Robert E. Lee and Batman (TV series): Difference between pages

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{{about||the 1990s animated series|Batman: The Animated Series|the 2004 animated series|The Batman (TV series)}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Military Person
{{Infobox Television
|name = Robert Edward Lee
|show_name =Batman
|image =[[Image:1966 Batman titlecard.JPG|250px]]
|lived = [[January 19]] [[1807]] – {{Dda|1870|10|12|1807|1|19}}
|caption =Title card for the ''Batman'' television series
|placeofbirth= [[Stratford Hall Plantation|Stratford Hall]], [[Virginia]]
|aka =
|placeofdeath= [[Lexington, Virginia]]
|genre =[[Action-adventure|action]], [[comedy]]
|image = [[Image:Robert Edward Lee.jpg|200px]]
|creator =[[Bob Kane]] (characters)<br>[[William Dozier]] (series)
|caption = Robert E. Lee, officer of the Confederate Army (1863, Julian Vannerson)
|writer =
|religion = [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America |Episcopalian]]
|director =
|nickname=
|creat_director =
|allegiance =[[United States|United States of America]]<br />[[Confederate States of America]]
|developer =
|serviceyears=1829–61 (USA)<br />1861–65 (CSA)
|rank = [[Colonel]] (USA)<br />[[General (CSA)]]
|presenter =
|starring =[[Adam West]]<br>[[Burt Ward]]<br>[[Alan Napier]]<br>[[Neil Hamilton (actor)|Neil Hamilton]]<br>[[Stafford Repp]]<br>[[Madge Blake]]<br>and [[Yvonne Craig]] (Season 3), [[Cesar Romero]]<br>[[Frank Gorshin]]<br>[[Julie Newmar]]<br>[[Burgess Meredith]]
|commands =[[Army of Northern Virginia]]
|voices =
|battles =[[Mexican-American War]]<br />[[American Civil War]]
|narrated =
|awards=
|theme_music_composer=[[Neal Hefti]]
|laterwork =President of [[Washington and Lee University]]
|opentheme =[[Batman Theme]]
|endtheme =
|composer =[[Nelson Riddle]] (incidental music)
|country ={{USA}}
|language =[[English language|English]]
|num_seasons =3
|num_episodes =120
|list_episodes =Batman (TV): Guest appearances and episodes#Chart of episodes and villains
|executive_producer =
|co_exec =
|producer =
|sup_producer =
|asst_producer =
|cons_producer =
|co-producer =
|editor =
|story_editor =
|location =
|cinematography =
|camera_setup =
|runtime =25 minutes
|channel =[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
|picture_format =
|audio_format =
|first_run =
|first_aired =[[January 12]], [[1966]]
|last_aired =[[March 14]], [[1968]]
|preceded_by =
|followed_by =
|related =''[[Batman (1966 film)|Batman]]'' ([[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]])
|website =
|prod_website =
|imdb_id =0059968
|tv_com_id =713
}}
}}
'''''Batman''''' is a 1960s [[United States|American]] [[television series]], based on the [[DC Comics|DC]] [[comic book]] character [[Batman|of the same name]]. It aired on the [[American Broadcasting Company]] (ABC) network for two and a half seasons from [[January 12]], [[1966]] to [[March 14]], [[1968]]. Despite its short run, the series had two weekly installments for most of its tenure, giving the show a total of 120 episodes ( the equivalent of roughly four regular seasons). It currently airs on the [[AmericanLife TV Network]] <ref>http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Americanlife-Tv-Network-876762.html</ref> and on [[BBC Four]] in the UK.
'''Robert Edward Lee''' (January 19, 1807 &ndash; October 12, 1870), was a career [[United States]] [[United States Army|Army]] [[officer (armed forces)|officer]], an [[engineer]], and among the most celebrated [[generals]] in American history. Lee was the son of [[Major General]] [[Henry Lee III]] "Light Horse Harry" (1756–1818), [[Governor of Virginia]], and his second wife, Anne Hill Carter (1773–1829). He was a descendant of Sir [[Thomas More]] and of King [[Robert II of Scotland]] through the [[Earl of Crawford|Earls of Crawford]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-20|url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/leeancestors.htm|title=The Descent Of General Robert Edward Lee From Robert The Bruce, Of Scotland. He was also related to Meriwether Lewis (1774 - 1809) .|publisher=American Civil War Home Page}}</ref>


==Genesis of the series==
A top graduate of [[United States Military Academy|West Point]], Lee distinguished himself as an exceptional soldier in the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] for thirty-two years. He is best known for fighting on behalf of the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate Army]] in the [[American Civil War]].
In the early 1960s, Ed Graham Productions optioned the TV rights to the [[comic strip]] ''Batman'', and planned a straightforward juvenile adventure show, much like ''[[Adventures of Superman (TV series)|Adventures of Superman]]'' and ''[[The Lone Ranger]]'', for [[CBS]] on Saturday mornings. [[Mike Henry]], who would later go on to star in the [[Tarzan]] franchise, and is best known for his portrayal of [[Jackie Gleason]]'s not-too-bright son ''Buford T. Justice, Jr.'' in the ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' movies, was set to star as Batman.


Reportedly, [[DC Comics]] commissioned publicity photos of Henry in a Batman costume. Around this same time, the [[Playboy Club]] in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] was screening the Batman serials (1943's ''[[Batman (serial)|Batman]]'' and 1949's ''[[Batman and Robin (serial)|Batman and Robin]]'') on Saturday nights. It became very popular, as the hip partygoers would cheer and applaud the Dynamic Duo, and boo and hiss at the villains. East coast [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] executive Yale Udoff, a Batman fan in childhood, attended one of these parties at the Playboy Club and was impressed with the reaction the serials were getting. He contacted [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] ABC executives [[Harve Bennett]] and [[Edgar Scherick]], who were already considering developing a TV series based on a [[comic strip]] action hero, to suggest a [[prime time]] Batman series in the hip and fun style of ''[[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.]]''
== Overview ==


When negotiations between CBS and Graham stalled, DC quickly reobtained rights and made the deal with ABC. ABC farmed the rights out to [[20th Century Fox]] to produce the series. Fox, in turn, handed the project to [[William Dozier]] and his ''Greenway Productions''. Whereas ABC and Fox were expecting a hip and fun, yet still serious, adventure show, Dozier, who loathed comic books, concluded the only way to make the show work was to do it as a [[pop art]] [[camp (style)|camp]] comedy. Originally, espionage novelist [[Eric Ambler]] was to write the motion picture that would launch the TV series, but he dropped out after learning of Dozier's camp comedy approach.
In early 1861, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] invited Lee to take command of the entire Union Army. Lee declined because his home state of Virginia was seceding from the Union, despite Lee's wishes. When Virginia seceded from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state. Lee's eventual role in the newly-established Confederacy was to serve as a senior military adviser to [[President of the Confederate States of America|President]] [[Jefferson Davis]]. Lee's first field command for the Confederate States came in June 1862 when he took command of the Confederate forces in the East (which Lee himself renamed the "[[Army of Northern Virginia]]").


By the time ABC pushed up the debut date to [[1966#January|January 1966]], thus foregoing the movie until the summer hiatus, [[Lorenzo Semple Jr.]] had signed on as head script writer. He wrote the [[Television pilot|pilot]] script, and generally kept his scripts more on the side of pop art adventure. [[Stanley Ralph Ross]], Stanford Sherman, and [[Charles Hoffman]] were script writers who generally leaned more toward camp comedy, and in Ross' case, sometimes outright slapstick and satire. Instead of producing a one-hour show, Dozier and Semple decided to have the show air twice a week in half-hour installments with a cliffhanger connecting the two episodes, echoing the old movie serials. Initially, Dozier wanted [[Ty Hardin]] to play Batman, but he was unavailable, filming [[Westerns]] in Europe. Eventually, two sets of screen tests were filmed, one with [[Adam West]] and [[Burt Ward]], the other with [[Lyle Waggoner]] and [[Peter Deyell]], with West and Ward winning the roles.
Lee's greatest victories were the [[Seven Days Battles]], the [[Second Battle of Bull Run]], the [[Battle of Fredericksburg]], and the [[Battle of Chancellorsville]], but both of his campaigns to invade the North ended in failure. Barely escaping defeat at the [[Battle of Antietam]] in 1862, Lee was forced to return to the South. In early July 1863, Lee was decisively defeated at the [[Battle of Gettysburg]] in [[Pennsylvania]]. However, due to ineffectual pursuit by the commander of Union forces, Major General [[George Meade]], Lee escaped again to Virginia.


==Plot summary==
In the spring of 1864, the new Union commander, [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]], began a series of campaigns to wear down Lee's army. In the [[Overland Campaign]] of 1864 and the [[Siege of Petersburg]] in 1864–1865, Lee inflicted heavy casualties on Grant's larger army, but was unable to replace his own losses. In early April 1865, Lee's depleted forces were turned from their entrenchments near the Confederate [[capital]] of [[Richmond, Virginia]], and he began a strategic retreat. Lee's subsequent surrender at [[Battle of Appomattox Courthouse|Appomattox Courthouse]] on [[April 9]] [[1865]] represented the loss of only one of the remaining Confederate field armies, but it was a psychological blow from which the South could not recover. By June 1865, all of the remaining Confederate armies had capitulated.
{{main|Batman (TV): Guest appearances and episodes}}
The typical formula story began with the villain (typically one of a short list of recurring villains) committing a crime, such as robbing a bank. This was followed by a scene inside Police Commissioner Gordon's office where he and Chief O'Hara would deduce exactly which villain they were dealing with. Gordon would press a button on the Batphone, signaling a cut to Wayne Manor where Alfred, the butler, would answer the manor's Batphone, a bright red telephone on the desk in Bruce Wayne's study that beeped loudly instead of ringing. Alfred would then interrupt Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson - usually they would be found talking with Aunt Harriet, who didn't know of their dual life - with a pretext to draw them away to answer the Batphone. Upon hearing of his enemy's schemes, Bruce would push a button concealed within a bust of [[Shakespeare]] that stood on his desk, opening a hidden door in a bookcase and revealing two poles. Wayne says to Grayson ''"To the Batpoles"'', then they would slide down, flicking a switch on their way down. This was usually where the animated [[title sequence]] would occur.


Similar in style and content to the 1940s serials, they would arrive in the [[Batcave]] in full costume and jump into the [[Batmobile]], Batman in the driver's seat. Robin would say ''"[[Atomic]] [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]] to power, [[turbine]]s to speed"'' and Batman would respond ''"Roger, ready to move out"'' and the two would race off out of the cave at high speed. As the Batmobile approached the mouth of the cave (actually a tunnel entrance in L.A.'s [[Bronson Canyon]]), a hinged barrier dropped down to allow the car to exit on to the road. Scenes from the Dynamic Duo sliding down the batpoles in the Batcave, to the arrival of Commissioner Gordon's building via the Batmobile (while the episode credits are shown), are recycled footage that is used in nearly all part 1 and single episodes.
Lee's victories against superior forces won him enduring fame as a crafty and daring battlefield tactician, but some of his strategic decisions, such as invading the North in 1862 and 1863, have been criticized by many military historians.


After arriving at Commissioner Gordon's office, the initial discussion of the crime usually led to the Dynamic Duo (Batman and Robin) conducting their investigation alone. In the investigation, a meeting with the villain would usually ensue with the heroes getting involved in a fight and the villain getting away, leaving a series of unlikely clues for the Duo to investigate. In their investigation, the Duo would face the villain again, and he or she would capture one or both of the heroes and place them in a [[deathtrap (plot device)|deathtrap]] with a [[cliffhanger]] ending which was usually resolved in the first few minutes of the next episode.
In the final months of the Civil War, as manpower reserves drained away, Lee adopted a plan to arm willing [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] to fight on behalf of the Confederacy, but this came too late to change the outcome of the war. After Appomattox, Lee discouraged Southern dissenters from starting a guerrilla campaign to continue the war, and encouraged reconciliation between the North and the South.


