they are considered Silesians.
area
Zagłębie has no official borders, historically it includes:
- Sosnowiec - independent city with 241,100 inhabitants,
- Dąbrowa Górnicza - independent town with 130,600 inhabitants,
-
Będzin district with:
- Będzin - town with 62,000 inhabitants,
- Czeladź - city with 35,000 inhabitants,
- Wojkowice - town with 9900 inhabitants,
- Sławków - a town with 6800 inhabitants (before 2002 in Lesser Poland ),
- City and municipality of Siewierz with 12,100 inhabitants,
- Psary municipality - 10,800 inhabitants,
- Bobrowniki municipality - 11,300 inhabitants,
- Mierzęcice commune - 7200 inhabitants.
The small town of Sławków, which historically belonged to Lesser Poland and was still a district of Dąbrowa Górnicza in the 1970s , was assigned to the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in the powiat Olkuski in 1999 , which the residents did not agree with. Because of the longstanding economic and transport links, the residents decided to move to the Silesian Voivodeship (2002). As an independent city, Sławków could not be incorporated into the independent city of Dąbrowa Górnicza, so it went into the Będzin district as its exclave in Zagłębie.
In addition to Brynica, two other rivers flow through Zagłębie: Czarna Przemsza and Biała Przemsza, which meet at the historic triangle and continue as Przemsza into the Vistula . The region is hilly and agriculturally uninteresting because of the stony soil.
Sometimes more distant villages and districts are also counted as part of the Zagłębie area, such as the cities of Olkusz or Zawiercie , but this is controversial because they have a different historical development behind them and are now the centers of the respective districts. They have their own local press. The city of Olkusz also returned to the Lesser Poland Region after the administrative reform of 1999.
Surname
"Zagłębie" ([ zaɡwɛmbjɛ ]) means in Polish as much as area, (coal) basin. The word was introduced into the geological vocabulary before 1850 by one of the most famous Polish miners and supervisor of the state mines and smelters, Józef Patrycjusz Cieszkowski (1798–1867). The French word bassin was used as a model for an area in which ores are mined.
In the 19th century a name had to be found for the region developing in the part of Poland occupied by Russia , which historically belonged only temporarily to Silesia. Cieszkowski called it Zagłębie Węglowe w Królestwie Polskim (coal basin in the Kingdom of Poland). Since there were also other industrial areas ("zagłębie"), the name was supplemented with the adjective "Dąbrowskie" ( Dombrowa coal basin ), which was derived from the name of the workers' community Dąbrowa - today the city of Dąbrowa Górnicza, although the capital of the Sosnowiec region and the historically most important are the city of Będzin. This was because the first coal mine was built in Dąbrowa (1796). As this area became more and more important and the others less important, the word "Zagłębie" more and more often stood for the region around Dąbrowa - so the name Zagłębie can also be used without the name "Dąbrowskie". To avoid confusion, the whole name is written out. From the second half of the 19th century, the area was named the Polish coal basin in German-language specialist literature . The name Zagłębie Dąbrowskie was first used in 1887 by Stanisław Kątkiewicz in an article in the Warsaw newspaper "Wszechświat".
The football club Zagłębie Sosnowiec , whose fans often emphasize the separate regional identity of Upper Silesia, was named after the area from 1962.
history
There were first settlements here as early as the 9th century . In today's town of Będzin, a castle was built on a hill, around which a settlement was built. The areas around Siewierz, as well as around Bytom (Beuthen), Pszczyna (Pless) and Oświęcim (Auschwitz) transferred it in 1178 the then senior Casimir II "the just" to the Ratibor duke Mieszko I "sacrum" , who it to his duchy Ratibor and 1202 incorporated with this together with the Duchy of Opole . The new Silesian-Lesser Poland border was immediately west of Będzin. In 1327 the Upper Silesian duchies became a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Bohemia . The importance of Będzin continued to grow, the castle in Będzin was sometimes regarded as one of the eagle's nest castles . In 1349 at the latest, the place received city rights under Polish law . The castle was supposed to protect the borders of Poland from the attacks of the Silesian (Opole) Piasts .
In 1228 the other cities in the region, Sosnowiec (as a village) and Czeladź (as Chelad ), were first mentioned in a document. (The fourth town Dąbrowa Górnicza was first mentioned in a document in 1755). The names of the villages Zagórze, Sławków, Grodziec , Poręby (later Porąbka ), Klimontów , Wojkowice were in the 13th and 14th centuries. Century already known. It must be said here that Zagłębie is rarely associated with these medieval towns today, the opinion is that the region only developed in the 19th century.
