Time table Mexico

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Timeline for the history of Mexico .

Pre-Columbian history

First settlement is before 10,000 BC. Traces of settlement even go as far as 20,000 and 22,000 BC. BC ( Tlapacoya ).

Around 1500 BC Settlement of the city of Tlatilco in the Valley of Mexico, abandonment of the settlement in the 4th century (around 300).

See also : Olmec , Aztec , Maya , Teotihuacán , List of Pyramids , History of Central America

The conquest by Spain

"The Conquest of Mexico, 1519-1521"

Main article: Spanish conquest of Mexico

Viceroyalty of New Spain

  • 1535 : Mexico is attached to the Spanish crown (Viceroyalty New Spain , Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España ) and gains great importance for the motherland due to its silver wealth.

Mexico's independence

  • 1810 - 1815 : First revolts against Spanish rule initiated by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla .
  • 1821 : The Spanish general Agustín de Iturbide (* 1783, † 1824) allies himself with the remaining rebels (fear of Iturbides and the colonial Mexican upper class of liberal reform tendencies in motherland Spain). Iturbide and the rebels proclaim an independent Mexican monarchy ( Plan of Iguala ) that does not affect the power of the Church.
  • 1822 (May 18): Agustín de Iturbide can be as Agustín I. the emperor of Mexico proclaimed.
  • 1823 : Emperor Agustín I is overthrown by a military uprising led by Antonio López de Santa Ana (* 1794, † 1876). Then 17 of the 18 provinces of Guatemala separate from Mexico (apart from Chiapas ) and on July 1 the Republic of the United Provinces of Central America ( Central American Confederation ) is founded .
  • 1824 (July 19): Emperor Agustín I, who had returned from his exile, was captured by republicans and executed.
  • 1824 (October 4th) : Mexico becomes a republic and receives a federal constitution. Unstable governments and multiple military revolts up to 1861. An outstanding figure is General Antonio López de Santa Ana as a repeated rebel and president-dictator, last in 1854–56.
  • 1829 Last Spanish attempt to retake Mexico. The invaders are defeated at Támpico north of Veracruz.
  • 1836 : Centralistic tendencies promote the independence of the English-speaking colonists in Texas , which belongs to Mexico . After the Battle of the Alamo and the defeat of the Mexican army on the San Jacinto River, Texas is de facto independent.
  • 1845 (December 29): Texas becomes the 28th state to join the United States.
  • 1846 - 1848 :Mexico loses around a third of its national territory in the Mexican-American War (California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Kansas).
  • In 1853 , the Gadsden purchase resulted in the acquisition of an area of ​​77,700 km 2 by the USA .
  • 1858 - 1861 : A reform policy initiated by President Benito Juárez García (* 1806, † 1872) (including a new constitution from 1857) provokes resistance from the Catholic Church, which to date has owned a third of the land, and leads the country into a civil war that ruined the country economically.
  • 1861 - 1863 : Since Mexico is unable to meet its international obligations, Spain, Great Britain and France send an expeditionary force . After the withdrawal of the Spanish and British associations (1862), the French penetrated the Mexican highlands and in 1863 conquered the country's capital.
  • 1863 : The French Emperor Napoléon III. intends to establish an empire in Mexico that is politically and economically closely allied with France and appoints the Austrian Archduke Maximilian (* 1832, † 1867) (brother of the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I ) as Emperor of Mexico (see Maximilian I. ) .
  • 1864 (June 16): Emperor Maximilian takes office. Right from the start, however, he was confronted with strong republican opposition.
  • 1866 : The French are forced to withdraw their troops from Mexico due to massive resistance and pressure from the USA. Emperor Maximilian decides to stay in the country.
  • 1867 : Republican associations led by the former President Benito Juárez García defeat the imperial army in Querétaro (May 14). Maximilian is captured and executed (June 19). With the reinstatement of Benito Juárez as President (December) and the reintroduction of the republic , the Mexican monarchy ends.
  • 1877 - 1911 (with interruptions): In the "Porfiriato" (factual dictatorship of President Porfirio Díaz ) (* 1830, † 1915) the political situation of the country stabilizes, which is experiencing a considerable economic boom.

Mexico in the 20th century

  • 1911 - 1920 : The overthrow of President Porfirio Díaz (May 25, 1911) ushered in the era of the Mexican Revolution , during which various political groups struggled for power, including those with emphatically social reform goals such as Emiliano Zapata (* 1879 , † 1919), Pancho Villa (* 1877, † 1923) and Venustiano Carranza (* 1859, † 1920). Carranza became president in 1917, but the socialist direction envisaged in the Constitution of Querétaro of 1917 was initially only implemented slowly (nationalization of industry, land reform, combating the Church). The National Revolutionary Party ( Partido Nacional Revolucionario , PNR), which was set up, developed as the strongest political force in the country.
  • 1934-1940 : Lazaro Cardenas, President of Mexico. Advanced form of government, involving the people through dialogue.
  • 1938 : Nationalization of the US, British and Dutch oil companies under President Lázaro Cárdenas (1936-1940), under which more land is distributed to farmers than under all other predecessors.
  • 1942 : Mexico joins the Allies in World War II .
  • 1946 : The PNR is renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( Partido Revolucionario Institucional , PRI).
  • 1958 - 1970 : Successful continuation of land reform, industrialization, expansion of infrastructure and social facilities.
  • 1968 : Severe (student) unrest is suppressed by force of arms ( Tlatelolco massacre ), in the 1970s a dirty war by the secret service and army against radical opponents of the regime.
  • 1985 An earthquake destroys parts of the capital Mexico City and kills over 20,000 people. The corruption and lack of action of the state party PRI becomes evident in the relief and clean-up work, the result is the development of a civil society.
  • 1992 : Mexico signs the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) with the USA and Canada
  • 1994 (January 1): The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) comes into force. Simultaneously twelve-day uprising by indigenous people in the southern state of Chiapas (organized in the EZLN ), since then repeated incidents, repeatedly interrupted peace talks and development of autonomously managed areas. The conflict has still not been resolved.
  • 2000 : Vicente Fox Quesada takes office and replaces the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) , which has ruled for 71 years, in free elections .