The same pattern was repeated in the following episode until the villain was defeated in a major brawl where the action was punctuated by superimposed "sound effect" words as in comic book fight scenes ("pow", "bam", etc.). The series also utilized a narrator (producer [[William Dozier]], uncredited) who parodied the breathless narration style of the 1940s serials. He would end many of the cliffhanger episodes with "Tune in tomorrow, same bat-time, same bat-channel (or just 'same time, same channel')."
After the war, as a college President, Lee supported President [[Andrew Johnson]]'s program of [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] and inter-sectional friendship, while opposing the [[Radical Republican (USA)|Radical Republican]] proposals to give freed slaves the vote and take the vote away from ex-Confederates. He urged them to re-think their position between the North and the South, and the reintegration of former Confederates into the nation's political life. Lee became the great Southern hero of the war, and his popularity grew in the North as well after his death in 1870. He remains an iconic figure of American military leadership.
[[Image:Robert E Lee Stain Glass.JPG|thumb|Stained glass of Lee's life in the [[National Cathedral]], depicting his time at West Point, his service in the Army Corps of Engineers, the Battle of Chancellorsville, and his death]]


===Season 1===
==Early life and career==
{{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}
Robert E. Lee was born at [[Stratford Hall Plantation]] in [[Westmoreland County, Virginia]], the fifth child of [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] hero [[Henry Lee III|Henry Lee]] ("Light Horse Harry") and Anne Hill (née Carter) Lee. Lee's parents were members of the Virginia [[gentry]] class and true [[Tuckahoe-Cohee|tuckahoes]]. Lee's paternal ancestors were among the earliest [[History of Virginia#Colonial Period|settlers in Virginia]]. His mother grew up at [[Shirley Plantation]], one of the most elegant homes in Virginia. His maternal great-great-grandfather, [[Robert "King" Carter]], was the wealthiest man in [[Thirteen Colonies|the colonies]] when he died in 1732. "Light Horse Harry Lee" met severe financial reverses from failed investments. Historian Gary W. Gallagher wrote, "Harry Lee had not been able to exercise self-control or take care of his family, and so he abandoned them." That was a stark lesson for young Robert E. Lee."<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|1997|p=135}}</ref> However, in ''Lee of Virginia'' it is noted that Harry Lee "was very seriously injured by a mob in [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] while attempting to defend the house of a friend. Later he made a voyage to the [[Caribbean|West Indies]] seeking restoration for his shattered health. On his way home ... he died..."<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|1983|pp= 338–339}}</ref> ''Lee of Virginia'' also notes "...in the West Indies, Henry Lee wrote a series of letters to his son, Carter..."During his young life,. later described by Robert E. Lee as "'Those letters of love and wisdom.'"<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|1983|p= 343}}</ref>
In Season 1, the dynamic duo, Batman ([[Adam West]]) and Robin ([[Burt Ward]]), are the super crime fighting heroes to fight the villains of Gotham City. It begins with 2-part episodes, "Hi Diddle Riddle" and "Smack in the Middle".


===Season 2===
Lee's father died when Lee was eleven years old, leaving the family deeply in debt. When Lee was three years old, his older half-brother, the heir to the Stratford Hall Plantation, having reached his majority, established Stratford as his home. The rest of the family moved to [[Alexandria, Virginia]], where Lee grew up in a series of relatives' houses. Lee attended Alexandria Academy, where he obtained a [[Classical education movement|classical education]] along the lines of [[quadrivium]]. Lee was considered a top student and excelled at mathematics. His mother, a devout Christian, oversaw his religious instruction at Christ Episcopal Church in Alexandria.
{{Refimprove|date=December 2007}}
In Season 2, the show suffered from repetition of its characters and formula. In addition, critics noted that the series' delicate balance of drama and humor that the first season maintained was lost as the stories became increasingly farcical. This, combined with Lorenzo Semple Jr. contributing fewer scripts and having less of an influence on the series, caused viewers to tire of the show and for critics to complain, "If you've seen one episode of ''Batman'', you've seen them all".
He entered the [[United States Military Academy]] in 1825 and became the first cadet to achieve the rank of sergeant at the end of his first year. When he graduated in 1829 he was at the head of his class in artillery and tactics, and shared the distinction with five other cadets of having received no demerits during the four-year course of instruction. Overall, he ranked [[Charles Mason (attorney)|second]] in his class of 46.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-20|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/1/4*.html|title=The Education of a Cadet |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]}}</ref> He was commissioned as a [[brevet (military)|brevet]] second lieutenant in the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]].


==Engineering career==
===Season 3===
By Season 3, [[Nielsen Ratings|ratings]] were falling and the future of the series seemed uncertain. A promotional short featuring [[Yvonne Craig]] as [[Batgirl]] and Tim Herbert as [[Killer Moth]] was produced. The short was convincing enough to pick up ''Batman'' for another season, and introduced Batgirl as a regular on the show in an attempt to attract more female viewers. Batgirl's alter ego was Barbara Gordon, a mild-mannered librarian at the Gotham Library and Commissioner Gordon's daughter.<ref>Television Obscurities. [http://www.tvobscurities.com/articles/batgirl.php "Batgirl Promotional Short"], [[June 11]], [[2003]]. (accessed [[March 24]], [[2007]])</ref> The show was reduced to once a week, with mostly self-contained episodes, although the next week's villain would be in a tag at the end of the episode, similar to a [[soap opera]]. As such, the narrator's cliffhanger phrases were eliminated, but most episodes would end with him saying something to the extent of ''"Watch the next episode!"''
Lee served for just over seventeen months at [[Fort Pulaski]] on [[Cockspur Island]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. In 1831, he was transferred to [[Fort Monroe]] at the tip of the [[Virginia Peninsula]] and played a major role in the final construction of Fort Monroe and its opposite, Fort Calhoun. Fort Monroe was completely surrounded by a [[moat]]. Fort Calhoun, later renamed [[Fort Wool]], was built on a man-made island across the navigational channel from [[Old Point Comfort]] in the middle of the mouth of [[Hampton Roads]]. When construction was completed in 1834, Fort Monroe was referred to as the "[[Gibraltar]] of [[Chesapeake Bay]]." While he was stationed at Fort Monroe, he married.


Aunt Harriet was reduced to just two cameo appearances during the third season, due to [[Madge Blake]] being in poor health. (Aunt Harriet was also mentioned in another episode, but was not seen; her absence was explained by her being in shock upstairs.) The nature of the scripts and acting started to enter into the realm of the [[Surrealism|surreal]], specifically with the backgrounds, which became two-dimensional cut-outs against a stark black stage.
Lee served as an assistant in the chief engineer's office in [[Washington, D.C.]] from 1834 to 1837, but spent the summer of 1835 helping to lay out the state line between [[Ohio]] and [[Michigan]]. As a [[first lieutenant]] of engineers in 1837, he supervised the engineering work for [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] harbor and for the upper [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and [[Missouri River|Missouri]] rivers. Among his projects was blasting a channel through the [[Des Moines Rapids]] on the Mississippi by [[Keokuk, Iowa]], where the Mississippi's mean depth of {{convert|2.4|ft|m|1}} was the upper limit of steamboat traffic on the river. His work there earned him a promotion to [[captain (United States)|captain]]. Circa 1842, Captain Robert E. Lee arrived as [[Fort Hamilton]]’s post engineer.[http://www.nad.usace.army.mil/fh.htm]


====Cancellation====
==Marriage and family==
At the end of the third season, ABC planned cuts to the budget by eliminating Chief O'Hara and Robin, while making [[Batgirl]] Batman's full time partner. Both Dozier and West opposed this idea, and ABC cancelled the show a short time later. Weeks later, [[NBC]] offered to pick the show up for a fourth season and even restore it to its twice a week format, if the sets were still available for use. However, NBC's offer came too late: Fox had already demolished the sets a week before. NBC didn't want to pay the $800,000 to rebuild, so the offer was withdrawn. ''Batman'' was replaced on ABC by the sitcom ''[[The Second Hundred Years (TV series)|The Second Hundred Years]]''.
While he was stationed at Fort Monroe, he married [[Mary Anna Custis Lee|Mary Anna Randolph Custis]] (1808–1873), great-granddaughter of [[Martha Washington]] by her first husband [[Daniel Parke Custis]], and step-great-granddaughter of [[George Washington]], the first president of the United States. They were married on [[June 30]] [[1831]] at [[Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial|Arlington House]], her parents' house just across from Washington, D.C. The 3rd U.S. Artillery served as honor guard at the marriage. They eventually had seven children, three boys and four girls:
# [[George Washington Custis Lee]] (Custis, “Boo”); 1832–1913; served as Major General in the Confederate Army and aide-de-camp to President Jefferson Davis; unmarried
# Mary Custis Lee (Mary, “Daughter”); 1835–1918; unmarried
# [[William Henry Fitzhugh Lee]] (“Rooney”); 1837–1891; served as Major General in the Confederate Army (cavalry); married twice; surviving children by second marriage
# Anne Carter Lee (Annie); 1839–1862; unmarried
# Eleanor Agnes Lee (Agnes); 1841–1873; unmarried
# [[Robert Edward Lee, Jr.]] (Rob); 1843–1914; served as Captain in the Confederate Army (Rockbridge Artillery); married twice; surviving children by second marriage
# Mildred Childe Lee (Milly, “Precious Life”); 1846–1905; unmarried
All the children survived him except for Annie, who died in 1862. They are all buried with their parents in the crypt of the [[Lee Chapel]] at [[Washington and Lee University]] in Lexington, Virginia.


==1970s reunions==
==Mexican-American War, West Point, and Texas==
In [[1972]], Burt Ward and Yvonne Craig reunited as Robin and Batgirl, with [[Richard Gautier|Dick Gautier]] stepping in as Batman (Adam West was, at the time, trying to distance himself from the Batman role) for a ''Women's Liberation Equal Pay'' public service announcement. In [[1977]], Adam West and Burt Ward returned to the Batman universe in animated form. West and Ward lent their voices to Batman and Robin respectively, on the [[Filmation]]-produced animated series, ''[[The New Adventures of Batman]]''. West would once again reprise his role as Batman in animated form when he succeeded [[Olan Soule]] in the final two seasons of ''[[Super Friends]]''. In [[1979]], West, Ward, and Frank Gorshin reunited on NBC for [[Hanna-Barbera]]'s two ''[[Legends of the Superheroes]]'' TV specials. In the 1980s, several cast members would team up for a series of celebrity editions of ''[[Family Feud]].''
[[Image:Robert E. Lee.jpg|thumb|Robert Edward Lee, as a U.S. Army Colonel before the Civil War]]
Lee distinguished himself in the [[Mexican-American War]] (1846–1848). He was one of [[Winfield Scott]]'s chief aides in the march from [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]] to [[Mexico City]]. He was instrumental in several American victories through his personal reconnaissance as a staff officer; he found routes of attack that the [[Mexico|Mexicans]] had not defended because they thought the terrain was impassable.


==Theme music==
He was promoted to [[brevet (military)|brevet]] major after the [[Battle of Cerro Gordo]] on [[April 18]] [[1847]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-20|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/1/15*.html#p248|title=A Day Under a Log Contributes to Victory |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]}}</ref> He also fought at [[Battle of Contreras|Contreras]], [[Battle of Churubusco|Churubusco]], and [[Battle of Chapultepec|Chapultepec]], and was wounded at the last. By the end of the war, he had received additional brevet promotions to Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel, but his permanent rank was still Captain of Engineers and he would remain a Captain until his transfer to the [[cavalry]] in 1855.
{{main|Batman Theme}}


== Popularity ==
After the Mexican War, he spent three years at [[Fort Carroll]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] harbor. During this time his service was interrupted by other duties, among them surveying/updating maps in Florida, an offer from Secretary of War Jefferson Davis to lead an attack on Cuba (Lee declined), and a brief military assignment out west. In September 1852, Lee became the superintendent of [[United States Military Academy|West Point]]. During his three years at West Point, Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee improved the buildings and courses, and spent a lot of time with the cadets. Lee's oldest son, [[George Washington Custis Lee]], attended West Point during his tenure. Custis Lee graduated in 1854, first in his class.
Many sports, music, and media personalities, and a number of [[Hollywood]] actors, looked forward to and enjoyed their appearances as villains on the ''Batman'' show. They were generally allowed to overact and enjoy themselves on a high-rated TV series, guaranteeing them considerable exposure (and thus boosting their careers). The most popular villains on the show included [[Cesar Romero]] as [[Joker (comics)|the Joker]], [[Burgess Meredith]] as [[Penguin (comics)|The Penguin]], [[Frank Gorshin]] as [[Riddler|The Riddler]], and [[Julie Newmar]] as [[Catwoman]]. Other famous names from the "rogues gallery" in the comic book series made appearances on the show (notably The [[Mad Hatter (comics)|Mad Hatter]]), and some were taken from other [[superhero]]es, such as The Archer and The [[Puzzler]] ([[Superman]] villains) and The [[Clock King]] (a [[Green Arrow]] villain). Many other villains were created especially for the TV show, and never did appear in the comic books (e.g., The Siren, Chandelle, Bookworm, [[King Tut (Batman)|King Tut]], Lord Ffogg, Dr. Cassandra, and Louie the Lilac), while some were hybrids. The comics' Mr. Zero was renamed [[Mr. Freeze]] (a name change that was copied in the comics with lasting effect), and the comics' Brainy Barrows was reworked as [[Egghead (Batman)|Egghead]]. Other celebrities often appeared in scenes where the Dynamic Duo were scaling a building wall and the celebrity would suddenly open a window and have a short conversation with the superheroes.


