Zaza language

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Zaza language, Zaza, Zazaki

Spoken in

Turkey , Iraq , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Russia , Iran , Jordan , Syria
speaker 2-3 million
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in -
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

zza

ISO 639-3

zza (macro language) Individual languages ​​included:

  • diq (Dimli)
  • kiu (Kirmanjki)
Zazaki in neighborhood with other modern Iranian languages

The Zaza language , also Zazaisch or Zazaki, is the language of the Zaza in eastern Turkey . The language is also called Dımlī and Kirmānčkī . The number of their speakers is estimated at two to three million. It is mainly spoken in Eastern Anatolia, and due to the migration processes of the last few decades it is also widespread in Western, Central and Northern Europe. The Zazaki belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.

On the question of denomination and the historical background of the Zaza see the article Zaza .

Linguistic classification of Zazaese

Zazaisch as an independent north-west Iranian language

The Zaza language is still often considered a Kurdish dialect for political and cultural reasons (for the political background to this assessment, see the article Zaza ). In contrast, Iranian Studies (the science of research into Iranian languages ) clearly states: Zazaki is an independent language of the northwestern branch of the Iranian languages. Within this northwestern branch, the Kurdish languages ​​- together with central Iranian dialects - form a genetic subgroup, the Zaza, on the other hand, together with the Gorani form an independent subunit Zaza-Gorani , which may have closer ties to the Baluchi (see the classification of the northwestern Iranian languages ​​below).

Linguists of the 19th century (e.g. Peter Lerch) already demonstrated that Zazaki is not a dialect of Kurdish, but an independent language within the Iranian language family. This was confirmed by the German Iranists Oskar Mann and Karl Hadank with their diverse studies, from which the first comprehensive scientific grammar of the Zazaki emerged in 1932 under the title Dialects of the Zaza .

The Zaza language has striking similarities with the extinct Central Iranian language Parthian , which southwest Iranian Persian and its predecessor languages ​​do not share. However, one cannot prove that Parthian was a direct predecessor language of Zaza. On the origin of the Zaza and its language, see the article Zaza .

Classification of Northwest Iranian Languages

The following classification describes the genetic position of the Zaza and the Kurdish languages ​​within the group of north-west Iranian languages. The article Iranian languages offers a complete overview of the Iranian languages ​​and their classification .

  • Northwest Iranian 24 languages, 31 million speakers
    • Medisch : Medisch † (old Iranian)
    • Parthian : Parthian : † (Central Iranian)
    • Caspian
    • Kurdish-Central Iranian
      • Kurdish : Kurmanji (Northwest Kurdish) (15–20 million), Sorani (Central Kurdish, Kurdi) (4 million), South Kurdish (3 million)
      • Central Iranian: Tafreshi, Mahallati-Chunsari, Kashani-Natanzi, Gazi, Yazdi-Kermani-Nayini, Kaviri, Sivandi
    • Zaza-Gorani : Zaza (Zazaki, Kirmanjki, Kirdki, Dimli, "So-Bê") (1.5 million), Gorani (also Hawrami, 400,000–500,000), Schabaki (130,000–150,000), Bajalani (also Chichamachu, around 20,000), Sarli (also Sarliya, less than 20,000)
    • Balochi : Balochi (Baloči) (6 million)

Zaza-Gorani and Baluchi may form their own genetic unit, but this view is not shared by all researchers.

Research history

As early as 1650, the Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi reported that the language of the Zaza was clearly different from the "other Kurdish species" and that mutual understanding between the Zaza and other "Kurdish dialects" was not possible. In a report from 1856 on the peoples of Eastern Anatolia, the Russian linguist Peter Lerch reckoned the Zaza to be the Kurds as a generalized rule without further investigation . F. Müller 1864 saw the Zaza as the Kurdish as dialects of the New Persian (!), F. Spiegel 1871 and W. Tomaschek 1887 noticed the big differences between the Zaza and Kurdish.

Oskar Mann (since 1906) was the first to examine the grammatical structure of the Zaza in great detail, which he recognized as an independent language, not as a dialect of Kurdish. He saw the zaza in a closer connection with the Gorani . His classification of Western Iranian has essentially been used in Iranian studies to this day.

A decisive step in the history of research was the publication of the first Zaza grammar by K. Hadank based on the material by O. Mann in 1932. This was published under the title Mundarten der Zaza as the 10th volume in the series of Kurdish-Persian Researches of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and deals mainly with the southern dialect of the Zaza. As a result of this research it was now completely clear that the Zaza is phonologically , morphologically , syntactically and lexicologically an independent language within Northwest Iranian . Hadank - like Mann - saw a special closeness of the Zaza to the Gorani , the differences to Kurdish are clearly worked out.