In the 14th century, Duke Casimir II handed over part of today's Zagłębie (Czeladź, Wojkowice) to Casimir, the son of the Duke of Ratibor. In the years 1313-1337 this landscape was part of the principality of Beuthen , later it belonged to the princes of Teschen . In 1442 the area returned with the Principality of Siewierz to the Kraków Land, this time not subject to the king, but as the property of the Kraków bishops. The land was bought from the Silesian Piasts by Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki , a heroic knight who in 1410 saved the life of King Władysław II Jagiełło near Tannenberg . It was not until 1790 that the Great Sejm decided that the principality would become the property of the royal republic and that it was administratively attached to the Krakow Voivodeship , which was divided in 1795. So Zagłębie slowly developed on the border with Upper Silesia and Galicia . This situation also determined his later fate.
New Silesia
In 1785, rich layers of hard coal , which was easy to mine, were located in Dąbrowa . Mining and heavy industry were to shape the image of the region from now on. In 1788 the first unnamed mine was built between Strzyżowice and Psary, and in 1797 it was the beginning of the Hoym colliery.
As a result of the Third Partition of Poland , Zagłębie became part of the so-called New Silesia ( Nowy Śląsk ) in Prussia in 1795 . The coal that the citizens of Będzin used for heating should now be used industrially. New Silesia opened the door to western capital. The name of the district Reden in Dąbrowa Górnicza comes from this time , because the first colliery was named after the chief miner Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden (1796) . Another mine on the border between Dąbrowa and Będzin was named “Paryż” ( Paris mine ) a few dozen years later because of French investors, today Kopalnia Węgla Kamiennego Paryż . After Prussia's defeat by Napoleon , Zagłębie became part of the Duchy of Warsaw founded by Napoleon in 1807 . Since the Treaty of Kalisch (anti-Napoleonic agreement between Prussia and Russia ) of 1813, Zagłębie, like the rest of the duchy, was in fact Russian .
Wrestling for Zagłębie
The Congress of Vienna in 1815 gave the landscape to the newly founded Congress Poland . In 1823 a mine was opened in Grodziec near Będzin, the next one in 1825: Ksawery mine between Będzin and Dąbrowa (named after the minister Ksawery Lubecki).
During this time the region experienced a rapid boom thanks to industrialization , was given the name Zagłębie Dąbrowskie and became a competitor of the Prussian Upper Silesian industrial area . Germans and French are investing in the brazier, which was a gateway to the Russian empire and was able to bring fortune because of duty-free business. What Krupp was to the Ruhr area , the names of the Germans Dietl or Schön were to Zagłębie. In addition to the mines and steelworks, other businesses such as B. built spinning mills. In Będzin alone, 11 mines were in operation at the end of the 19th century.
The Warsaw-Vienna Railway , opened in 1859 , the first railway line in Poland , contributed to the rapid development of Zagłębie into the most important industrial center in the Kingdom of Poland. The tracks were supplied by the largest and most modern steelworks in Congress Poland - the “Bankowa Hut”, which was built in Dąbrowa around 1850 with the help of the Polish Bank. Łódź , a village also in the Russian-occupied part of the border with Prussia, experienced a similar development . Here, however, the textile industry was the trigger for the boom that made Łódź the second largest city in Poland. If the core communities in Zagłębie had merged into one town at that time, it would now have 0.5 million inhabitants (Dąbrowa, Sosnowiec, Czeladź and Będzin).
The development of modern industry also attracted many skilled workers and engineers as well as state officials from Warsaw to Zagłębie. The workers came to Zagłębie from Lesser Poland and Silesia , even from Saxony . Miners from Saxony and the Harz Mountains founded the parish of Bendzin and Dombrowa in 1825, which comprised Protestants in the Dombrowa coal basin (232 people in 1840, mainly in Bendzin, Dombrowa - 111 in 1841 - and in the Reden colony). Later, an independent parish was established in Sosnowiec.
The Russians, however, were not interested in the rapid development of Zagłębies, so that the Kingdom of Poland would not develop too quickly or the rich area would not attract the attention of neighboring Prussia.
The Poles were also concerned about Russian rule. In 1860 the people rose again to fight. In Zagłębie, Russian emblems were replaced by Polish ones. In January 1863, the January Uprising broke out in Poland . Young workers from Zagłębie began the struggle by attacking the Russian border guards, supported by the population, so Jewish merchants in Będzin gave 10,000 Polish złotys to the rebels. The last fight took place in May 1864. The Poles did not succeed in this uprising either as planned.