Adam West enjoys the story that he was part of two of the three Big B's of the 1960s: Batman, [[The Beatles]] and [[James Bond|Bond]]. West says he was actually invited to play Bond in ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' based on his popularity as Batman, but declined the role as he felt it should be played by a British actor (ironically, the role went to an Australian, [[George Lazenby]]).
In 1855, Lee's tour of duty at West Point ended and he was appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the newly formed 2nd U.S. Cavalry regiment. It was Lee's first substantive promotion in the Army since his promotion to Captain in 1838, despite having been brevetted a Colonel, which was an honorary promotion. By accepting promotion, Lee left the Corps of Engineers where he had served for over 25 years. The Colonelcy of the regiment was given to [[Albert Sidney Johnston]], who had previously served as a Major in the Paymaster Department, and the regiment was assigned to Camp Cooper, Texas. There he helped protect settlers from attacks by the [[Apache Tribe|Apache]] and the [[Comanche]].


The popularity of the TV show did not translate well to the silver screen, however. A movie version of the TV show was released to theaters (see [[Batman (1966 film)|''Batman'' (1966 film)]]), but it did not become a large box office hit, even though creatively the movie was generally regarded to be just as good as the first season episodes, and superior to most of the second and third season episodes.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} The movie continued to be profitably re-released to theaters, TV, and video for decades. Originally, the movie had been created to help sell the TV series abroad, but the success of the series in America sold itself, and the movie was brought out after season one had already been aired. In fact, the movie's budget allowed for producers to build the [[Batboat]] and [[Batcopter]], which were used in the second and third seasons of the TV show.
These were not happy years for Lee, as he did not like to be away from his family for long periods of time, especially as his wife was becoming increasingly ill. Lee came home to see her as often as he could. Robert's wife was treated by homeopath Alfred Hughes<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-20|url=http://www.lindapages.com/nurses/nurses-drhughes.htm|title=DR. ELIZA CLARK HUGHES|publisher=Linda Pages}}</ref>


The [[live-action]] TV show was extraordinarily popular. At the height of its popularity, it was the only prime time TV show other than ''[[Peyton Place (TV series)|Peyton Place]]'' to be broadcast twice in one week as part of its regular schedule, airing at 7:30 p.m. Wednesdays and Thursdays. Episodes of the show were often filmed as two-part [[cliffhanger]]s, with each storyline beginning on Wednesday and ending on the Thursday night episode. At the very end of the Thursday night segment, a little tag featuring the next week's villain would be shown, e.g.: "''Next week -- Batman jousts with The Joker again!''" (this started the third week of the series' run and continued until the end of season two). The first episode of a storyline would typically end with Batman and Robin being trapped in a ridiculous [[Deathtrap (plot device)|deathtrap]], while the narrator (Dozier) would tell viewers to watch the next night with the repeated phrase: "''Tune in tomorrow &mdash; same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!''" Even now, many years after the show ceased production, this catch-phrase is still a long-running punchline in popular culture.
==Lee as a slaveholder==
As a member of the [[Virginia]] aristocracy, Lee lived in close contact with [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] before he joined the Army and held variously around a half-dozen slaves under his own name. When Lee's father-in-law, [[George Washington Parke Custis]], died in October 1857, Lee (as executor of the will) came into control over some 196 slaves on the Arlington plantation. Although the will provided for the slaves to be emancipated "in such a manner as to my executors may seem most expedient and proper", providing a maximum of five years for the legal and logistical details of manumission, Lee found himself in need of funds to pay his father-in-law's debts and repair the properties he had inherited.<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|p=381}}</ref> He decided to make money during the five years that the will had allowed him control of the slaves by working them on the plantation and hiring them out to neighboring plantations and to eastern Virginia.


[[Image:BatmanUniforms.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Batman''-influenced [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] jerseys the team wore in 1966-1967.]]
Lee, with no experience as a large-scale slave owner, tried to hire an overseer to handle the plantation in his absence, writing to his cousin, "I wish to get an energetic honest farmer, who while he will be considerate & kind to the negroes, will be firm & make them do their duty."<ref name=Fellman65>{{harvnb|Fellman|2000|p=65}}</ref> But Lee failed to find a man for the job, and had to take a two-year leave of absence from the army in order to run the plantation himself. He found the experience frustrating and difficult; some of the slaves were unhappy and demanded their freedom. Many of them had been given to understand that they were to be made free as soon as Custis died.<ref name=Blassingame467to468>{{harvnb|Blassingame|1977|pp= 467–468}}</ref> In May 1858, Lee wrote to his son Rooney, "I have had some trouble with some of the people. Reuben, Parks & Edward, in the beginning of the previous week, rebelled against my authority--refused to obey my orders, & said they were as free as I was, etc., etc.--I succeeded in capturing them & lodging them in jail. They resisted till overpowered & called upon the other people to rescue them."<ref name=Fellman65/> Less than two months after they were sent to the [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]] jail, Lee decided to remove these three men and three female house slaves from Arlington, and sent them under lock and key to the slave-trader [[William Overton Winston]] in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], who was instructed to keep them in jail until he could find "good & responsible" slaveholders to work them until the end of the five year period.<ref name=Fellman65/>
''Batman'' would even have influence in the sports world. During the height of the show's popularity, the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]]--a team that rarely experiments with uniform changes--unveiled new uniforms influenced by Adam West's Batman outfits. The uniforms were introduced for the [[1966 NFL season]], and had gold triangle-like diamonds on the shoulders of both the black ''home'' jerseys and white ''away'' jerseys. However, the jerseys turned out to be very unpopular and, coupled with consistent losing, were discarded [[1968 Pittsburgh Steelers season|in 1968]] in favor of the team's current-style uniforms.


===Lasting Effect===
In 1859, three of the Arlington slaves&mdash;Wesley Norris, his sister Mary, and a cousin of theirs&mdash;fled for the North, but were captured a few miles from the [[Pennsylvania]] border and forced to return to Arlington. On [[June 24]] [[1859]], the ''[[New York Tribune|New York Daily Tribune]]'' published two anonymous letters (dated [[June 19]], [[1859]]<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|p= 393}}</ref> and [[June 21]] [[1859]]<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|pp= 390–393}}</ref>), each of which claimed to have heard that Lee had the Norrises whipped, and went so far as to claim that Lee himself had whipped the woman when the officer refused to. Lee wrote to his son Custis that "The N. Y. Tribune has attacked me for my treatment of your grandfather's slaves, but I shall not reply. He has left me an unpleasant legacy."<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|pp= 390–392}}</ref> Biographers of Lee have differed over the credibility of the ''Tribune'' letters. [[Douglas S. Freeman]], in his 1934 biography of Lee, described the letters to the ''Tribune'' as "Lee's first experience with the extravagance of irresponsible antislavery agitators" and asserted that "There is no evidence, direct or indirect, that Lee ever had them or any other Negroes flogged. The usage at Arlington and elsewhere in Virginia among people of Lee's station forbade such a thing." Michael Fellman, in ''[[The Making of Robert E. Lee]]'' (2000), found the claims that Lee had personally whipped Mary Norris "extremely unlikely," but not at all unlikely that Lee had had the slaves whipped: "corporal punishment (for which Lee substituted the euphemism 'firmness') was an intrinsic and necessary part of slave discipline. Although it was supposed to be applied only in a calm and rational manner, overtly physical domination of slaves, unchecked by law, was always brutal and potentially savage."<ref>{{harvnb|Fellman|2000|p=67}}</ref>
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2007}}
The series' stars, [[Adam West]] and [[Burt Ward]], were [[typecasting (acting)|typecast]] for decades afterwards, with West especially finding himself unable to escape the reputation the series gave him as a hammy, campy actor. However, years after the series' impact faded, West found fame and respect among comic book and animation fans, who appreciated his work on the TV series. One of the more popular episodes of ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' paid tribute to West with an episode titled "The Grey Ghost". In this episode, West played the role of an aging star of a superhero TV series Bruce Wayne had watched as a child, and would be inspired by as a crimefighter, who found new popularity with the next generation of fans. He would also play Gotham City's Mayor Grange as a somewhat recurring role in ''[[The Batman (TV series)|The Batman]]''. In addition, the most frequent visual influence is that later [[Batmobile]]s usually have a rear rocket thruster that usually fires as the car makes a fast start.


In [[2003]], West and Ward reunited for a tongue-in-cheek [[television movie|telefilm]] titled ''[[Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt]]'' which combined dramatized recreations of the filming of the original series (with younger actors standing in for the stars), with modern day footage of West and Ward searching for a stolen Batmobile. The film included cameo appearances by Newmar and Gorshin, as well as [[Lee Meriwether]] who had played Catwoman in the 1966 film and [[Lyle Waggoner]], who had been an early candidate for the role of Batman. [[Yvonne Craig]] did not appear in the movie because she reportedly disliked the script. The movie received high ratings and was released on DVD [[May 2005]].
Wesley Norris himself discussed the incident after the war, in an 1866 interview<ref name=Blassingame467to468/> printed in the ''[[National Anti-Slavery Standard]]''. Norris stated that after they had been captured, and forced to return to Arlington, Lee told them that "he would teach us a lesson we would not soon forget." According to Norris, Lee then had the three of them tied to posts and whipped by the county constable, with fifty lashes for the men and twenty for Mary Norris (he made no claim that Lee had personally whipped Mary Norris). Norris claimed that Lee then had the overseer rub their lacerated backs with [[brine]].


A line spoken by Robin ([[Chris O'Donnell]]) in ''[[Batman Forever]]'' is a straight homage to the TV Robin's catch-phrase. During the movie he says, ''"Holey rusted metal, Batman,"'' (referring to the island's land-scape which is made from rusted metal and has holes in it) which sounds intentionally similar to lines spoken by Robin beginning with the word "Holy" and ending with "Batman".
After their capture, Lee sent the Norrises to work on the railroad in Richmond and [[Alabama]]. Wesley Norris gained his freedom in January 1863 by slipping through the Confederate lines near Richmond to Union-controlled territory.<ref name=Blassingame467to468/> Lee freed all the other Custis slaves after the end of the five year period in the winter of 1862, filing the deed of manumission on [[December 29]] [[1862]].<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|p= 476}}</ref>


==VHS & DVD (non-) release==
===Lee's views on slavery===
Despite considerable popular demand<ref>The programme is perpetually highly ranked as a "Most Requested" unreleased showat [http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/ TVShowsonDVD.com]. Currently (April 2008) it is, and has been for some time, second only to ''[[The Wonder Years]]''.</ref>, no official home entertainment release ([[VHS]], [[laserdisc]] or [[DVD]]) of the series has occurred to date in North America, with the situation seemingly unlikely to be resolved in the near future.
Since the end of the Civil War, it has often been suggested that Lee was in some sense opposed to slavery. In the period following the Civil War and [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]], and after his death, Lee became a central figure in the [[Lost Cause of the Confederacy|Lost Cause]] interpretation of the war, and as succeeding generations came to look on slavery as a terrible immorality, the idea that Lee had always somehow opposed it helped maintain his stature as a symbol of [[Southern United States|Southern]] honor and national reconciliation.