In 1996, Jost Gippert pointed out the similarities between Zaza and Central Iranian Parthian , which clearly stand out from Persian . The classification of Zaza as a north-west Iranian language has thus been finally confirmed (Persian, on the other hand, is a south-west Iranian language).

A detailed overview of the history of research - in particular all evidence of the independence of the Zaza from Kurdish and the attempt by some Kurdish scholars to present the Zaza as a dialect of Kurdish - is provided by Z. Selcan in his extensive Zaza grammar from 1998, which describes the northern dialect ( Dersim dialect).

Zaza as a written language

Although the Zazaki has been spoken in the Ottoman Empire for centuries, it has not been put into writing for a long time. The oldest literary work is the religious script Mewlid by Ehmedê Xasi from 1898. This work was published in 1899 in Arabic script and (only) in 1984 in Latin script. Another significant Zaza work is Biyîşê Pêxemberî ( Mewlûda Nebî ) from 1903 by Usman Efendiyo Babıc, it was only published in Damascus in 1933 in Arabic script.

Zazaki texts in Latin script have been published in several cultural magazines in Germany, Sweden and France since the early 1980s. Important authors are Malmîsanij , Ebubekir Pamukçu and Koyo Berz .

For the documentation of the Zaza language, important sources for a Zaza-German text corpus were collected in 2001 and 2002 in a project funded by the German Research Foundation. This includes longer tapes, handwritten sayings and proverbs, and special lexical lists. In 2004, among others, J. Gippert and Zelemele founded the Zaza-Sprachinstitut in Frankfurt (Main) .

Alphabets

The Zaza alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. One part of the authors takes the Zazaki alphabet , designed by Zaza intellectuals with the help of linguists such as C. M. Jacobson , as a basis, while another part takes the Kurdish-Latin alphabet designed by Celadet Ali Bedirxan as the basis. There is an important difference in the spelling of the copula (“am”, “is” etc.). In the Zaza spelling, the copula is attached directly to the preceding word, as in Persian, in the Bedirxan spelling it is separated, although the word is read together with the copula as a unit. An example:

  • German meaning: "My name is Munzur, I am 20 years old and come from Dersim."
  • Zazaki in Zaza notation: Namey mı Munzuro, ez vist serriyan u Dêrsımi rawan.
  • Zazaki in the Bedirxan orthography: Nameyê mi Munzur o, ez vîst serrî ya û Dêrsimî ra ya.
  • Zazaki from Dersim (Kirmancki): Namê mı Munzuro, ez vist serrio u Dêrsımi rao.

Dialects

Dialects of the Zaza language

Several dialects or dialect groups of the Zazaki can be distinguished. Ludwig Paul (1998) lists the following:

  • Northern dialects (Alevi dialects): Dersim, Erzincan, Gümüşhane, Varto, Hınıs (Kirmancki, Zonê ma)
  • Central dialects: Palu, Bingöl (Kirdki)
  • Southern dialects: Çermik, Siverek, Çüngüş, Gerger (Zazaki, Dimili)
  • Marginal dialects: Mutki, Aksaray, Sarız (Zazaki)
  • Transitional dialects: Kulp, Lice, Ergani, Maden (Zazaki, Kirdki)

Zaza and other Indo-European languages

German Zazaisch Persian Russian Greek Italian Spanish French Irish English
one (1) yew / jew / jû yek один ena U.N U.N U.N aeon one
two (2) dı do два dyo due DOS deux do two
three (3) hirê se три tria tre tres trois trí three
four (4) çar çahar четыре tesera quattro cuatro quatre ceathair four
five (5) panc penc пять pending cinque cinco cinq cúig five
six (6) şeş / ses şiş шесть eksi be seis six sé six
seven (7) hewt notebook семь epta sette siet sept pay attention seven
eight (8) heşt heşt восемь octo otto ocho huit ocht eight
nine (9) new noh девять ennia nove nueve neuf naoi nine
ten (10) of deh десять dheka dieci thez dix dyke th
twenty (20) vist are двадцать eíkosi venti veinte vingt fiche twenty

The linguistic structure of the Zaza language

The examples in the following illustration are largely taken from the grammar by Zülfü Selcan (1998) cited below, so they apply above all to the northern Zaza dialect (Dersim dialect).

Phoneme system

The consonants of the zaza are shown in the following table by type and place of formation:

Articulation place voiced / -less labial dental alveol. alv-palat. velar uvular laryng.
Plosives unvoiced p t . tʃ h (ç) k q .
voiced b d . dʒ (c) G . .
Fricatives unvoiced f . s ʃ (ş) x . H
voiced v . z ʒ (j) ʁ (ğ) . .
Half vowels voiced w . . j (y) . . .
Nasals voiced m n . . . . .
Lateral voiced . l . . . . .
Vibrants voiced . ɾ (r) / r (rr, R) . . . . .