In 1902, Russian authorities allowed Sosnowiec to become a city with municipal rights. Bad working conditions, exploitation of workers and increasingly devastated, industrially polluted landscapes, poor living conditions and monetary fraud in the local social system of miners contributed to the growing dissatisfaction of workers and their families against the directors of the factories, manufacturers and also against the Russian authorities. Socialist activists gained in sympathy. In 1905 in Zagłębie, as in the industrial district of Łódź, violent protests and strikes broke out, which were bloodily suppressed by the tsarist police. Since then, the region has also been called the Red District - Czerwone Zagłębie . The red flags of the proletarians later became a symbol of the workers' struggle. A “Red Flag Monument” stands today in the center of the town of Dąbrowa Górnicza. The monument to the "act of revolution" on the main street of Sosnowiec (Czerwone-Zagłębie Street) was dismantled after 1989 . Unfortunately, the socialists of that time were prematurely mixed up with the later communists, with whom they had little in common.
During the First World War , Zagłębie was occupied by Germans and Austrians in 1914. The border of the occupation zones ran with the railway line. This also divided the Będzin district. As a result, the municipality of Dąbrowa Górnicza, located in the Austrian part, received city rights on the birthday of the Austrian emperor in 1916 and became the district seat. The new district also included the municipalities of Choroń, Kromołów, Łosień, Niegowa, Gołonóg, Strzemieszyce Wielkie, Niwka, Włodowice, Zagórze and Żarki.
1918-1939
With the re-establishment of Poland in 1918, Zagłębie became Polish again and was incorporated into the Kielce Voivodeship and thus not the Silesian Voivodeship founded in 1922 (although there were plans to join the Silesian Voivodeship). The difference between the “Polish” Zagłębie and the “Silesian” part of the brazier persisted. At the end of the 1920s, a standard-gauge tram network was built in Zagłębie. A tram connection to Katowice and Chorzów (then Królewska Huta ) was only established after the Silesian narrow-gauge railways had been changed . The line was very busy, because Sosnowiec was good and cheaper to buy (many Jewish shops). Sosnowiec was also a target for the Silesians when it came to competitions or prostitution, but officially it was frowned upon as a depraved area. In addition, the Zagłębiacy in Upper Silesia were seen as competitors on the labor market, which did not help the relations between the two regions.
In 1918 Czeladź got its town charter back. In 1919 the districts of Będzin and Dąbrowa Górnicza were again summarized under the name of Będzin-Dąbrowa district ( powiat będzińsko-dąbrowski ), but in 1923 it was renamed Będzin district ( powiat będziński ). In 1927, the district of Zawiercie in the northeast was spun off from him and thus separated from Zagłębie.
In 1934 Sosnowiec was confirmed as the first independent city in Zagłębie. The villages of Zagórze, Niwka, Maczki, Porąbka, Klimontów, Kazimierz and Ostrowy Górnicze (originally Niemce) remained in the Będzin district, but they were incorporated into Sosnowiec over the next few decades. In the 1920s and 1930s, downtown Sosnowiec took shape as it looks today.
Second World War
After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Zagłębie was subordinated to the German Border Guard Section Command 3, Chief of Civil Administration in Katowice . Since October 26, 1939, the region belonged to the General Government for the occupied Polish territories . It was not until the new German eastern border was finally established that the cities of the region were incorporated into the German Reich in violation of international law and now belonged to the administrative district of Katowice in the old Prussian province of Silesia (district-free city of Sosnowiec and district of Bendsburg ). History repeated itself and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie was connected to Silesia for the second time. The high number of Jews led to the emergence of ghettos . In contrast to the situation in Warsaw, for example, Jews were even allowed to ride the trams, even if only in the second sidecar (without seats). Most of the local Jews were murdered in Auschwitz , 80 km away . Since they were often wealthy merchants with wealth, the transports from Zagłębie went down in the history of the concentration camp as "the most valuable things". At the end of January 1945, Zagłębie was liberated - the Red Army troops invaded .
After 1945
In communist Poland , Zagłębie was united with Upper Silesia and has since formed the Upper Silesian industrial area. Initially, the name of the new voivodeship indicated this growing together as "Śląsko-Dąbrowskie" (briefly also called "Stalinogroder" when Katowice was renamed Stalinogród).
- In 1948, Będzin was spun off as an independent town from the Będzin district. Grodziec and Łagisza (which later became districts of Będzin) remained in the district.
Dąbrowa Górnicza followed a similar path in 1949. This now independent city will only later incorporate the towns of Gołonóg, Ząbkowice, Strzemieszyce, Łosień, Łęka, Błędów, which are still in the district.