Conflicting reports of the reasons behind the non-release of the series point to a number of different factors, some, none or all of which may indeed play a part. These include:
Some of the evidence cited in favor of the claim that Lee opposed slavery, are the [[manumission]] of Custis's slaves, as discussed above, and his support, towards the end of the war, for enrolling slaves in the Confederate States Army, with manumission offered as an eventual reward for good service. Lee gave his public support to this idea two weeks before Appomattox, too late for it to do any good for the Confederacy.
*Disagreement between [[DC Comics]] (who own the [[Batman]] character. DC's sister/parent company [[Warner Bros.]], which took over DC in 1976 could also be involved) and [[20th Century Fox]] (who own the program itself). Gord Lacey's influential TV/DVD website [http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/newsitem.cfm?NewsID=2714 TVShowsonDVD.com] is often quoted in support of this much-discussed theory, after a story the website ran in December, 2005.<ref>:"Fox (who owns the footage) and DC Comics (owner of the characters, and sister company of Warner Bros.) are still deep in the process of sorting out the legalities and licensing situations for this release. There may be other licenses involved as well, such as music and so forth." [http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Batman/4637 "Batman - 1966 ''Batman'' Series Still Not Coming To DVD Yet," by David Lambert, December 5, 2005]. Accessed April 5, 2008</ref>
**Commentators have suggested that DC Comics itself is not involved, and that Warner and Fox are reluctant to work with each other. This was denied by a Warner spokesperson in 2005 during their semi-regular "Home Theatre Forum" chat, where it was stated that the issues were between Fox and DC alone, with Warner playing no part in negotiations.<ref>Warner Home Video representatives stated:
:"..we have no rights to 60s BATMAN... The BATMAN TV issue is between DC Comics and Fox. It doesn't involve Warner home video." [http://www.digitalbits.com/articles/033005htfchat.html Chat Transcript: Warner Home Video on HTF, March 29, 2005]. Accessed April 5, 2008</ref>
**The argument has been made that DC does not wish to distort the current image of the Dark Knight by having the overtly-campy 1960s series competing head-to-head with more modern takes, such as [[Tim Burton|Burton]]'s ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'' film and its sequels or [[Christopher Nolan]]'s ''[[Batman Begins]]'' and ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]''. DC may indeed be distancing itself from the 60s series. A solicited cover by [[Mike Allred]] for issue #7 of ''Solo''—a 2005 DC Comics series—featured Batman doing the [[Batusi]]. The cover, based on Adam West and a memorably campy episode of the TV series, was replaced by the time of ''Solo'' #7's released. Allred explains that the cover was pulled by "higher ups" for reasons largely unknown.<ref>[http://www.comicscommunity.com/boards/allred/?read=13373 Mike Allred "Re: Did DC make Mike change his 'Solo' cover? YES! Now the truth can be told.", October 25, 2005]</ref> Speculation over the reasons first intimated that potential infringement of rights were the issue, but this was soon replaced with suggestions that its "campy" nature was the real factor in its removal. At the time of the issue's release, DVDs of ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'', ''[[Batman Returns]]'', ''[[Batman Forever]]'', ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]'', and ''[[Batman Begins]]'' were also being promoted, and DC's chief editor [[Dan Didio]] reportedly does not like camp.<ref>[http://www.comicbookdb.com/issue.php?ID=77841 ComicBookDb.com: ''Solo'' #7]. Accessed April 5, 2008</ref>
*Greenway/ABC/Fox rights issues. The ''Batman'' series was conceived as an equal partnership between [[William Dozier]]'s Greenway Productions and Fox in 1964, before Fox entered into a separate agreement with [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] to produce the series in 1965. With three companies involved almost from the outset, there is some speculation that ''these rights'' are tangled even '''before''' the DC Comics character-ownership rights are to be considered. Moreover:
**Another Greenway Productions series, ''[[The Green Hornet (TV series)|The Green Hornet]]'' is similarly absent from DVD release, (although, like ''Batman'', the rights to theatrical features based upon the show were different, and these ''have'' been released, as has ''[[Batman: The Movie]]''.) leading to speculation{{Fact|date=July 2008}} that Greenway could be the common factor, and hence in some fashion be the stumbling block.
**In 2006, Deborah Dozier Potter, "the successor-in-interest to Greenway Productions" sued Fox for allegedly withholding monies under the Fox/ABC agreement.<ref>[http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Batman/6315 "Batman - New Lawsuit - Will We Ever See ''Batman'' on DVD?" by Gord Lacey, August 19, 2006]. Accessed April 5, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.allbusiness.com/services/legal-services/4465248-1.html "Fox Hit With Claim for Net Profits on 'Batman' Series", by Leslie Simmons, August 18 2006]. Accessed April 5, 2008</ref> Dozier Potter further claimed that this came to her attention when, in March 2005: "she considered releasing the series on DVD," implying that (from her perspective at least) Greenway/Dozier Potter has some say in the matter of potentional DVD release of the series. <small>''(The case was resolved/dismissed in November, 2007, as noted at the "1966 Batman Message Board".<ref>:"the lawsuit filed by Debra Dozier Potter was dismissed with prejudice on 11/26/07. Furthermore an notice of unconditional settlement was filed by the Plaintff on 11/19/07. For those who care to look the case is DEBORAH DOZIER POTTER VS TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX FILM CORPORATION Case No BC357067.", [http://www.66batman.com/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1200707201/36#36 posted by ls1ss, January 21, 2008]. Accessed April 5, 2008</ref>)</small>
*Other complications/rights issues:
**Christopher D Heer, writing at the "1966 Batman Message Board", clarified a quote by moderator Lee Kirkham, noting that there will likely be the need for complicated deals regarding '''cameos''', since "..at least some of the cameos were done as uncredited, unpaid walk-ons -- which means that Fox does NOT have home video clearances for them. Either those scenes would have to be cut or an agreement reached with the actors."<ref>[http://www.66batman.com/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1191809069/25 "Re: Blog talks about Batman DVD ownership woes" Reply #42, January 25, 2008]. Accessed April 5, 2008</ref>
**Kirkham's initial quote also noted that, alongside '''music clearance''' issues, there could also be problems over some of the costumes, and the original [[Batmobile]]:
::"It may surprise you, but then there are also rights issues concerning the design of the unique Batmobile design used in the show, and possible a separate issue regarding some of the costumes as well!"<ref>[http://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/Dvd-Guy/Ianalb-Nonbionic-Legal/800023953 "A Few Non-Bionic Legal Issues Plaguing TV-DVD", by David Lambert, October 7, 2007</ref>


The series, under the Fox/ABC deal, is however still in syndication, and regularly shown on a number of channels around the world. Thus far, though, only the 1966 feature film is available on DVD for non-broadcast viewing in North America. This also affected the 2003 [[television movie]] reunion ''[[Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt]]'', which was only able to make use of footage from the [[1966]] movie.
In December 1864, Lee was shown a letter by Louisiana Senator [[Edward Sparrow]], written by General [[St. John R. Liddell]], which noted that Lee would be hard-pressed in the interior of Virginia by spring, and the need to consider [[Patrick Cleburne]]'s plan to emancipate the slaves and put all men in the army that were willing to join. Lee was said to have agreed on all points and desired to get black soldiers, saying that "he could make soldiers out of any human being that had arms and legs."<ref>{{harvnb|Hughes Jr.|1997|pp= 192–193}}</ref>


==Trivia==
Another source is Lee's 1856 letter to his wife,<ref name="freeman 1934 372">{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|p= 372}}</ref> which can be interpreted in multiple ways:
{{Trivia|date=August 2007}}


* Not counting six of the Penguin's henchmen who disintegrate or get blown up in the associated ''Batman'' theatrical movie, only four criminal characters die during the series: the Riddler's moll Molly (played by Jill St. John in Episode 2) who accidentally falls into the Batcave's atomic pile, a fake "Commissioner Gordon" who gets shot by the "Bookworm," and two out-of-town gunmen who shot at the Dynamic Duo toward the end of the "Zelda the Great" episode, but ended up killing each other instead. In "Instant Freeze" Mr Freeze freezes a butler solid and knocks him over causing him to smash to pieces. In "Green Ice" Mr Freeze freezes a policeman solid, and "The Penguin's Nest" {a Penguin episode}, a policeman is "shocked" by Penguin's accomplices. It is unclear if these last two characters "survive" or not.
{{cquote|...&nbsp;In this enlightened age, there are few I believe, but what will acknowledge, that slavery as an institution, is a moral & political evil in any Country. It is useless to expatiate on its disadvantages. I think it however a greater evil to the white man than to the black race, & while my feelings are strongly enlisted in behalf of the latter, my sympathies are more strong for the former. The blacks are immeasurably better off here than in Africa, morally, socially & physically. The painful discipline they are undergoing, is necessary for their instruction as a race, & I hope will prepare & lead them to better things. How long their subjugation may be necessary is known & ordered by a wise Merciful Providence.|Robert E. Lee|to Mary Anna Lee, [[December 27]], [[1856]]}}


* [[Lesley Gore]], who plays "Pussycat" (one of [[Catwoman]]'s henchwomen), was a popular singer of the day with hits such as "[[It's My Party (song)|It's My Party]]". On the [[January 19]], [[1967]] episode, she sang her top 20 hit "California Nights". Gore was also the niece of Howie Horwitz, one of the show's producers.
Freeman's analysis<ref name="freeman 1934 372" /> puts Lee's attitude toward slavery and abolition in historical context:


* Only two of the series guest villains ever discovered Batman's true identity: [[Egghead (Batman)|Egghead]] by deductive reasoning, and [[King Tut (Batman)|King Tut]] on two occasions (once with a bug on the Batmobile and once by accidentally mining into the [[Batcave]]). Egghead was tricked into disbelieving his discovery, and Tut's recurring amnesia made him forget both times.
{{cquote|This [letter] was the prevailing view among most religious people of Lee's class in the border states. They believed that slavery existed because God willed it and they thought it would end when God so ruled. The time and the means were not theirs to decide, conscious though they were of the ill-effects of Negro slavery on both races. Lee shared these convictions of his neighbors without having come in contact with the worst evils of African bondage. He spent no considerable time in any state south of Virginia from the day he left Fort Pulaski in 1831 until he went to Texas in 1856. All his reflective years had been passed in the North or in the border states. He had never been among the blacks on a cotton or rice plantation. At Arlington the servants had been notoriously indolent, their master's master. Lee, in short, was only acquainted with slavery at its best and he judged it accordingly. At the same time, he was under no illusion regarding the aims of the Abolitionist or the effect of their agitation.|Douglas S. Freeman|R. E. Lee, A Biography, p. 372}}


* Of the big four criminals ([[Riddler]], [[Joker (comics)|Joker]], [[Penguin (comics)|Penguin]], and [[Catwoman]]), only Riddler never entered the Batcave. However in the movie ''[[Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt]]'', Riddler finally entered the Batcave.
==Harpers Ferry and Texas, 1859-61==
When [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] led a band of 21 men (including five [[African Americans]]) and seized the [[Harpers Ferry Armory|federal arsenal]] at [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry]], Virginia in October 1859, Lee was given command of detachments of [[Maryland]] and [[Virginia]] militia, soldiers, and [[United States Marines]], to suppress the uprising and arrest its leaders.<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|pp= 394–395}}</ref> By the time Lee arrived later that night, the militia on the site had surrounded Brown and his hostages. When on [[October 18]] Brown refused the demand for surrender, Lee attacked and after three minutes of fighting, Brown and his followers were captured.


== Cast ==
When Texas seceded from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] in February 1861, General [[David E. Twiggs]] surrendered all the American forces (about 4,000 men, including Lee, and commander of the Department of Texas) to the Texans. Twiggs immediately resigned from the U. S. Army and was made a Confederate general. Lee went back to Washington, and was appointed Colonel of the First Regiment of Cavalry in March 1861. Lee's Colonelcy was signed by the new President, Abraham Lincoln. Three weeks after his promotion, Colonel Lee was offered a senior command (with the rank of Major General) in the expanding Army to fight the Southern States that had left the Union.
===Regular cast===
* [[Adam West]] - [[Batman]]/[[Bruce Wayne]] - A caped crusader whose parents were murdered when he was a child.
* [[Burt Ward]] - [[Robin]]/[[Dick Grayson]] - Batman's faithful partner and "boy wonder".
* [[Alan Napier]] - [[Alfred Pennyworth|Alfred]] - Batman's loyal butler.
* [[Neil Hamilton (actor)|Neil Hamilton]] - [[James Gordon (comics)|Commissioner James Worthington Gordon]] - Gotham City Commissioner of Police.
* [[Stafford Repp]] - Chief Miles O'Hara - Gotham City Chief of Police.
* [[Madge Blake]] - [[Aunt Harriet Cooper]] - Dick Grayson's maternal aunt.
* [[Yvonne Craig]] - [[Batgirl]]/[[Barbara Gordon]] - Commissioner Gordon's daughter and Batman's partner (Season 3).
* Byron Keith - Mayor John Linseed - Mayor of Gotham City (recurring).
* [[William Dozier]] - Desmond Doomsday the Narrator


Several cast members recorded records tied in to the series. Adam West released a single titled "Miranda", a country-tinged pop song that he actually performed in costume during live appearances in the 1960s. Frank Gorshin released a song titled "The Riddler" which was composed and arranged by [[Mel Tormé]]. The track captures Gorshin's insane portrayal perfectly. Burgess Meredith recorded a spoken word single called "The Escape" backed with "The Capture", which was The Penguin narrating his recent crime spree to a jazz beat.
==Civil War==
{{main article|American Civil War}}
[[Image:Leecrop.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mathew Brady]] portrait of Lee on April 16,1865, Richmond, Virginia. (detail)]]
Lee privately ridiculed the Confederacy in letters in early 1861, denouncing secession as "revolution" and a betrayal of the efforts of the Founders. The commanding general of the Union army, [[Winfield Scott]], told Lincoln he wanted Lee for a top command. Lee said he was willing as long as Virginia remained in the Union. Lee was asked by one of his lieutenants if he intended to fight for the Confederacy or the Union, to which he replied, "I shall never bear arms against the Union, but it may be necessary for me to carry a musket in the defense of my native state, Virginia, in which case I shall not prove recreant to my duty."<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|p= 425}}</ref> After Lincoln's call for troops to put down the rebellion, it was obvious that Virginia would quickly secede and so Lee turned down the offer on [[April 18]], resigned from the U.S. Army on [[April 20]], and took up command of the Virginia state forces on [[April 23]].