In brackets the usual representation of the phonemes in today's Zaza texts, which is based on the Turkish alphabet . The sound / tʃ h / is represented by [ç] and the sound / dʒ / by [c].

The voiceless / x / corresponds to the German / ch / in "ach". The voiced / ʁ / the German suppository-r.

There are two / r / sounds in the Zaza, which are represented here with [ɾ] and [r]. Both are voiced vibrants (tongue-r). / r / is articulated more intensely than / ɾ /. The distinction has a phonemic character , as the following examples show:

  • pere "money", but lock "wings"
  • goals "custom" but torre " safety net"
  • bırak "lover", but bırrak (also bırrek ) "saw"

The vowels of the zaza are / i, e (ê), ε (e), a, o, u, ü, ɨ (ı) /, there is no phonemic distinction between long and short vowels. (In brackets the characters used in today's Zaza texts.)

The phonological system of Zaza has some typical north-west Iranian features, including: Zaza / z / (<iran. / * Dz /) and Zaza / b / (<iran. / * Dw /) (e.g. Zaza ber , pers. dar "door").

Nominal morphology

Nominal categories

The noun ( noun , adjective , pronoun ) of the Zaza has the following categories:

No category Realizations
1 genus Masculine (m) / feminine (f)
2 number Singular (sg) / plural (pl)
3 case primary: rectus / obliquus ; secondary case derived from obliquus
4th Definiteness determined (unmarked) / undefined (marked)
5 Attribution see below

Split ergativity

The rectus , usually called “ nominative ” (also by Z. Selcan) , is used as the subject of the intransitive verb (in all tenses ) and as the subject of the transitive verb in the present tense , in the past tense for the direct object (i.e. as “ accusative ”) of the transitive verb. The obliquus is used for the direct object of the transitive verb in the present tense and for the agent in the past tense.

The Zazaki is a so-called split- ergative language , since the ergative construction only occurs in some, but not all, grammatical situations. An actual ergative construction occurs only with transitive verbs in the past tense, the obliquus is then the " ergative ", the rectus the " absolutive ".

The result is the following distribution of the case functions in the Zaza:

function Intrans. verb Transit. Present Transit. preterite
Subject (agent) Rectus Rectus Obliquus (ergative)
Direct object . Obliquus Rectus (absolute)

Examples that illustrate the principle:

  • malım cirani beno doxtori
Analysis: malım-Ø (teacher, RECTUS) ciran-i (neighbor, OBLIQ) ben-o (bring, PRÄS form) doxtor-i (doctor, OBLIQ)
Translation: "the teacher brings the neighbor to the doctor"
  • malımi ciran berd doxtori
Analysis: malım-i (OBLIQ) ciran-Ø (RECT) berd-Ø (bring, PRÄTERIT-Form) doxtor-i (OBLIQ)
Translation: "the teacher brought the neighbor to the doctor"

More details and examples in the section on verbal morphology.

Case formation

The regular case formation of the (definite) nouns is illustrated in the examples lacek m. "The boy", keyneke f. "The girl" and domani "the children" indicated:

The regular declension in zaza

case Prepos. so called m. so called f. pl. meaning
Rectus . lacek-Ø keynek-e doman-i see above
Obliquus . lacek-i keynek-e doman-an see above
Genitive (yê) lacek-i keynek-e doman-an of the boy etc
dative . lacek-i rê keynek-e rê doman-an rê For …
Separately . lacek-i ra keynek-e ra doman-an ra from ... away
Sublative 1 . lacek-i ro keynek-e ro doman-an ro on ... up
Adessive . lacek-i de keynek-e de doman-an de at ...
Allative (e) ra lacek-i keynek-e doman-an to ... towards
Sublative 2 (e) ro lacek-i keynek-e doman-an on ... up
Illative (e) de lacek-i keynek-e doman-an into
Comitative ... be lacek-i ra keynek-e ra doman-an ra along with …
vocative . lac-o! keyn-ê! doman-ênê! Boy! Etc

The endings of the primary cases are distributed as follows:

case so called sg.f. pl.
Rectus -O -e -i
Obliquus -i -e -on

All other (secondary) cases are based on the Obliquus, from which they are derived using suffixes or prepositions according to the above scheme. (The case names for the locative cases vary in the specialist literature; those used here correspond to the case nomenclature of the Metzler Lexicon Language .)

