Cinnabarite
| Cinnabarite | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| General and classification | |
| other names |
|
| chemical formula | α- HgS |
|
Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Sulfides, sulfosalts; Metal: sulfur, selenium, tellurium = 1: 1 |
|
System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
2.CD.15a ( 8th edition : II / B.14) 08/02/14/01 |
| Similar minerals | Cuprite , crocoite , prostite , realgar , rutile |
| Crystallographic Data | |
| Crystal system | trigonal |
| Crystal class ; symbol | trigonal trapezoidal; 32 |
| Space group | P 3 1 21 (No. 152) or P 3 2 21 (No. 154) |
| Lattice parameters | a = 4.145 Å ; c = 9.496 Å |
| Formula units | Z = 3 |
| Frequent crystal faces | {0001}, {10 1 1} |
| Twinning | according to (0001) contact and penetration twins |
| Physical Properties | |
| Mohs hardness | 2 to 2.5 |
| Density (g / cm 3 ) | measured: 8.176; calculated: 8.20 |
| Cleavage | completely according to {10 1 0} |
| Break ; Tenacity | uneven to slightly scalloped; brittle and splintery, slightly sectile |
| colour | vermilion, brownish red, lead gray |
| Line color | scarlet |
| transparency | translucent to opaque |
| shine | Diamond luster, metallic luster, matt |
| magnetism | Diamagnetism |
| Crystal optics | |
| Refractive indices |
n ω = 2.905 n ε = 3.256 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.351 |
| Optical character | uniaxial positive |
| Other properties | |
| Chemical behavior | Can be precipitated from mercury (II) salt solutions by hydrogen sulfide as mercury (II) sulfide |
Cinnabarite , also known as cinnabar in German- speaking countries , is a frequently occurring mineral from the mineral class of " sulfides and sulfosalts " with the chemical composition HgS and therefore, chemically speaking, a mercury sulfide .
Cinnabarite crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system and develops mostly only smaller, but often very extensive crystals with tabular to prismatic, rhombohedral or dipyramidal habit . So far, more than 50 crystal forms and crystal twins have become known . It is often found in the form of crusty coatings or granular to massive mineral aggregates . The mineral is translucent to opaque and has a diamond- to metal-like sheen on visible crystal surfaces . Rough aggregates or crusts, on the other hand, are more dull.
The color of cinnabar is predominantly provided by a characteristic bright, slightly tending to yellow as well as a color known Vermilion . However, the mineral can also take on a brown-red to lead-gray color due to foreign admixtures. However, his line color is always a strong red, which is described as scarlet red .
With a Mohs hardness of 2 to 2.5, cinnabarite is one of the soft minerals that, like the reference mineral gypsum (hardness 2), can just be scratched with a fingernail. Cinnabarit can easily be mistaken for realgar in terms of color , with which it is often associated . However, it differs from this one because of its much higher density (cinnabarite ≈ 8.2 g / cm 3 ; realgar ≈ 3.6 g / cm 3 ). Other minerals that are similar in color are cuprite , crocoite , prostite and rutile .
Etymology and history
The name "Cinnabarit" refers to the characteristic red color of the mineral and is derived from the Latin cinnabaris and the Greek κιννάβαρι ( kinnabari ). Probably this has a common source with the Persian name of cinnabar, Persian شنگرف, DMG šangarf , with its Arabic nameزنجفرة / zinǧifra and also by his name in Sanskrit , सुगरम् sugaram . However, this source can no longer be found.
Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749–1817) chose the term cinnabar for the mineral in his mineral system and classified it as mercury ore in the metal class. The name Cinnabarit, which is still valid today, was coined by Carl Friedrich Naumann (1798–1873) in 1859 , which refers to the original Latin form. Hermann Hugo Alfred Francke (1860–) suggested in 1890 the name kinnabarit , which corresponds to the Greek spelling , but this could not prevail; just as little as the name Merkurblende chosen by August Breithaupt (1791–1873) after the Roman god Mercurius as a symbol for mercury.