===Early role===
===Guest appearances===
{{main|Batman (TV): Guest appearances and episodes}}
At the outbreak of war, Lee was appointed to command all of Virginia's forces, but upon the formation of the Confederate States Army, he was named one of its first five [[Full General (CSA)|full generals]]. Lee did not wear the insignia of a Confederate general, but only the three stars of a Confederate colonel, equivalent to his last U.S. Army rank; he did not intend to wear a general's insignia until the Civil War had been won and he could be promoted, in peacetime, to general in the Confederate Army.


==Parodies==
Lee's first field assignment was commanding Confederate forces in western Virginia, where he was defeated at the [[Battle of Cheat Mountain]] and was widely blamed for Confederate setbacks.<ref>{{harvnb|Fellman|2000|loc=&sect;6}}</ref> He was then sent to organize the coastal defenses along the Carolina and Georgia seaboard, where he was hampered by the lack of an effective Confederate navy. Once again blamed by the press, he became military adviser to [[President of the Confederate States|Confederate President]] [[Jefferson Davis]], former [[United States Secretary of War|U.S. Secretary of War]].
===Parodies in the series===
*The television show was famous for parodying names of many famous celebrities of the day. Among the most notable were newscasters [[Walter Cronkite]] (known as "Walter Klondike" on Batman), and [[Chet Huntley]] (he's known as "Chet Chumley" on the show). [[Steve Allen (comedian)|Steve Allen]] played himself on the show, and was known as "Allen Stevens". J. Pauline Spaghetti (a woman who is almost tricked into giving up her fortune to the notorious European criminal "Sandman" - played by [[Michael Rennie]]) is a parody on [[J. Paul Getty]] owner of the Getty Oil Company and one of the richest men of the 1960s.


*[[Lee Meriwether]] plays Lisa Carson, a wealthy Gotham City socialite who is kidnapped by [[King Tut (Batman)|King Tut]]. Her father is John E. Carson - a parody on the legendary host of ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', [[Johnny Carson]].
===Commander, Army of Northern Virginia===
*Gotham City's Mayor Linseed is a parody on [[John Lindsay]], who served as Mayor of New York City from 1966 to 1973.
In the spring of 1862, during the [[Peninsula Campaign]], the Union [[Army of the Potomac]] under General [[George B. McClellan]] advanced upon Richmond from [[Fort Monroe]], eventually reaching the eastern edges of the Confederate capital along the [[Chickahominy River]]. Following the wounding of Gen. [[Joseph E. Johnston]] at the [[Battle of Seven Pines]], on [[June 1]], [[1862]], Lee assumed command of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]], his first opportunity to lead an army in the field. Newspaper editorials of the day objected to his appointment due to concerns that Lee would not be aggressive and would wait for the Union army to come to him. Early in the war his men called him "Granny Lee" because of his allegedly timid style of command.<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|p= 602}}</ref> After the [[Seven Days Battles]] until the end of the war his men called him simply "Marse Robert." He oversaw substantial strengthening of Richmond's defenses during the first three weeks of June and then launched a series of attacks, the [[Seven Days Battles]], against McClellan's forces. Lee's attacks resulted in heavy Confederate casualties and they were marred by clumsy tactical performances by his subordinates, but his aggressive actions unnerved McClellan, who retreated to a point on the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] where Union naval forces were in control. These successes led to a rapid turn-around of public opinion and the newspaper editorials quickly changed their tune on Lee's aggressiveness.


*Commissioner Gordon would occasionally speak on the phone to the state's governor, Governor Stonefellow. This is a parody on [[Nelson Rockefeller]], who served as governor of New York from 1959 to 1973.
After McClellan's retreat, Lee defeated another Union army at the [[Second Battle of Bull Run]]. He then invaded Maryland, hoping to replenish his supplies and possibly influence the Northern elections to fall in favor of ending the war. McClellan's men recovered a lost order that revealed Lee's plans. McClellan always exaggerated Lee's forces, but now he knew the Confederate army was divided and could be destroyed by an all-out attack at [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam]]. Yet McClellan was too slow in moving, not realizing Lee had been informed by a spy that McClellan had the plans. Lee urgently recalled [[Stonewall Jackson]] and in the bloodiest day of the war, Lee withstood the Union assaults. He withdrew his battered army back to Virginia while President [[Abraham Lincoln]] used the reverse as sufficient pretext to announce the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] to put the Confederacy on the diplomatic and moral defensive.


*[[The Pentagon]] becomes "The [[Hexagon]]" in the Batman series.
[[Image:General R. E. Lee and Traveler.jpg|thumb|250px|September 1866 Lee mounted on [[Traveller (horse)|Traveller]]]]
Disappointed by McClellan's failure to destroy Lee's army, Lincoln named [[Ambrose Burnside]] as commander of the Army of the Potomac. Burnside ordered an attack across the [[Rappahannock River]] at [[Battle of Fredericksburg|Fredericksburg]]. Delays in getting bridges built across the river allowed Lee's army ample time to organize strong defenses, and the attack on [[December 12]], [[1862]], was a disaster for the Union. Lincoln then named [[Joseph Hooker]] commander of the Army of the Potomac. Hooker's advance to attack Lee in May, 1863, near [[Battle of Chancellorsville|Chancellorsville]], Virginia, was defeated by Lee and [[Stonewall Jackson]]'s daring plan to divide the army and attack Hooker's flank. It was a victory over a larger force, but it also came with a great cost; Jackson, one of Lee's best subordinates, was accidentally wounded by his own troops, and soon after died of pneumonia.


*Catwoman is known to have an additional hideout, "Cat-Lair West", across the river from Gotham City in "New Guernsey" a parody on [[New Jersey]] ([[Guernsey]] and [[Jersey]] are both islands in the English Channel).
===Battle of Gettysburg===
In the summer of 1863, Lee invaded the North again, hoping for a Southern victory that would shatter Northern morale. A young Pennsylvanian woman who watched from her porch as General Lee passed by remarked, "I wish he were ours." He encountered Union forces under [[George G. Meade]] at the three-day [[Battle of Gettysburg]] in Pennsylvania in July; the battle would produce the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War. Some of his subordinates were new and inexperienced in their commands, [[J.E.B. Stuart]]'s cavalry was out of the area, slightly ill, and thus Lee was less than comfortable with how events were unfolding. While the first day of battle was controlled by the Confederates, key terrain which should have been taken by General Ewell was not. The Second day ended with the Confederates unable to break the Union position, and the Union more solidified. Lee's decision on the third day, against the sound judgement of his best corps commander General Longstreet, to launch a massive frontal assault on the center of the Union line was disastrous. The assault known as [[Pickett's Charge]]&mdash; was repulsed and resulted in heavy Confederate losses. The General rode out to meet his retreating army and proclaimed, "This is all my fault." Lee was compelled to retreat. Despite flooded rivers that blocked his retreat, he escaped Meade's ineffective pursuit. Following his defeat at Gettysburg, Lee sent a letter of resignation to President Davis on [[August 8]], [[1863]], but Davis refused Lee's request. That fall, Lee and Meade met again in two minor campaigns that did little to change the strategic standoff. The Confederate army never fully recovered from the substantial losses incurred during the three-day battle in southern Pennsylvania. The historian [[Shelby Foote]] stated, "Gettysburg was the price the South paid for having Robert E. Lee as commander."


*In the Dr. Cassandra episode, the evil alchemist steals the Mope diamond (a parody on the famous [[Hope Diamond]]) from Spiffany's jewellers. Spiffany's is a parody on [[Tiffany & Co.]]
===Ulysses S. Grant and the Union offensive===
In 1864, the new Union general-in-chief, Lt. Gen. [[Ulysses S. Grant]], sought to use his large advantages in manpower and material resources to destroy Lee's army by [[Attrition warfare|attrition]], pinning Lee against his capital of Richmond. Lee successfully stopped each attack, but Grant with his superior numbers kept pushing each time a bit farther to the southeast. These battles in the [[Overland Campaign]] included the [[Battle of the Wilderness|Wilderness]], [[Battle of Spotsylvania Court House|Spotsylvania Court House]], and [[Battle of Cold Harbor|Cold Harbor]]. Grant eventually was able to stealthily move his army across the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]]. After stopping a Union attempt to capture [[Petersburg, Virginia]], a vital railroad link supplying Richmond, Lee's men built elaborate trenches and were besieged in Petersburg. (This development presaged the trench warfare of World War I, exactly 50 years later.) He attempted to break the stalemate by sending [[Jubal A. Early]] on a raid through the [[Shenandoah Valley]] to [[Washington, D.C.]], but was defeated early-on by the superior forces of [[Philip Sheridan]]. The [[Siege of Petersburg]] lasted from June 1864 until March 1865, with Lee's outnumbered and poorly supplied army shrinking daily because of desertions by disheartened Confederates.


*One of Gotham College's basketball rivals is "Disko Tech" (a [[homophone]] of [[discotheque]]).
===General-in-chief===
[[Image:Lee, Lee, & Taylor220.jpg|frame|right|Lee with son Custis (left) and aide [[Walter H. Taylor]] (right). Photographed at Lee's Richmond, Virginia residence by [[Mathew Brady|Brady]] on April 16, 1865.]]
On [[January 31]], [[1865]], Lee was promoted to general-in-chief of Confederate forces.


*The three-part [[Londinium]] episode during ''Batman'''s final season ("The Londinium Larcenies", "The Foggiest Notion", and "The Bloody Tower") was the series tribute to the [[Swinging London]] period of the 1960s. At the time of the show, everything British was "hot" in North America. Many aspects of [[London]] were parodied during the three episodes. The city's name is changed to [[Londinium]], which was the British capital's name during Roman times. [[Scotland Yard]] becomes "Ireland Yard" in the series. [[Carnaby Street]] becomes "Barnaby Street". [[Fleet Street]], the city's press district, is changed to "Bleet Street".
As the South ran out of manpower the issue of arming the slaves became paramount. By late 1864 the army so dominated the Confederacy that civilian leaders were unable to block the military's proposal, strongly endorsed by Lee, to arm and train slaves in Confederate uniform for combat. In return for this service, slave soldiers and their families would be emancipated. Lee explained, "We should employ them without delay ... [along with] gradual and general emancipation." The first units were in training as the war ended.<ref>{{harvnb|Nolan|1991|pp= 21–22}}</ref> As the Confederate army was decimated by casualties, disease and desertion, the Union attack on [[Petersburg, Virginia|Petersburg]] succeeded on [[April 2]], [[1865]]. Lee abandoned Richmond and retreated west. His forces were surrounded and he surrendered them to Grant on [[April 9]], [[1865]], at [[Appomattox Court House]], Virginia. Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended. The day after his surrender, Lee issued his [[Lee’s Farewell Address|Farewell Address]] to his army.


*[[Alan Hale Jr.]], who is famous for portraying Skipper on ''[[Gilligan's Island]]'', appears as Gilligan, the owner/cook of a diner in "Ogg and I".
Lee resisted calls by some officers to reject surrender and allow small units to melt away into the mountains, setting up a lengthy guerrilla war. He insisted the war was over and energetically campaigned for inter-sectional reconciliation. "So far from engaging in a war to perpetuate slavery, I am rejoiced that slavery is abolished. I believe it will be greatly for the interests of the South."<ref>{{harvnb|Nolan|1991|p= 24}}</ref>


*In the season premiere to the 20th season of "The Simpsons" titled "Sex, Pies and Idiot Scrapes" a montage showing Homer and Ned Flanders fighting crime airs to the tune of the show's theme song.
==After the war==
[[Image:lee (postbellum).jpg|left|frame|One of the last known images of Lee, post-Civil War]]
Before the Civil War, Lee and his wife had lived at his wife's family home, the [[Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial|Custis-Lee Mansion]] on Arlington Plantation. The plantation had been seized by Union forces during the war, and became part of [[Arlington National Cemetery]]; immediately following the war, Lee spent two months in a rented house in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], and then escaped the unwelcome city life by moving into the overseer's house of a friend's plantation near Cartersville, Virginia.<ref>{{harvnb|Fellman|2000|p= 229}}</ref> (In December 1882, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], in a 5-4 decision, returned the property to Custis Lee, stating that it had been confiscated without due process of law.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=United States v. Lee|reporter=U.S.|vol=106|opinion=196|date=1882}}</ref><ref>{{cite court|litigants=Kaufman v. Lee|reporter=U.S.|vol=106|opinion=196|date=1882}}</ref> On [[March 3]], [[1883]], the Congress purchased the property from Lee for $150,000.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-20|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/arlington_house.html|title=Historical Information|publisher=[[Arlington National Cemetery]]}}</ref>)

While living in the country, Lee wrote his son that he hoped to retire to a farm of his own, but a few weeks later he received an offer to serve as the president of Washington College (now [[Washington and Lee University]]) in [[Lexington, Virginia]]. Lee accepted, and remained president of the College from [[October 2]], [[1865]] until his death. Over five years, he transformed Washington College from a small, undistinguished school into one of the first American colleges to offer courses in [[business]], [[journalism]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. He also imposed a simple concept of honor&mdash;"We have but one rule, and it is that every student is a gentleman" &mdash; that endures today at Washington and Lee and at a few other schools that continue to maintain "[[honor system]]s." Importantly, Lee focused the college on attracting male students from the North as well as the South.