Definiteness

Nouns without further identification (e.g. through articles ) express definite forms ( lacek "the boy"). Indefinite forms are given the ending / -ê / ( lacek-ê "a boy"). There are some phonetic peculiarities due to contraction , elision and hiatus deletion . The following (somewhat simplified) examples:

Definitely Indefinitely meaning For education
lacek lacek-ê the / a boy regularly
hêga hêga-ê the / a field no insertion of the y after a
çerme çerm-ê the / a fur Contraction e-ê> ê
koli koli-y-ê the / a wood Insertion of y after i
kardi kardi-ê the / a knife no insertion of y after i
manga mang-ê the / a cow Contraction a-ê> ê

In the plural , the indeterminacy suffix is ​​replaced by / taê /: tayê lacek-i "some boys".

Attribution

In addition to gender, number, case and definiteness (see above), the attribution is expressed by morphemes on the noun , and only in the attributive , but usually not in the predicative case (there are exceptions).

The following rule applies: in the case of predicative use (as in German) the noun remains unchanged, the predicatively used adjective is given a suffix kopula or a verbal suffix that corresponds to the gender and number of the noun. In the attributive use - completely different than in German - this copula moves as an "attribution suffix" to the noun to be determined, the adjective after it receives the normal case endings of the noun. In the transition from the predicative to the attributive use, there is a “cross-over swap” of the suffixes of noun and adjective.

The following examples:

function case genus noun adjective meaning
Predicative Rectus m.sg. her-Ø Gewr- o the donkey ( her ) is gray ( Gewr )
. . f.sg. her-e Gewr- a the donkey is gray
. . pl. her-i Gewr- ê the donkeys are gray
Attributive Rectus m.sg. her- o Gewr-Ø the gray donkey (rectus)
. . f.sg. her- a Gewr-e the gray donkey (rectus)
. . pl. her- ê Gewr-i the gray donkey (rectus)
Attributive Obliquus m.sg. her- ê Gewr-i the gray donkey (obl.)
. . f.sg. her- a Gewr-e the gray donkey (obl.)
. . pl. her-an- ê Gewr-an the gray donkeys (obl.)

The attribution suffixes are printed in bold.

Izafe bond

As in most Iranian languages, there is also the Izafe bond in Zaza. The Izafe (or Ezafe ) is a connecting suffix ( originally - in the Middle Iranian period - an appended relative pronoun ) that is inserted between a noun and its trailing genitive attribute . The following genitive attribute is in the obliquus . The following scheme applies to the connection suffix (Izafe), depending on the gender and number of the preceding relational noun:

case so called sg.f. pl.
Rectus -ê -a -ê
Obliquus -ê -a -an-ê

The following examples ( her "donkey", ciran "neighbor", the connection suffix is printed in bold):

case Form with Izafe meaning
Rectus , vg.m. her- ê ciran-i
her- a ciran-i
her- ê (n) ciran-i		 the donkey neighbor
an ass, the neighbor
, the neighbor's donkey
Rectus, vg.f. her- ê ciran-e
her- a ciran-e
her- ê (n) ciran-e		 the neighbor
's donkey the neighbor's donkey the neighbor
's donkey
Rectus, pl. her- ê (n) ciran-an the neighbors' donkeys
Obliquus , vg.m. her- ê ciran-i
her- a ciran-i
her- an- ê ciran-i		 the neighbor
's donkey the neighbor's donkey the neighbor
's donkey
Obliquus, vg.f. her- ê ciran-e
her- a ciran-e
her- an- ê ciran-e		 the neighbor
's donkey the neighbor's donkey the neighbor
's donkey
Obliquus, pl. her- an- ê ciran-an the neighbors' donkeys

However, the Zaza also allows a change in the genitive combination of a few nouns, in which the genitive attribute is placed in front of its relational word. For example, "from the hand ( least ) of the boy ( lacek )" can mean:

  • dest-ê lacek-i ra normal sequence, genitive attribute added, Izafe / -ê /
  • lacek-i dest ra change, genitive attribute in front of obliquus, no Izafe

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

The personal pronoun of the Zazaki distinguishes the cases rectus and obliquus in the singular and the 3rd person plural . For comparison, the pronouns of Kurmanji , Talish and Persian are added.

Pers / Num Zazaki Kurmand. Talisch Persian German
Nominative personal pronouns (rectus)
1st sg. ez ez āz man I
2.sg. tı do tə to you
3.sg.m. O ew av ū, ān he
3.sg.f. a
-
-
-
 she (sg.)
1.pl. ma em ama mā we
2.pl. şıma hûn şəma şomā her
3.pl. ê ew avon işān, inhā they (pl.)
Oblique personal pronoun / ergative
1st sg. mı (n) min mə man my, me, me
2.sg. to te tə to your (s), you, you
3.sg.m. ey wî ay ū, ān his, him, him
3.sg.f. aye wê
-
-
 you (s), you, she
1.pl. ma me ama mā our, us
2.pl. şıma we şema şomā yours, you
3.pl. inan wan evon işān, inhā her (s), them, she pl.