- In 1950 a new division of the municipalities in the district of Będzin was established. The new municipalities are now: Grodziec, Łagisza, Gołonóg, Ząbkowice, Sączów, Kazimierz and Strzemieszyce.
In 1951 Czeladź became an independent city. The municipality of Grodziec receives city rights. 1953 Niwka is attached to the independent city of Sosnowiec.
- The fast growing communities continue to force changes in the administrative order of the region:
- In 1954 the municipality of Strzemieszyce Wielkie received town rights.
- In 1960 Gołonóg became part of Dąbrowa Górnicza .
- In 1962 the municipalities of Wojkowice and Ząbkowice received town rights and in 1967 the municipalities of Kazimierz Górniczy, Klimontów, Łagisza, Porąbka and Zagórze.
- The district, filled with new small towns, needed reform again. New parishes were established in 1972: Bobrowniki, Psary, Łosień, Ząbkowice, Wojkowice Kościelne. The municipality of Ożarowice, however, was transferred to the Silesian district of Tarnowskie Góry.
- In 1973 the municipality of Łagisza went from the district of Będzin to the independent city of Będzin as its district. Kazimierz was attached to the town of Porąbka.
- The administrative reform in Poland in 1975 brought a new development. In it smaller voivodeships were created without counties.
This created a new, smaller Katowice Voivodeship , which existed until 1998. In Zagłębie there were further changes in the city limits.
- In 1975 Grodziec became a part of Będzin and Strzemieszyce Wielkie a part of Dąbrowa Górnicza. Sosnowiec expanded its urban area to include Kazimierz Górniczy (with Porąbka), Klimontów, Zagórze and Maczki. The Wojkowice Kościelne municipality was dissolved.
- In 1977 the city of Będzin grew again by incorporating the city of Wojkowice. The town of Dąbrowa Górnicza was again enlarged to include the areas of the towns of Ząbkowice and Sławków. Until 1975 Sławków was in the Olkusz district and in 1984 it became an independent town again.
- Wojkowice was also able to break away from the custody of the city of Będzin in 1992. The town of Dąbrowa Górnicza was attached to the village of Trzebiesławice in the same year.
Edward Gierek's home in the 1970s
The difference to the Silesian part of the industrial area became even clearer in the 1970s, as the then head of state Edward Gierek came from a Sosnowitz suburb. In Zagłębie, many old workers' colonies were demolished and modern, spacious housing estates built in their place, mostly as prefabricated buildings. In addition, all main routes were completely redesigned to form wide streets or avenues with a tram running across the lawn. Their line No. 15 from Katowice to Sosnowiec was the most modern in the country in the 1980s - today it is hardly of any importance. To this day, the road network in Zagłębie allows fast and traffic jam-free traffic. One of the largest economic investments of the so-called new socialism in the 1970s was the giant steelworks "Katowice" built in Dąbrowa Górnicza (now part of the global Mittal Steel Company ), which significantly changed the image of this city when the road between the city center and the works became the ridge line. Pogoria III, an artificial lake on the former sandpit area, was also built in Dąbrowa as a recreation area for the four-town residents. The modern, highly developed and "clean" socialist Zagłębie stood in contrast to the "dirty", backward and rather hostile Upper Silesia to the government in Warsaw, where old workers' colonies, narrow streets and single-track tram routes can be found to this day. Developments in the 1970s drew many Poles to Zagłębie from other corners of the country.
Zagłębie in the Silesian Voivodeship
After the administrative reform of 1999 one returned to the large voivodeships (regions) as well as counties and urban districts. The city of Sławków became part of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship , but in 2002 it became part of the Silesian Voivodeship .
today
After the collapse of the socialist economy, the residents of Zagłębies also had to come to terms with the new era. Many of the coal mines were closed and unemployment became an everyday issue. Not all operations could be restructured. Some of the residents, who were attracted from other parts of Poland in the 1970s, considered returning. At the moment the situation has stabilized and some new businesses are also being opened. In Dąbrowa Górnicza a large sports hall, an aqua park and a modern city office have been built in recent years. The city center of Sosnowiec was also substantially modernized at the turn of the century to mark the 100th anniversary of the city (city charter from 1902), whereby the former Russian border station was renovated from 1858. In the 1990s, many shopping centers were built in the region, which, due to the dense transport network, can also be reached by public transport, although they are located outside the city centers. However, the ailing condition of the public transport network on less frequented routes is visible. In addition to the institutes of the Silesian University, private universities were also founded in Sosnowiec and Dąbrowa Górnicza. Well-known companies based in Zagłębie include: Foster Wheeler Energia Polska Sp. Z oo, TIMKEN Polska Sp. Z oo, meat processing plants DUDA, Centrum Mercedes - Daimler Chrysler, DHL Logistics, Buderus and tire manufacturer Magneti Marelli.