===Postwar politics===
Lee, who had opposed secession and remained mostly indifferent to politics before the Civil War, supported President [[Andrew Johnson]]'s plan of Presidential [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] that took effect in 1865-66. However, he opposed the Radical Republican program that took effect in 1867. In February 1866, he was called to testify before the Joint Congressional Committee on Reconstruction in Washington, where he expressed support for President [[Andrew Johnson]]'s plans for quick restoration of the former Confederate states, and argued that restoration should return, as far as possible, the status quo ante in the Southern states' governments (with the exception of slavery).<ref>{{harvnb|Fellman|2000|p= 265}}</ref> Lee said, "every one with whom I associate expresses kind feelings towards the freedmen. They wish to see them get on in the world, and particularly to take up some occupation for a living, and to turn their hands to some work." Lee also expressed his "willingness that blacks should be educated, and ... that it would be better for the blacks and for the whites." At a time in early 1866 when most northerners opposed black suffrage, Lee warned that granting suffrage would be unpopular. "My own opinion is that, at this time, they [black Southerners] cannot vote intelligently, and that giving them the [vote] would lead to a great deal of demagogism, and lead to embarrassments in various ways."<ref>{{harvnb|Fellman|2000|pp= 267–268}}</ref>

In an interview in May, 1866, Lee said, "The Radical party are likely to do a great deal of harm, for we wish now for good feeling to grow up between North and South, and the President, Mr. Johnson, has been doing much to strengthen the feeling in favor of the Union among us. The relations between the Negroes and the whites were friendly formerly, and would remain so if legislation be not passed in favor of the blacks, in a way that will only do them harm."<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|p=301}}</ref>

[[Image:Stone mountain closeup mosaic crop.jpg|thumb|300px|<center>[[Jefferson Davis]], Lee and [[Stonewall Jackson]]<br /> at [[Stone Mountain#carving|Stone Mountain]]</center>]]
In 1868, Lee's ally [[Alexander H. H. Stuart]] drafted a public letter of endorsement for the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]'s [[United States presidential election, 1868|presidential campaign]], in which [[Horatio Seymour]] ran against Lee's old foe Republican [[Ulysses S. Grant]]. Lee signed it along with thirty-one other ex-Confederates. The Democratic campaign, eager to publicize the endorsement, published the statement widely in newspapers.<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|pp= 375–377}} </ref> Their letter claimed paternalistic concern for the welfare of freed Southern blacks, stating that "The idea that the Southern people are hostile to the negroes and would oppress them, if it were in their power to do so, is entirely unfounded. They have grown up in our midst, and we have been accustomed from childhood to look upon them with kindness."<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|pp= 375–376}}</ref> However, it also called for the restoration of white political rule, arguing that "It is true that the people of the South, in common with a large majority of the people of the North and West, are, for obvious reasons, inflexibly opposed to any system of laws that would place the political power of the country in the hands of the negro race. But this opposition springs from no feeling of enmity, but from a deep-seated conviction that, at present, the negroes have neither the intelligence nor the other qualifications which are necessary to make them safe depositories of political power."<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1934|p= 376}}</ref>

In his public statements and private correspondence, however, Lee argued that a tone of reconciliation and patience would further the interests of white Southerners better than hotheaded antagonism to federal authority or the use of violence. He repeatedly expelled white students from Washington College for violent attacks on local black men, and publicly urged obedience to the authorities and respect for law and order.<ref>{{harvnb|Fellman|2000|pp=258–263}}</ref> In 1869-70 he was a leader in successful efforts to establish state-funded schools for blacks.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pearson, Charles Chilton|title=The Readjuster Movement in Virginia|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|date=1917|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|pages=60}}</ref> He privately chastised fellow ex-Confederates such as [[Jefferson Davis]] and [[Jubal Early]] for their frequent, angry responses to perceived Northern insults, writing in private to them as he had written to a magazine editor in 1865, that "It should be the object of all to avoid controversy, to allay passion, give full scope to reason and to every kindly feeling. By doing this and encouraging our citizens to engage in the duties of life with all their heart and mind, with a determination not to be turned aside by thoughts of the past and fears of the future, our country will not only be restored in material prosperity, but will be advanced in science, in virtue and in religion."<ref>{{harvnb|Fellman|2000|p= 275–277}}</ref>

Lee attended a meeting of ex-Confederates in 1870, during which he expressed regrets about his surrender at [[Appomattox Courthouse]], given the effects of Republican Reconstruction policy on the South. Speaking to former Confederate Governor of Texas [[Fletcher Stockdale]], he said:
<blockquote>Governor, if I had foreseen the use those people [Yankees] designed to make of their victory, there would have been no surrender at Appomattox Courthouse; no sir, not by me. Had I foreseen these results of subjugation, I would have preferred to die at Appomattox with my brave men, my sword in my right hand.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Charles |title=When in the Course of Human Events: Arguing the Case for Southern Secession |chapter=The High Ground}}</ref></blockquote>

===Citizenship===
[[Image:Robert E Lee's Amnesty Oath 1865.gif|right|thumb|300px|Oath of amnesty submitted by Robert E. Lee in 1865.]]
Lee sent his request for a complete individual pardon, along with an oath of allegiance, to President [[Andrew Johnson]] in 1865,<ref name=GettysburgTimes/> and his application for amnesty encouraged many other former members of the Confederacy's armed forces to accept restored U.S. citizenship.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} However, the application was delivered to the desk of Secretary of State [[William H. Seward]], who, assuming that the matter had been dealt with by someone else and that this was just a personal copy, filed it away.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} Lee took the lack of response to mean that the government wished to retain the right to prosecute him in the future.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} (Lee's right to vote was restored in 1888.)<ref name=GettysburgTimes/> '''Elmer Oris Parker''',{{Fact|date=July 2008}} an employee of the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]], found the oath of allegiance in 1970<ref>{{cite journal|title=Pieces of History: General Robert E. Lee's Parole and Citizenship|journal=[[Prologue Magazine]]|date=Spring 2005|volume=37|issue=1}}</ref> among old State Department records.<ref name=GettysburgTimes/>

In 1975 after a five-year campaign by Senator [[Harry F. Byrd]], a resolution to restore Lee's full rights of citizenship passed by a unanimous April [[U.S. Senate]] vote and a 407-10 July [[U.S. House of Representatives]] vote,<ref name=GettysburgTimes/> with the resolution effective [[June 13]], [[1975]].{{Fact|date=December 2007}} President [[Gerald R. Ford]] signed the resolution on [[5 August]] [[1975]] on the portico of the Lee mansion, with a dozen of Lee's descendants attending (including '''Robert E. Lee V''', great-great-grandson).<ref name=GettysburgTimes>{{cite news |title=Citizenship For R. E. Lee |publisher=The [[Gettysburg Times]] |date=August 7, 1975}}<br>
:'''NOTE''': The 10 objecting Congressmen against Lee's citizenship resolution argued it should include [[Draft dodgers#Draft dodging and the Vietnam War |amnesty for Vietham war draft dodgers (subsequently granted in 1977]]).</ref>

===Illness and death===
[[Image:RobertLeeMonument.jpg|thumb|right|250px|So-called "Recumbent Statue" of Robert E. Lee in Lee Chapel in Lexington, Virginia, of Lee asleep on the battlefield, sculpted by [[Edward Valentine]]. It is often mistakenly thought to be a tomb or [[sarcophagus]], but Lee is actually buried elsewhere in the chapel.]]
On [[September 28]], [[1870]], Lee suffered a [[stroke]] that left him without the ability to speak. Lee died from the effects of [[pneumonia]], a little after 9 a.m., [[October 12]], [[1870]], two weeks after the stroke, in [[Lexington, Virginia|Lexington]], Virginia. He was buried underneath [[Lee Chapel]] at [[Washington and Lee University]], where his body remains today. According to J.&nbsp;William Jones' ''Personal Reminiscences, Anecdotes, and Letters of Gen. Robert&nbsp;E. Lee'', his last words, on the day of his death, were "Tell [[A. P. Hill|Hill]] he must come up. Strike the tent," but this is debatable because of conflicting accounts. Since Lee's stroke resulted in [[aphasia]], last words may have been impossible. Lee was treated [[homeopathy|homeopathically]] for this illness.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-20|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/511731_5|title=The Lexington Physicians of General Robert E. Lee|publisher=[[Medscape]]}}</ref>

===Legacy===
Among Southerners, Lee came to be even more revered after his surrender than he had been during the war (when [[Stonewall Jackson]] had been the great Confederate hero, particularly after Jackson's death at Chancellorsville). Admirers pointed to his character and devotion to duty, not to mention his brilliant tactical successes in battle after battle against a stronger foe. Military historians continue to pay attention to his battlefield tactics and maneuvering, though many think he should have designed better strategic plans for the Confederacy. However, it should be noted that he was not given full direction of the Southern war effort until very late in the conflict. His reputation continued to build and by 1900 his cult had spread into the North, signaling a national [[apotheosis]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-20|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/04/04-00622.html|author= Weigley, Russell F.|title=Lee, Robert E.|publisher=[[American National Biography]]|date=February 2000}}</ref>
Today among the devotees of "The Lost Cause," General Lee is referred to as "The Marble Man."

====Civil War-era letters====
<!-- Is this really notable enough for this article? Items are bought and sold all the time. -->
On [[September 29]], [[2007]], General Lee's 3 Civil War-era letters were sold for $61,000 at auction by Thomas Willcox, much less than the record of $630,000 for a Lee item in 2002. The auction included more than 400 documents of Lee's from the estate of the parents of Willcox that had been in the family for generations. [[South Carolina]] sued to stop the sale on the grounds that the letters were official documents and therefore property of the state, but the court ruled in favor of Wilcox.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.usauction.info/2007/09/30/general-lee-letters-sold-at-auction/|title = General Lee letters sold at auction|publisher = US Auction Info|date = [[2007-09-30]]|accessdate =2008-04-01}} </ref>

==Monuments, memorials and commemorations==
===Monuments===
*Since it was built in 1884, the most prominent monument in [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]] has been a {{convert|60|ft|m|0|sing=on}}-tall monument to General Lee. A sixteen and a half foot statue of Lee stands tall upon a towering column of white marble in the middle of Lee Circle. The statue of Lee, which weighs more than 7,000 pounds, faces the North. Lee Circle is situated along New Orleans' famous [[St. Charles Avenue]]. The [[Streetcars in New Orleans|New Orleans streetcars]] roll past Lee Circle and New Orleans' best [[New Orleans Mardi Gras|Mardi Gras]] parades go around Lee Circle (the spot is so popular that bleachers are set up annually around the perimeter for Mardi Gras). Around the corner from Lee Circle is New Orleans' Confederate Museum, which contains the second largest collection of Confederate memorabilia in the world.<ref>{{cite web | title = History of Confederate Memorial Hall | publisher = [[Confederate Memorial Hall]] | url = http://www.confederatemuseum.com | accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref> In a tribute to Lee Circle (which had formerly been known as Tivoli Circle), former Confederate soldier [[George Washington Cable]] wrote:
::"In Tivoli Circle, New Orleans, from the centre and apex of its green flowery mound, an immense column of pure white marble rises in the ... majesty of Grecian proportions high up above the city's house-tops into the dazzling sunshine ... On its dizzy top stands the bronze figure of one of the worlds greatest captains. He is alone. Not one of his mighty lieutenants stand behind, beside or below him. His arms are folded on that breast that never knew fear, and his calm, dauntless gaze meets the morning sun as it rises, like the new posperity of the land he loved and serve so masterly, above the far distant battle fields where so many thousands of his gray veterans lie in the sleep of fallen heroes." (''Silent South'', 1885, The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine)

[[Image:1890 Lee statue unveiling.jpg|thumb|Unveiling of the Equestrian Statue of Robert E. Lee, [[May 29]], 1890. Richmond, Virginia.]]
*A large equestrian statue of Lee by French sculptor [[Jean Antonin Mercié]] is the centerpiece of Richmond, Virginia's famous [[Monument Avenue]], which boasts four other statues to famous Confederates. This monument to Lee was unveiled on [[May 29]], [[1890]]. Over 100,000 people attended this dedication.