It should be noted that the Persian / Talic ā and a in Zazaki / Kurdish are reproduced as a and e (example: Farsi barf برف "snow", Kurmanji berf ), so one would also use Talish av in Zazaki / Kurdish alphabet as ev write.

Demonstrative pronouns

shape Zazaki Kurmanji Persian German
Rectus
Masculine (e) no possibly in this
Feminine (e) na possibly in this
Plural (e) nê possibly işān, inhā this
Obliquus
Masculine (e) ney vî in this, this
Feminine (e) naye vê in this, this
Plural (e) ninan van işān, inhā this, this

If a person, thing or state of affairs is particularly indicated (e.g. with the finger), an e- is added to the demonstrative pronouns with nouns.

copula

The copula , ie the “is” in Zazaki, is added to the adjective or the noun and also to the verb.

Num / pers Zazaki German Negation (zazaki) Negation (German) Adjective (zazaki) Adjective (German) Verb (zazaki) Verb (German)
1st sg. ez-an (an) it's me ez ni-yan I am not ez gırd-an I am big ez şon-an I go
2.sg.m. tı-yê (ê) you're the one tı ni-yê it's not you tı gırd-ê you are tall tı şon-ê you go
2.sg.f. tı-yay (ay) you're the one tı ni-yay it's not you tı gırd-ay you are tall tı şon-ay you go
3.sg.m. o-yo (o) he is it o ni-yo he is not o gırd-o he is tall o şon-o he goes
3.sg.f. a-ya (a) she is it a ni-ya it is not a gırd-a she is tall a şon-a she goes
1.pl. ma-yme (ime) It's us ma ni-yme we are not ma gırd-ime we are tall ma şon-ime we go
2.pl. şıma-yê (ê) it is you şıma ni-yê you are not şıma gırd-ê You are tall şıma şon-ê you go
3.pl. ê-yê (ê) it is them ê ni-yê they are not ê gırd-ê You are tall ê şon-ê they go

Verbal morphology

Verbal categories

The complex verbal morphology of the zaza can only be hinted at here. A distinction is made between finite and infinite verb forms. The finite verbal forms have the following categories:

No category Realizations
1 person 1st, 2nd and 3rd person
2 number Singular (sg.), Plural (pl.)
3 genus Masculine (m.), Feminine (f.) (Only in the 3rd sg.)
4th Tense Present tense , past tense , perfect tense ; Past tense , past perfect tense ; partly future tense
5 mode Indicative , continuative (progressive form), subjunctive , imperative
6th Diathesis Active , passive

Of the five tenses, distinguish the present, past and perfect tense according to person, number and gender, while the past tense and past perfect do not have these categories. (The past perfect distinguishes 1. sg./pl.)

The infinite verbal forms are two infinitives (on / -ene / and / -ış /) and two participles (agentive participle and preterital participle), which are not discussed here.

Split ergativity

Particularly noticeable - in comparison to German, but also to many other languages ​​- is the case exchange of rectus and obliquus for agent or patient in the transitive verb in the present and past, i.e. the so-called split ergativity . (More detailed explanation in the section "Nominal morphology".)

Here are some examples that illustrate this striking fact ( malım "teacher", ciran "neighbor", doxtor "doctor", ben- present stem, berd- preterite stem of a verb with the meaning "bring"):

Examples in the present tense:

Subject
rectus 		Object
Obliq. 		predicate Goal
Obliq. 		translation
malım-Ø ciran-i ben-o doxtor-i the teacher takes the neighbor to the doctor
malım-e ciran-i ben-a doxtor-i the teacher takes the neighbor to the doctor
malım-e ciran-e ben-a doxtor-e the teacher takes the neighbor to the doctor
malım-i ciran-an ben-ê doxtor-an the teachers bring the neighbors to the doctors

In the present tense there is congruence between subject and predicate . In the past tense (with transitive verbs) the endings of subject and object are interchanged , there is congruence between object and predicate.

Examples in the past tense (transitive verb):

Subject
Obliq. 		Object
rectus 		predicate Goal
Obliq. 		translation
malım-i ciran-Ø overd-Ø doxtor-i the teacher took the neighbor to the doctor
malım-i ciran-e berd-e doxtor-i the teacher took the neighbor to the doctor
malım-e ciran-e berd-e doxtor-e the teacher took the neighbor to the doctor
malım-an ciran-i berd-i doxtor-an the teachers took the neighbors to the doctors

An explanation of the past tense as a passive form is obvious: "The neighbor ( rectus ) was brought to the doctor by the teacher ( obliquus )".