The production of cinnabar using the dry process method from the two elements mercury and sulfur was invented in China (hence the common name "Chinese red "). Due to the fact that the earliest sources for making vermilion in Europe refer to Arabic alchemists from the 8th and 9th centuries, it is believed that they brought the Chinese invention to Europe. In Venice, cinnabar was produced synthetically from the 16th century. In the 17th century, the center of European dry-process cinnabar production was finally in Amsterdam.
In 1687 Gottfried Schulz improved the production of cinnabar with the development of the wet process method. He heated "Aethiops mineralis" or the black modification in an aqueous solution of ammonium or potassium sulfide . The result was light, yellow-red vermilion, which was also cheaper to produce.
Cinnabar mines from the time of the Baden culture (approx. 3500–2800 BC) have been found, among others, from Šuplja Stena in Serbia .
classification
Already in the outdated 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the cinnabar belonged to the mineral class of "sulfides and sulfosalts" and there to the department of "sulfides with the molar ratio of metal: S = 1: 1" with a crystal structure of the PbS type (and relatives ), where he was the only member of the unnamed group II / B.14 .
In the last revised and updated Lapis mineral directory by Stefan Weiß in 2018 , which, out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections, is still based on this classic systematics by Karl Hugo Strunz , Cinnabarit received the system and mineral no. II / C.18-10 , which corresponds in the "Lapis system" of the section "Sulphides with the molar ratio metal: S ≈ 1: 1", where the mineral together with hypercinnabar forms a separate but unnamed group.
The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also classifies cinnabarite in the category of "Metal sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)". This is, however, further subdivided according to the predominant metals in the compound, so that the mineral, according to its composition, can be found in the sub-section "with tin (Sn), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) etc.", where it is the only one Member forms the unnamed group 2.CD.15a .
The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the cinnabarite to the class of "sulfides and sulfosalts" and there in the department of "sulfide minerals". Here he is to be found as the only member of the unnamed group 02.08.14 within the subsection “Sulphides - including selenides and tellurides - with the composition A m B n X p , with (m + n): p = 1: 1”.
Chemism
In general, cinnabarite is very pure and essentially consists of mercury sulfide (HgS) with a proportion of 86.2% by weight mercury (Hg) and 13.8% by weight sulfur (S). In nature, however, cinnabarite often contains various mechanical impurities such as organic substances.
Crystal structure
Cinnabarite crystallizes trigonally in the space group P 3 1 21 (space group no. 152) or P 3 2 21 (no. 154) with the lattice parameters a = 4.15 Å and c = 3.26 Å as well as three formula units per unit cell .
The crystal structure of cinnabarite consists of spiral chains along the c-axis with each two- coordinate mercury and sulfur ions (Hg [2] S [2] ). The bonds to the neighboring chains create a trigonal deformed galena structure Hg [2 + 4] S [2 + 4] .
| Crystal structure of cinnabarite |
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| Color table: __ Hg __ S |
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properties
Cinnabarite has a noticeably high birefringence (δ = 0.351), which is about twice as high as that of the calcite known for it ( double spar , δ = 0.154 to 0.174). In addition, it shows a very strong , circular polarization that exceeds quartz by 15 times .
Cinnabarite crystals show complete cleavage according to {10 1 0} and break with uneven to slightly scalloped fracture surfaces. Even if the mineral with a Mohs hardness of 2 to 2.5 is still in addition to the soft minerals with a certain toughness - cinnabarite can be slightly cut with a knife - it still reacts brittle and splintery when scratched.
Before the soldering tube, cinnabarite sublimates very easily (from 200 ° C) and when heated with soda in the glow tube, pure mercury is deposited. However, cinnabarite is very resistant to acids and alkalis; it only dissolves in aqua regia and concentrated alkali sulfide solutions.
Modifications and varieties
Cinnabarite is one of three modifications of mercury sulfide (HgS). The other two are the cubic crystallizing metacinnabar and the hexagonal crystallizing hypercinnabar .
As Stahlerz a bluish is variety with metallic luster called.