*Robert E. Lee is also featured in the carving on [[Stone Mountain]].

*Robert E. Lee is shown mounted on Traveller in Gettysburg National Park on top of the Virginia Monument

===Holidays===
The birthday of Robert E. Lee is celebrated or commemorated in:
*The state of Virginia as part of [[Lee-Jackson Day]], which was separated from the [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] holiday there in 2001. The King holiday falls on the third Monday in January while the Lee-Jackson Day holiday is celebrated on the Friday preceding it.
*The state of Texas celebrates, as part of Confederate Heroes Day on [[January 19]], Lee's actual birthday.
*The states of Alabama, Arkansas and Mississippi on the third Monday in January, along with Martin Luther King, Jr.
*The state of Georgia on the day after Thanksgiving.
*The state of Florida, as a legal holiday and public holiday, on [[January 19]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-20|url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0683/SEC01.HTM&Title=-%3E2006-%3ECh0683-%3ESection%2001#0683.01|title=The 2007 Florida Statutes|publisher=[[Florida Legislature]]}}</ref>

===Geographic features===
*[[Robert Lee, Texas]]
*The Leesville half of [[Batesburg-Leesville, South Carolina]].
*Fort Lee in [[Prince George County, Virginia]].
*[[Lee County, Alabama]]; [[Lee County, Arkansas]]; [[Lee County, Florida]]; [[Lee County, Kentucky]]; [[Lee County, Mississippi]]; [[Lee County, North Carolina]]; [[Lee County, South Carolina]]; [[Lee County, Texas]]; [[Lee County, Virginia]].
*Lee Drive, [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]&mdash;one of the city's major streets, it is located near the [[Louisiana State University]]. Robert E. Lee High School is located on the street.
*[[Lee Highway]], a [[National Auto Trail]] in the [[United States]] connecting [[New York City]] and [[San Francisco, California]] via the [[South (US)|South]] and [[Southwest (US)|Southwest]].
*Lee Avenue, in [[Manassas, Virginia]], was named after Robert E. Lee and intersects with Grant Avenue in front of the old Prince William County Courthouse. Grant Avenue was named after General [[Ulysses S. Grant]].
*Robert E. Lee Memorial Park, Baltimore, MD
*Robert E. Lee is on the carving on Stone Mountain in Georgia
*Robert E. Lee Blvd in [[New Orleans]]

===Schools and universities===
<!-- There are disambiguation pages for some schools.
Names added here instead of the proper place are more likely to be deleted than moved.
Put additions in the proper place.
-->
* Robert E. Lee Academy, Bishopville, South Carolina

* [[Washington and Lee University]], Lexington, Virginia

* Several high schools. See ''[[Robert E. Lee High School]]''.
<!-- High schools named "Robert E. Lee" do not belong here. See above. -->
** Lee-Davis High School, Mechanicsville, Virginia
** Southern Lee High School, Sanford, North Carolina
** Lee County High School, Sanford, North Carolina
** Upson-Lee High School, Thomaston, Georgia
** Washington-Lee High School, Arlington, Virginia
<!-- High schools named "Robert E. Lee" do not belong here. See above. -->
* Robert E. Lee Junior High School, Monroe, Louisiana
* Robert E. Lee Junior High School, San Angelo, Texas
* Robert E. Lee Middle School, Orlando, Florida

* Several elementary schools. See ''[[Robert E. Lee Elementary School]]''.

===Memorials===
*[[Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial|Arlington House]], also known as the Custis-Lee Mansion and located in present-day [[Arlington National Cemetery]], is maintained by the [[National Park Service]] as a memorial to Lee.
*The Virginia State Memorial at [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] is topped by an equestrian statue of Lee by Frederick William Sievers, facing roughly in the direction of [[Pickett's Charge]].
*Lee is one of the figures depicted in [[bas-relief]] carved into [[Stone Mountain]] near [[Atlanta, Georgia]]. Accompanying him on horseback in the relief are [[Stonewall Jackson]] and [[Jefferson Davis]].
*A statue of Lee on horseback, located in Robert E. Lee Park, in Dallas, Texas.
*Despite his presidential pardon by [[Gerald Ford]] and his continuing to being held in high regard by many Americans, Lee's portrayal on a mural on Richmond's Flood Wall on the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] was considered offensive by some, was removed in the late 1990s, but currently is back on the flood wall.
*The [[USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)]] was a submarine named for Lee, built in 1958
*The [[Mississippi River]] [[steamboat]], ''[[Robert E. Lee (steamboat)|Robert E. Lee]]'', was named for Lee after the Civil War. It was the participant in an 1870 [[St. Louis]] - [[New Orleans]] race with the ''Natchez VI'', which was featured in a [[Currier and Ives]] lithograph. The ''Robert E. Lee'' won the said race. The steamboat also inspired a song ''Waiting for the Robert E. Lee'' (Lewis Muir-L. Wolfe Gilbert).
*In 1900, Lee was one of the first 29 individuals selected for the [[Hall of Fame for Great Americans]] (the first Hall of Fame in the United States), designed by [[Stanford White]], on the [[The Bronx|Bronx, New York]], campus of [[New York University]], now a part of [[Bronx Community College]].

<center><gallery>
Image:Robert-E-Lee-by-Leo-Lentill.jpg|Robert E Lee Monument, [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], Leo Lentilli, sculptor, 1924
Image:Robert-E-Lee-by-Sievers.jpg|Robert E Lee, [[Virginia]] Monument, [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]], [[William Sievers]], sculptor, 1917
Image:Lee-Mercie-Richmond.jpg|Lee by Mercié, Monument Avenue, [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Virginia]], 1890
Image:Robert E Lee Univ of [[Texas]].jpg|Statue of Lee on the grounds of the [[University of Texas at Austin]]
Image:RobertELeeStatuteDallas.jpg|Statue of Lee in [[Dallas, Texas]]
</gallery></center>

===Films/Documentaries===
*CIVIL WAR JOURNAL: THE COMMANDERS. This is four part documentary on two DVD. Disc one is titled, "West Point Classmates" and "Robert E. Lee". This excellent documentary provides insight regarding this brilliant commander. Released by A & E home video in 2001, the total running time is 200 minutes.

*ROBERT E. LEE Biography - Biography channel presentation released to DVD on 2005. This documentary follows his brilliant campaigns which are still studied in military academies. It contains excerpts from his writings, testimonies from those who served and fought against him, and interviews with military experts and Civil War historians.

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Wikisource|Lee at Fredericksburg}}
* {{citation|first=John W.|last=Blassingame|title=Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|date=July 1977|year=1977|isbn=0807102733}}
* {{citation|first=Thomas Lawrence|last=Connelly|title=The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image in American society|location=[[New York]]|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]]|year=1977|isbn=0-394-47179-2}}.
* {{citation|first=William C.|last=Davis|coauthors=Pohanka, Brian C.; Troiani, Don|title=Civil War Journal, The Leaders|publisher=Rutledge Hill Press|year=1997|isbn=0-517-22193-4}}.
* {{citation|first=John H.|last=Eicher|coauthors=Eicher, David J.|title=Civil War High Commands|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0-8047-3641-3}}.
* {{citation|first=Michael|last=Fellman|title=The Making of Robert E. Lee|publisher=[[Random House]]|year=2000|isbn=0-679-45650-3}}.
* {{citation|first=Douglas S.|last=Freeman|authorlink=Douglas S. Freeman|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/home.html|title=R. E. Lee, A Biography|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]|year=1934|accessdate=2008-05-20}}
* {{citation|first=J. F. C.|last=Fuller|authorlink=J. F. C. Fuller|title=Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=1957|isbn=0-253-13400-5}}.
* {{citation|first=Nathaniel C.|last=Hughes Jr.|coauthors=Liddell, St. John R.|title=Liddell's Record|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8071-2218-1}}.
* {{citation|first=Edmund Jennings|last=Lee|title=Lee of Virginia 1642-1892|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Company|year=1983|isbn=0-8063-0604-1}}.
* {{citation|accessdate=2008-05-20|first=Robert Edward|last=Lee|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2323|year=2000|title=Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee|publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}
* {{citation|first=Alan T.|last=Nolan|title=Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|year=1991|isbn=0-8078-4587-6}}.
* {{citation|first=Ezra J.|last=Warner|title=Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|year=1959|isbn=0-8071-0823-5}}.

==Further reading==
===Biographical===
* Blount, Roy, Jr. ''Robert E. Lee'' Penguin Putnam, 2003. 210 pp., short popular biography
* Carmichael, Peter S., ed. ''Audacity Personified: The Generalship of Robert E. Lee'' Louisiana State U. Pr., 2004.
* Connelly, Thomas L., "The Image and the General: Robert E. Lee in American Historiography." Civil War History 19 (March 1973): 50-64.
* Connelly, Thomas L., The Marble Man. Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977.
* Connelly, Thomas L., "Robert E. Lee and the Western Confederacy: A Criticism of Lee's Strategic Ability." Civil War History 15 (June 1969): 116-32
* Cooke, John E., "A Life of General Robert E. Lee" Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
* Dowdey, Clifford. ''Lee'' 1965.
* Fellman, Michael (2000), ''The Making of Robert E. Lee''. New York: Random House (ISBN 0-679-45650-3).
* Fishwick, Marshall W. ''Lee after the War'' 1963.
* Flood, Charles Bracelen. ''Lee &mdash; The Last Years'' 1981.
* Gary W. Gallagher; ''Lee the Soldier.'' University of Nebraska Press, 1996
* Gary W. Gallagher; ''Lee & His Army in Confederate History.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2001
* McCaslin, Richard B. ''Lee in the Shadow of Washington.'' Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
* Pryor, Elizabeth Brown; ''Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters.'' New York: Viking, 2007.
* Reid, Brian Holden. ''Robert E. Lee: Icon for a Nation'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005.
* Thomas, Emory ''Robert E. Lee'' W.W. Norton & Co., 1995 (ISBN 0-393-03730-4) full-scale biography

=== Military campaigns ===
* Brown, Kent Masterson. ''Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign.'' U. of North Carolina Press, 2005.
* Cagney, James "Animations of the Campaigns of Robert E. Lee" [http://civilwaranimated.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=42 Click Here for the Animations] (2008)
* Cavanaugh, Michael A., and William Marvel, ''The Petersburg Campaign: The Battle of the Crater: "The Horrid Pit," June 25-August 6, 1864'' (1989)
* Davis, William C. ''Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg'' (1986).
* Dowdey, Clifford. ''The Seven Days'' 1964.
*[[Douglas S. Freeman|Freeman, Douglas S.]], ''Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command'' (3 volumes), Scribners, 1946, ISBN 0-684-85979-3.
*[[J. F. C. Fuller|Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C.]], ''Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship'', Indiana University Press, 1957, ISBN 0-253-13400-5.
* Gott, Kendall D., ''Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862'', Stackpole Books, 2003, ISBN 0-8117-0049-6.
* Grimsley, Mark, ''And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May-June 1864'' University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
* Harsh, Joseph L. ''Taken at the Flood: Robert E. Lee and Confederate Strategy in the Maryland Campaign of 1862'' Kent State University Press, 1999
* Johnson, R. U., and Buel, C. C., eds., ''Battles and Leaders of the Civil War''. 4 vols. New York, 1887-88; essays by leading generals of both sides; [http://ehistory.osu.edu/USCW/library/books/battles/index.cfm online edition]
* McWhiney, Grady, ''Battle in the Wilderness: Grant Meets Lee'' (1995)
* Maney, R. Wayne, ''Marching to Cold Harbor. Victory and Failure, 1864'' (1994).
* Marvel, William. ''Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
* Matter, William D., ''If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania'' (1988)
* Rhea, Gordon C., ''The Battle of the Wilderness May 5–6, 1864'', Louisiana State University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8071-1873-7.
* Rhea, Gordon C., ''The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern May 7–12, 1864'', Louisiana State University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8071-2136-3.
* Rhea, Gordon C., ''To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864'', Louisiana State University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8071-2535-0.
* Rhea, Gordon C., ''Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, [[May 26]] – [[June 3]], [[1864]]'', Louisiana State University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8071-2803-1.
* Miller, J. Michael, ''The North Anna Campaign: "Even to Hell Itself," May 21-26, 1864'' (1989).
* Steere, Edward, ''The Wilderness Campaign'' (1960)