Verbal stems

The verb in the Zaza has three verbal stems: present, subjunctive and preterital stem. The formation of the tenses and modes of the verbal stems shows the following scheme:

tribe forms formed therefrom
Present stem Indicative , continuous present tense
Subjunctive stem Subjunctive , imperative present tense
Past tense stem all other tenses and modes

In the following some conjugation paradigms of the verb are presented.

Indicative and continuative present tense

The indicative and continuative present tense are formed from the present tense stem (example wan-en "read"):

Num / pers Indic. Pres. meaning Contin. Pres. meaning
1st sg. (ez) wan-en-an I read ez-an wan-en-an I'm reading now
2.sg.m. (tı) wan-en-ê you read tı-yê wan-en-ê you are reading now
2.sg.f. (tı) wan-en-ay you read tı-yay wan-en-ay you are reading now
3.sg.m. (o) wan-en-o he reads o-yo wan-en-o he is reading now
3.sg.f. (a) wan-en-a she reads a-wa wan-en-a she is reading now
1.pl. (ma) wan-en-ime we read ma-yê wan-en-ime we are reading now
2.pl. (şıma) wan-en-ê you read şıma-yê wan-en-ê you are reading now
3.pl. (ê) wan-en-ê you read ê-yê wan-en-ê they are reading

The continuative is thus formed by suffixes ( copula ) on the subject from the indicative present. These endings can be extended by / -na- / ( Nahdeixis ) and / -ha - / ( Ferndeixis ), e.g. B. tı-na-ya ben-i “you are taking you right there” and tı-ha-wa ben-ay “you are taking you away”.

Present subjunctive and imperative

Subjunctive and imperative present are made of subjunctive strain (Example wanders "read"):

Num / pers Economy. Pres. meaning Imperative (pres.) meaning
1st sg. (ke) (ez) bı-wan-i (that) I read . .
2.sg. (tı) bı-wan-ê you read (tı) bı-wan-e read!
3.sg.m. (o) bı-wan-o he read (o) bı-wan-o he should read!
3.sg.f. (a) bı-wan-o she read (a) bı-wan-o she should read!
1.pl. (ke) (ma) bı-wan-ime (that) we read (ma) bı-wan-ime let's read!
2.pl. (şıma) bı-wan-ê you read (şıma) bı-wan-ê read!
3.pl. (ê) bı-wan-ê you read (ê) bı-wan-ê they should read!

preterite

All other tenses and modes are formed from the preterite stem (see above). As in other Iranian languages, the transitive verb in the simple past and perfect tense congruent with the object that is in the rectus . The intransitive verbs congruent with the subject in all tenses - including the past tense. Thereby the formation of forms of intransitive and transitive verbs differs in the past tense. Examples are conjugated men-d-ene “remain” (intransitive) and wen-d-ene “read” (transitive).

Num / pers Indic. Pret.
Intransit. 		meaning Indic. Pret.
Transitive 		meaning Contin. Pretend
intransitive 		meaning
1st sg. ez mend-an I stayed mı o / a / ê wend- Ø / e / i I read it (him) / she (f) / she (pl) ez-an mendan i just stayed
2.sg.m. tı mend-ê you stayed to .... wend- ... you let it (him) / she (f) / she (pl) tı-yê mendi you stayed straight
2.sg.f. tı mend-ay you stayed to .... wend- ... you let it (him) / she (f) / she (pl) tı-yay menday you stayed straight
3.sg.m. o mend-Ø he stayed ey .... wend- ... he read it (him) / she (f) / she (pl) o-yo mend he just stayed
3.sg.f. at the end she stayed ae .... wend- ... she read it (him) / she (f) / she (pl) a-wa mende she just stayed
1.pl. ma mend-ime we stayed ma ... wend- ... we read it (him) / she (f) / she (pl) ma-o mendime we just stayed
2.pl. şıma mend-i you stayed şıma ... wend- ... you load it (him) / she (f) / she (pl) şıma-ê mendi you stayed straight
3.pl. ê mend-i they stayed inan ... wend- ... they read it (him) / she (f) / she (pl) ê-yê mendi they stayed straight

The congruence behavior of the transitive past tense becomes clearer if one arranges the schema according to the object that is in the rectus: Example berd-ene "bring away". The subjects are chosen arbitrarily:

Num / pers Indic. Pret.
Transitive 		meaning
1st sg. (to) ez berd-an you took me away
2.sg.m. (mı) tı berd-i i took you away
2.sg.f. (mı) tı berd-ay i took you away
3.sg.m. (ae) o berd-Ø she took him away
3.sg.f. (ey) a berd-e he took her away
1.pl. (inan) ma berd-ime they took us away
2.pl. (ma) şıma berd-i we took you away
3.pl. (şıma) ê berd-i you took them away

Literal meaning (1.sg.) "I was taken away by you".