Education and Locations
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Cinnabar forms hydrothermally mainly in fracture zones around volcanic vents and hot springs. Accompanying minerals include antimonite , arsenopyrite , calcite , chalcedony , dolomite , fluorite , marcasite , pyrite , quartz , mercury and realgar .
As a frequent mineral formation, cinnabarite can be found at many localities, with over 2600 localities so far (as of 2019) being known. The most important deposits include Monte Amiata in Italy, Idrija in Slovenia, Almadén in Spain, Nikitovka ( Donetsk Oblast ) in Ukraine and Fargʻona (also Ferghana ) in Uzbekistan.
China is best known for its extraordinary cinnabarite finds, where well-developed crystals of up to seven centimeters in size were found at numerous sites in Hunan , Guizhou and other provinces.
In Germany, the mineral was found in many places in the Black Forest in Baden-Württemberg, near Wölsendorf in the Bavarian district of Schwandorf , in several places in Hesse and Lower Saxony, in Sauerland and Siegerland in North Rhine-Westphalia, in many places in Rhineland-Palatinate and some Jobs in Saarland, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia.
In Austria, Cinnabarit has so far mainly performed in Carinthia , Salzburg , Styria and Tyrol .
In Switzerland, the mineral has so far only been found in two places in Schams in the canton of Graubünden and in several places in the canton of Valais .
Other locations include Afghanistan, Australia, Bolivia, Chile, France, Japan, Canada, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Russia, Zimbabwe, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the United Kingdom (Great Britain) and many states in the USA.
Synthetic manufacture
Cinnabar can be chemically precipitated as mercury (II) sulfide from mercury (II) salt solutions by introducing hydrogen sulfide. The metastable, black, cubic sulfide (metacinnabarite) initially precipitates . Upon contact with ammonium polysulphide solution, this changes into the less soluble, hexagonal red modification over the course of a few days.
use
As a raw material
With a metal content of 87 percent, cinnabarite is the most important and most common mercury mineral, but its economic importance has been declining for years and thus the production quantities are also falling worldwide. Worldwide mercury production was still over 10,000 t in 1971, but fell to around 9600 t in 1975, with the USSR being the market leader at the time with a production share of 25%. In 2010 global mercury production was only 1960 t.
As a pigment
Cinnabarite was used historically as a red pigment , the "vermilion". It has been used as a dye at the latest since the Natufien (12000–9500 or 9000 BC), as a painted skull from Kfar HaHoresh shows. In the Vinča culture (5400-4600 / 4550 BC) the mineral was also used for ceramic decoration.
The mercury contained was used as a material for mirrors after reduction of the mercury sulfide . The mineral has been used as a pigment in wall , panel and book painting since ancient times .
Vermilion was used in painting from ancient times until the 20th century. A fine example is the painting by Masaccio , where the robe of St. Jerome was painted with cinnabar, that of St. John the Baptist with madder .
Cinnabar has good coverage but can turn dark in strong lighting. Cinnabar can also be found as a painter's paint under the following names: Bergzinnober , Cinnabar , Mercurblende , Minium , Mercury sulfide red , red sulfur mercury , Chinese red and vermillion .
Other uses
As a gemstone , cinnabarite ( vermilion ) is of no interest to the jewelry industry despite its appealing color due to its low Mohs hardness and high tendency to split, especially since it usually only forms small crystals. For collectors of rare gemstones, however, cinnabarite is occasionally offered in a cut shape.
See also
literature
- Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p. 307-309 .
- Helmut Schrätze , Karl-Ludwig Weiner : Mineralogy. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp. 216-223 .
- Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 443–444 (first edition: 1891).
- H. Hugo A. Francke: About the mineralogical nomenclature: a detailed discussion of the principles and rules to be considered for the formation of scientific mineral names . R. Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin 1890 (number of pages: 124).
- Felicitas and Thomas Brachert: Zinnober. In: Maltechnik- Restauro , Volume 86.3, 1980, pp 145-158
Web links
- Mineral Atlas: Cinnabarite (Wiki)
- Thomas Seilnacht: Zinnober. In: seilnacht.com. Seilnacht - Science Teaching, June 20, 2018, accessed March 15, 2019 .