Dąbrowa Górnicza is the seat of the Communist Party of Poland . In constituency number 32, which includes the area, the left parties consistently receive much larger numbers of votes than in Upper Silesia.
traffic
A well-developed road network connects the towns of Zagłębies. You can also travel to the neighboring Silesian cities of Katowice , Mysłowice and Bytom or south to Jaworzno by buses (normal and express service) and / or trams . Most of the city buses belong to the municipal bus company PKM Sosnowiec (with depots also in Będzin and Dąbrowa Górnicza) or the private bus company PUP from Czeladź. Both operate the lines on behalf of the municipal transport association ZTM . The tram operation is also integrated in the ZTM tariff, but because of its wide network that extends to Gliwice in the west of the industrial area, it is not subordinated to any of the cities, but directly to the voivodship authority, which also leads to its poor financial situation, as there is no township with its own Bus company takes special care of this mode of transport. Some private buses also run on the most frequented routes and offer somewhat more convenient and faster service at dumping prices, as used coaches are better suited than conventional city buses with few seats for long journeys between cities. An S-Bahn that reached as far as Gliwice in the west of the industrial area has been planned and not implemented for decades.
In Zagłębie, the Katowice arterial road forks in two directions: to Warsaw and to Krakow. A detour road on the edge of the region makes it possible for motorists coming from the direction of Warsaw to get to the road to the south (recreational areas in the mountains) via East Zagłębie near the Katowice steelworks without having to drive through Katowice. This investment, popularly known as Gierek Street (“Gierkówka”), attracted a lot of sympathy for the head of state. The best rail connection in the country runs through Zagłębie - from Katowice to Warsaw - that of the historic Vienna-Warsaw railway. So you can get directly from Sosnowiec to Prague , Vienna and Budapest . Katowice International Airport is not far from the town of Będzin near Pyrzowice .
Culture and universities
In Zagłębie there is the Teatr Zagłębia in Sosnowiec and the Zagłębies Children's Theater in Będzin. In Dąbrowa Górnicza , on the other hand, there is one of the largest cultural centers in the country - the Pałac Kultury Zagłębia from the 1950s with a large event hall. Each of the three cities has its own music school.
- The Philology and Geology Institutes of the Silesian University, which are located in Sosnowiec, contributed to the growing together of Zagłębie and Upper Silesia.
Some other colleges include:
- Management and Marketing University ( Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Marketingu )
- Faculty of Automation, Electronics and Computer Science of the Silesian Technical University ( Politechnika Śląska, Wydział Automatyki, Elektroniki i Informatyki )
- Pharmaceutical Faculty of the Silesian Medical Academy ( Śląska Akademia Medyczna w Katowicach, Wydział Farmaceutyczny )
- College of Business Languages of the Silesian University ( Kolegium Język Biznesu Uniwersytetu Śląskiego )
Worth seeing
- Castle in Będzin (13th / 14th century)
- Exotarium (tropical house) in Sosnowiec
- Sielec hunting lodge in Sosnowiec (with cultural center, Zamkowa street)
- Dietl Palace in Sosnowiec- Pogoń (Żeromskiego Str.)
- Schön Palace with park in Sosnowiec-Środula (1 Maja St.)
- City Museum ( Muzeum Miejskie ) "Sztygarka" in Dąbrowa Górnicza (Górnicza St.)
- Basilica of Our Lady of Angels ( Matki Boskiej Anielskiej ) in Dąbrowa Górnicza (inner city)
- Palace of Culture Zagłębies ( Pałac Kultury Zagłębia ) in Dąbrowa Górnicza (inner city)
- Stanislau Church in Czeladź
Web links
- Memorial book of Zagłębie, 641 pages
- A Memorial to the Jewish Community of Będzin, 430 pages
- Book of the Jewish Community of Dąbrowa Górnicza and its Destruction, 696 pages
- Book of Sosnowiec and the Surrounding Region in Zagłębie (Volume 1 and 2, a total of 743 pages)
- ShtetLinks: Zagłębie - historical recordings
- WikiZagłębie (Polish)
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Marek Edward Nita: Od Nowego Śląska do Zagłębia Dąbrowskiego. Historia podziałów , Nowe Zagłębie, 2009, p. 26 (Polish)
- ↑ Preferencje wyborcze Polaków (Polish)