Perfect

The Perfect is formed as the past tense of Präteritalstamm (see above) and also differs intransitive and transitive forms. Semantically, it does not correspond to the German perfect, but rather describes actions not directly observed, experienced or even doubted by the speaker. The examples correspond to those for the simple past (see above).

Num / pers Indic. Perf.
Intransit. 		meaning Indic. Perf.
Transitive 		meaning
1st sg. (ez) mend-an I stayed mı o / a / ê wend- o / a / ê I've read it / she (f) / she (pl)
2.sg.m. (tı) mend-ê you stayed to ... wend- ... you have read it / she (f) / she (pl)
2.sg.f. (tı) mend-ay you stayed to ... wend- ... you have read it / she (f) / she (pl)
3.sg.m. (o) mend-o he stayed ey ... wend- ... he has read it / she (f) / she (pl)
3.sg.f. (a) mend-a she stayed aye ... wend- ... she has read it / she (f) / she (pl)
1.pl. (ma) mend-ime we stayed ma ... wend- ... we have read it / she (f) / she (pl)
2.pl. (şıma) mend-ê you stayed şıma ... wend- ... you have read it / she (f) / she (pl)
3.pl. (ê) mend-ê they stayed inan ... wend- ... they have read it / they (f) / they (pl)

Past tense

The past tense describes actions that are not completed. The past tense is formed in the indicative by the suffix -êne , in the subjunctive the prefix bı- is also used.

Num / pers Indic. Imperf.
intransitive 		meaning Contin. Imperf.
intransitive 		meaning
1st sg. ez mend-êne I stayed ez bı-mend-êne I would have stayed
2.sg. tı mend-êne you stayed tı bı-mend-êne would you have stayed
3.sg.m. o mend-êne he stayed o bı-mend-êne he would have stayed
3.sg.f. a mend-êne she stayed a bı-mend-êne she would have stayed
1.pl. ma mend-êne we stayed ma bı-mend-êne we would have stayed
2.pl. şıma mend-êne you stayed şıma bı-mend-êne you would have stayed
3.pl. ê mend-êne they stayed ê bı-mend-êne they would have stayed

past continuous

The past perfect in Zazaic is formed with the auxiliary verb bi . It only exists in the indicative.

Num / pers Indic. Plusqperf.
intransitive 		meaning
1st sg. ez mendi biyan I stayed
2.sg.m. tı mendi biy you stayed
2.sg.f. tı mendi biyay you stayed
3.sg.m. o mendi bi he stayed
3.sg.f. a mendi biye she stayed
1.pl. ma mendi biyme we stayed
2.pl. şıma mendi biy you stayed
3.pl. ê mendi biy they stayed

Future tense

The future tense is obtained in Zaza by the particle do , which is placed in front of the subjunctive.

Num / pers Future tense meaning
1st sg. ez do bı-man-an I will stay
2.sg. tı do bı-man-ê you will stay
3.sg.m. o do bı-man-o he will stay
3.sg.f. a do bı-man-o she will stay
1.pl. ma do bı-man-ime we will stay
2.pl. şıma do bı-man-ê you will stay
3.pl. ê do bı-man-ê they will stay