- David Barthelmy: Cinnabar Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Accessed March 10, 2019 .
- Cinnabar search results. In: rruff.info. Database of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and chemistry of minerals (RRUFF), accessed March 10, 2019 .
- American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database - Cinnabar. In: rruff.geo.arizona.edu. Retrieved March 10, 2019 .
- Vermilion - Cinnabar. In: colourlex.com. Colourlex, accessed March 10, 2019 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Hans Lüschen: The names of the stones. The mineral kingdom in the mirror of language . 2nd Edition. Ott Verlag, Thun 1979, ISBN 3-7225-6265-1 , p. 348 .
- ↑ a b c d Patrick Auvray, Françoise Genet: Affinement de la structure cristalline du cinabre α-HgS . In: Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie . tape 96 , 1973, pp. 218–219 (French, available online at rruff.info [PDF; 143 kB ; accessed on March 10, 2019]).
- ^ David Barthelmy: Cinnabar Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Accessed March 10, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c Helmut Schrätze , Karl-Ludwig Weiner : Mineralogie. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp. 216 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Cinnabar . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 (English, handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 59 kB ; accessed on March 10, 2019]).
- ↑ a b c d e Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p. 307-308 .
- ↑ a b c d Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 444 (first edition: 1891).
- ↑ a b Cinnabar. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed March 10, 2019 .
- ↑ Inspector Werner's mineral system published by CAS Hoffmann with his permission . In: CAS Hoffmann (Ed.): Bergmannisches Journal . tape 1 , 1789, pp. 381 ( available online at rruff.info [PDF; 2.0 MB ; accessed on March 10, 2019]).
- ↑ Wendell E. Wilson: Hugo Francke (1860–). In: mineralogicalrecord.com. Mineralogical Record, accessed March 10, 2019 .
- ↑ a b Zinnober synth., Vermilion. (PDF 31 kB) In: kremer-pigmente.com. Kremer Pigmente, September 25, 2015, accessed March 10, 2019 .
- ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
- ^ Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 92 (English).
- ^ Helmut Schrätze , Karl-Ludwig Weiner : Mineralogie. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp. 217 .
- ↑ Localities for Cinnabar. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed March 10, 2019 .
- ↑ Petr Korbel, Milan Novák: Mineral Encyclopedia (= Dörfler Natur ). Edition Dörfler im Nebel-Verlag, Eggolsheim 2002, ISBN 978-3-89555-076-8 , p. 37 .
- ↑ Find location list for cinnabarite at the Mineralienatlas and at Mindat
- ↑ Martin Bertau, Armin Müller, Peter Fröhlich, Michael Katzberg, Karl Heinz Büchel, Hans-Heinrich Moretto, Dietmar Werner: Industrial Inorganic Chemistry . 4th, completely revised and updated edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag , Weinheim 2013, ISBN 978-3-527-33019-5 ( limited preview in Google book search).
- ^ Adrian Nigel Goring-Morris, Anna Belfer-Cohen: Different strokes for different folks: Near Eastern Neolithic mortuary practices in Perspective . In: Ian Hodder (Ed.): Religion at Work in a Neolithic Society . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2014, pp. 47 , doi : 10.1017 / CBO9781107239043.004 (English, available online at academia.edu [accessed on March 15, 2019]).
- ↑ W. Anaf, K. Janssens , K. de Wael: Formation of Metallic Mercury During photodegradation / photodarkening of α-HgS: Electrochemical Evidence . In: Angewandte Chemie . tape 125 , no. 48 , 2013, p. 12800–12803 , doi : 10.1002 / anie.201303977 .
- ^ Maria Spring, Rachel Grout: The Blackening of Vermilion: An Analytical Study of the Process in Paintings . In: National Gallery Technical Bulletin . tape 23 , 2002, p. 50–61 ( available online at nationalgallery.org.uk [PDF; 8.1 MB ; accessed on March 10, 2019]).
- ^ Walter Schumann: Precious stones and gemstones. All kinds and varieties. 1900 unique pieces . 16th, revised edition. BLV Verlag, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-8354-1171-5 , pp. 230 .