literature

  • Ilyas Arslan: Verb functionality and ergativity in the Zaza language . Inaugural dissertation, Heinrich Heine University. Düsseldorf 2016.
  • Peter I. Lerch: Research on the Kurds and the Iranian North Chaldeans. St. Petersburg 1857/58.
  • Friedrich Müller: Zaza dialect of the Kurdish language. (= Contributions to the knowledge of the neo-Persian dialects. 3). (From the November issue of the 1864 year of the meeting reports of the phil.-hist. Class of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, XLVIII. Vol., Specially reprinted), 1865 limited preview in the Google book search
  • Albert Von Le Coq: Kurdish texts , Reichsdruckerei, Berlin 1903
  • Oskar Mann, Karl Hadank: The dialects of the Zâzâ. mainly from Siverek and Kor. Leipzig 1932.
  • Kanat Kalashevich Kurdoev: Ḥālatakānī jins u bīnāy barkār la zāzādā: On gender and number in the Zaza dialect of Kurdish. Translated by Azīz Ibrāhīm. Chāpkhānay Kōrī Zānyārī Kurd, Baghdad 1977.
  • Terry Lynn Todd: A Grammar of Dimili . University of Michigan 1985.
  • Garnik. S. Asatrian, N. Kh. Gevorgian: Zāzā Miscellany: Notes on some religious customs and institutions. In: Hommage et Opera Minora. (Acta Iranica). Volume XII. Leiden 1988.
  • Joyce Blue: Gurani et Zaza. In: Rüdiger Schmitt (Ed.): Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden 1989, ISBN 3-88226-413-6 . (Very brief representation.)
  • M. Sandonato: Zazaki. In: Peter Kahrel, René van den Berg (Eds.): Typological studies in negation. Amsterdam 1994, ISBN 90-272-2919-8 , pp. 125-142.
  • Use Bläsing: Kurdish and Zaza elements in the Turkish dialect dictionary. Etymological considerations based on northwest Iranian. In: Dutch studies on Near Eastern languages ​​and literatures. Vol 1 No. 2, Nell, Leiden 1995, pp. 173-218.
  • Uwe Bläsing: Irano-Turcia: Western Iranian fiefdom in the Turkish dialect material. In: Studia Etymologica Craconviensia. Vol. 2, Kraków 1997, pp. 77-150.
  • Kerim Rakhmanovich Ayyoubi, Iraida Anatolʹevna Smirnova: The zaza dialect of the Kurdish Language (Dersim). Center for Kurdish Studies, Moscow 1998.
  • Ludwig Paul: Zazaki. Grammar and attempt at dialectology. (= Contributions to Iranian Studies, 18). Wiesbaden 1998.
  • Ludwig Paul: The Position of Zazaki Among West Iranian languages. (PDF; 1.2 MB). University of Hamburg 1998.
  • Zülfü Selcan: Grammar of the Zaza language. Northern dialect (Dersim dialect). Wissenschaft & Technik Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-928943-96-0 . (Basis for the grammatical part of this article.)
  • Jon Gajewski: Evidentiality in Zazaki ( Memento from September 28, 2005 in the Internet Archive ). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004.
  • Richard Larson, Yamakido Hiroko: Zazaki as Double Case-Marking. (PDF; 352 kB). Stony Brook University 2006.
  • CM Jacobson: Rastnustena Zonê Ma - Handbook for the spelling of the Zaza language. Publishing house for culture and science, Bonn 1993.
  • CM Jacobson: Zazaca okuma yazma el kitabi. Publishing house for culture and science, Bonn 1997.
  • Grûba Xebate ya Vateyî: Ferhenge Kirmanchki - Tirki (Zazaki - Turkish dictionary). Avesta Verlag, Istanbul 2001, ISBN 975-7112-98-4 .
  • Grûba Xebate ya Vateyî, Rastnuştişê Kirmanckî (Zazakî), Vate yayınları. İstanbul 2005.
  • Jost Gippert: On the dialectal position of the Zazaki: The language. In: Journal of Linguistics. Wiesbaden 2007/2008.
  • Gülşat Aygen: Zazaki / Kirmanckî Kurdish. (= Languages ​​of the World. Volume 479). Lincom Europe, 2010.
  • Hakkı Çimen: Zazaki - Wendis u Nostis. 1 + 2, Ders Kitabı - Schoolbook - Schulbuch, Schulbuchverlag Anadolu, Wassenberg 2014, ISBN 978-3-86121-609-4 .
  • Hakkı Çimen: Zazaki - Kıtave Gureaişi. 1 + 2, Calışma Defteri - Workbook, textbook publisher Anadolu, Wassenberg 2014, ISBN 978-3-86121-608-7 .

Web links

Wikipedia in Zazaisch

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Ludwig Paul: Zaza (ki) - dialect, language, nation? In: Religion and Truth. Studies in the history of religion. Festschrift for Gernot Wießner on his 65th birthday. Published by Bärbel Köhler. Harrassowitz Verlag , Wiesbaden , 1998, p. 385. Restricted preview in the Google book search
  2. ↑ Zaza-Gorani . In: Ethnologue . ( ethnologue.com [accessed October 27, 2018]).
  3. ^ Harry van der Hulst, Rob Goedemans, Ellen van Zanten: A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages ​​of the World . Walter de Gruyter, 2010, ISBN 978-3-11-019631-3 ( google.de [accessed October 27, 2018]).
  4. ↑ Zülfü Selcan: grammar of the Zaza language , Science & Technology Publishing, 1998, ISBN 3-928-94396-0
  5. ^ Ludwig Paul: The Position of Zazaki Among West Iranian Languages. In: azargoshnasp.net. Pp. 163-177. (PDF file)
  6. ↑ Wolfgang Schulze: Northern Talysh. Lincom Europa, 2000, p. 35.
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on May 7, 2006 in this version .