=== Primary sources ===
* Dowdey, Clifford. and Louis H. Manarin, eds. The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee. Boston: Little, Brown, 1961.
* Freeman, Douglas Southall. ed. ''Unpublished Letters of General Robert E. Lee, C.S.A., to Jefferson Davis and the War Department of the Confederate States of America, 1862-65''. Rev. ed., with foreword by Grady McWhiney. 1957.
* Johnson, R. U., and Buel, C. C., eds., ''Battles and Leaders of the Civil War''. 4 vols. New York, 1887-88; essays by leading generals of both sides; [http://ehistory.osu.edu/USCW/library/books/battles/index.cfm online edition]
*Missouri History Museum. [http://www.mohistory.org/files/archives_guides/LeeCollection.pdf Robert E. Lee Collection]
* Taylor, Walter H. ''Four Years with General Lee'' Reprint. 1962.
* Taylor, Walter H. ''General Lee &mdash; His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861-1865''. Reprint. 1975


==External links==
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.bat-mania.co.uk/ Batmania UK :: 1966 Batman]
{{Commons|Robert E. Lee|Robert E. Lee}}
*{{imdb title|0059968|Batman}}
*{{Tv.com show|id=713|title=Batman (TV series)}}
* [http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/B/htmlB/batman/batman.htm Museum of Broadcast Communications]
* [http://www.1966batfan.com/ The 1966 Batman TV Tribute Site]
* [http://batcave.mlcbooks.com/ The BatCave Fan Site]
* [http://www.batfriend.com/ The Bat Pages] '''''Note:''' this website contains the original screentests of Adam West, Burt Ward, and Lyle Waggoner.''
* [http://www.batmanytb.com/tv/60series/ Batman: The Series @ Batman: Yesterday, Today, & Beyond]
* [http://www.batmanytb.com/movies/60/ Batman: The Movie @ Batman: Yesterday, Today, & Beyond]
* [http://www.batman-on-film.com/ BATMAN ON FILM]
* [http://www.tvobscurities.com/articles/batgirl.php Television Obscurities - Batgirl Promotional Short]


{{1966-1968 Batman television series}}
{{Batman in popular media}}


[[Category:1960s American television series]]
===Primary sources===
[[Category:1966 television series debuts]]
*[http://www.quillspirit.org/ebooks/Letters_of_General_R_E_Lee/index.php Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee, by Captain Robert E. Lee, His Son]
[[Category:1968 television series endings]]
*[http://www.coe.iup.edu/lwag/index.html A Leadership Walk Across Gettysburg], DVD that reflects on Lee's leadership decisions that unfolded during the three-day long battle at Gettysburg
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company network shows]]

[[Category:Batman television series]]
===Biographies===
[[Category:Science fiction television series]]
*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/home.html Freeman's biography of Lee]
[[Category:Superhero television programs]]
*[http://robertelee.org Biographical article in Appleton's Encyclopedia]
[[Category:Television series by Fox Television Studios]]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0119.html Obituary of Robert E. Lee], with a retrospective from a Northern point of view. ''The New York Times''; [[October 13]], [[1870]]

===Monuments and memorials===
*[http://leechapel.wlu.edu/ Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University where Robert E. Lee is buried]
*[http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0007002.htm Robert E Lee / Virginia Monument at Gettysburg]
*{{Find A Grave|id=615}}

{{start box}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | before = [[Henry Brewerton]]|title = [[Superintendents of the United States Military Academy|Superintendent of the United States Military Academy]] | years = 1852 – 1855 | after = [[John Gross Barnard]]}}
{{s-bef|before=Gen. [[Joseph E. Johnston]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Army of Northern Virginia|Commander, Army of Northern Virginia]]|years=1862 – 1865}}
{{s-non|rows=2|reason=End of Confederate States}}
{{s-bef|before=None, position was created with Lee's appointment}}
{{s-ttl|title=General-in-Chief of the [[Confederate States Army]]|years=January 31, 1865 – April 9, 1865}}
{{end box}}

<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->

{{Gettysburg figures}}

{{Persondata
|NAME = Lee, Robert Edward
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American general
|DATE OF BIRTH = [[January 19]] [[1807]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Stratford Hall Plantation|Stratford Hall, Virginia]]
|DATE OF DEATH = [[October 12]] [[1870]]
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Lexington, Virginia]]
}}
{{BD|1807|1870|Lee, Robert E.}}
[[Category:Confederate Army generals]]
[[Category:Superintendents of the United States Military Academy]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Mexican-American War]]
[[Category:People of Virginia in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Recipients of American presidential pardons]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:English Americans]]
[[Category:People from Virginia]]
[[Category:Carter family of Virginia]]
[[Category:Fitzhugh family of Virginia]]
[[Category:Lee family of Virginia]]
[[Category:Washington family]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Virginia]]

{{Link FA|de}}


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Revision as of 19:08, 12 October 2008

For the 1990s animated series, see Batman: The Animated Series. For the 2004 animated series, see The Batman (TV series).
Batman
File:1966 Batman titlecard.JPG
Title card for the Batman television series
Genreaction, comedy
Created byBob Kane (characters)
William Dozier (series)
StarringAdam West
Burt Ward
Alan Napier
Neil Hamilton
Stafford Repp
Madge Blake
and Yvonne Craig (Season 3), Cesar Romero
Frank Gorshin
Julie Newmar
Burgess Meredith
Theme music composerNeal Hefti
Opening themeBatman Theme
ComposerNelson Riddle (incidental music)
Country of origin United States
Original languageEnglish
No. of seasons3
No. of episodes120 (list of episodes)
Production
Running time25 minutes
Original release
NetworkABC
ReleaseJanuary 12, 1966 –
March 14, 1968
Related
Batman (spin-off)

Batman is a 1960s American television series, based on the DC comic book character of the same name. It aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network for two and a half seasons from January 12, 1966 to March 14, 1968. Despite its short run, the series had two weekly installments for most of its tenure, giving the show a total of 120 episodes ( the equivalent of roughly four regular seasons). It currently airs on the AmericanLife TV Network [1] and on BBC Four in the UK.

Genesis of the series

In the early 1960s, Ed Graham Productions optioned the TV rights to the comic strip Batman, and planned a straightforward juvenile adventure show, much like Adventures of Superman and The Lone Ranger, for CBS on Saturday mornings. Mike Henry, who would later go on to star in the Tarzan franchise, and is best known for his portrayal of Jackie Gleason's not-too-bright son Buford T. Justice, Jr. in the Smokey and the Bandit movies, was set to star as Batman.

Reportedly, DC Comics commissioned publicity photos of Henry in a Batman costume. Around this same time, the Playboy Club in Chicago was screening the Batman serials (1943's Batman and 1949's Batman and Robin) on Saturday nights. It became very popular, as the hip partygoers would cheer and applaud the Dynamic Duo, and boo and hiss at the villains. East coast ABC executive Yale Udoff, a Batman fan in childhood, attended one of these parties at the Playboy Club and was impressed with the reaction the serials were getting. He contacted West Coast ABC executives Harve Bennett and Edgar Scherick, who were already considering developing a TV series based on a comic strip action hero, to suggest a prime time Batman series in the hip and fun style of The Man from U.N.C.L.E.

When negotiations between CBS and Graham stalled, DC quickly reobtained rights and made the deal with ABC. ABC farmed the rights out to 20th Century Fox to produce the series. Fox, in turn, handed the project to William Dozier and his Greenway Productions. Whereas ABC and Fox were expecting a hip and fun, yet still serious, adventure show, Dozier, who loathed comic books, concluded the only way to make the show work was to do it as a pop art camp comedy. Originally, espionage novelist Eric Ambler was to write the motion picture that would launch the TV series, but he dropped out after learning of Dozier's camp comedy approach.

By the time ABC pushed up the debut date to January 1966, thus foregoing the movie until the summer hiatus, Lorenzo Semple Jr. had signed on as head script writer. He wrote the pilot script, and generally kept his scripts more on the side of pop art adventure. Stanley Ralph Ross, Stanford Sherman, and Charles Hoffman were script writers who generally leaned more toward camp comedy, and in Ross' case, sometimes outright slapstick and satire. Instead of producing a one-hour show, Dozier and Semple decided to have the show air twice a week in half-hour installments with a cliffhanger connecting the two episodes, echoing the old movie serials. Initially, Dozier wanted Ty Hardin to play Batman, but he was unavailable, filming Westerns in Europe. Eventually, two sets of screen tests were filmed, one with Adam West and Burt Ward, the other with Lyle Waggoner and Peter Deyell, with West and Ward winning the roles.

Plot summary

Main article: Batman (TV): Guest appearances and episodes

The typical formula story began with the villain (typically one of a short list of recurring villains) committing a crime, such as robbing a bank. This was followed by a scene inside Police Commissioner Gordon's office where he and Chief O'Hara would deduce exactly which villain they were dealing with. Gordon would press a button on the Batphone, signaling a cut to Wayne Manor where Alfred, the butler, would answer the manor's Batphone, a bright red telephone on the desk in Bruce Wayne's study that beeped loudly instead of ringing. Alfred would then interrupt Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson - usually they would be found talking with Aunt Harriet, who didn't know of their dual life - with a pretext to draw them away to answer the Batphone. Upon hearing of his enemy's schemes, Bruce would push a button concealed within a bust of Shakespeare that stood on his desk, opening a hidden door in a bookcase and revealing two poles. Wayne says to Grayson "To the Batpoles", then they would slide down, flicking a switch on their way down. This was usually where the animated title sequence would occur.

Similar in style and content to the 1940s serials, they would arrive in the Batcave in full costume and jump into the Batmobile, Batman in the driver's seat. Robin would say "Atomic batteries to power, turbines to speed" and Batman would respond "Roger, ready to move out" and the two would race off out of the cave at high speed. As the Batmobile approached the mouth of the cave (actually a tunnel entrance in L.A.'s Bronson Canyon), a hinged barrier dropped down to allow the car to exit on to the road. Scenes from the Dynamic Duo sliding down the batpoles in the Batcave, to the arrival of Commissioner Gordon's building via the Batmobile (while the episode credits are shown), are recycled footage that is used in nearly all part 1 and single episodes.

After arriving at Commissioner Gordon's office, the initial discussion of the crime usually led to the Dynamic Duo (Batman and Robin) conducting their investigation alone. In the investigation, a meeting with the villain would usually ensue with the heroes getting involved in a fight and the villain getting away, leaving a series of unlikely clues for the Duo to investigate. In their investigation, the Duo would face the villain again, and he or she would capture one or both of the heroes and place them in a deathtrap with a cliffhanger ending which was usually resolved in the first few minutes of the next episode.

The same pattern was repeated in the following episode until the villain was defeated in a major brawl where the action was punctuated by superimposed "sound effect" words as in comic book fight scenes ("pow", "bam", etc.). The series also utilized a narrator (producer William Dozier, uncredited) who parodied the breathless narration style of the 1940s serials. He would end many of the cliffhanger episodes with "Tune in tomorrow, same bat-time, same bat-channel (or just 'same time, same channel')."

Season 1

In Season 1, the dynamic duo, Batman (Adam West) and Robin (Burt Ward), are the super crime fighting heroes to fight the villains of Gotham City. It begins with 2-part episodes, "Hi Diddle Riddle" and "Smack in the Middle".

Season 2

In Season 2, the show suffered from repetition of its characters and formula. In addition, critics noted that the series' delicate balance of drama and humor that the first season maintained was lost as the stories became increasingly farcical. This, combined with Lorenzo Semple Jr. contributing fewer scripts and having less of an influence on the series, caused viewers to tire of the show and for critics to complain, "If you've seen one episode of Batman, you've seen them all".

Season 3

By Season 3, ratings were falling and the future of the series seemed uncertain. A promotional short featuring Yvonne Craig as Batgirl and Tim Herbert as Killer Moth was produced. The short was convincing enough to pick up Batman for another season, and introduced Batgirl as a regular on the show in an attempt to attract more female viewers. Batgirl's alter ego was Barbara Gordon, a mild-mannered librarian at the Gotham Library and Commissioner Gordon's daughter.[2] The show was reduced to once a week, with mostly self-contained episodes, although the next week's villain would be in a tag at the end of the episode, similar to a soap opera. As such, the narrator's cliffhanger phrases were eliminated, but most episodes would end with him saying something to the extent of "Watch the next episode!"

Aunt Harriet was reduced to just two cameo appearances during the third season, due to Madge Blake being in poor health. (Aunt Harriet was also mentioned in another episode, but was not seen; her absence was explained by her being in shock upstairs.) The nature of the scripts and acting started to enter into the realm of the surreal, specifically with the backgrounds, which became two-dimensional cut-outs against a stark black stage.

Cancellation

At the end of the third season, ABC planned cuts to the budget by eliminating Chief O'Hara and Robin, while making Batgirl Batman's full time partner. Both Dozier and West opposed this idea, and ABC cancelled the show a short time later. Weeks later, NBC offered to pick the show up for a fourth season and even restore it to its twice a week format, if the sets were still available for use. However, NBC's offer came too late: Fox had already demolished the sets a week before. NBC didn't want to pay the $800,000 to rebuild, so the offer was withdrawn. Batman was replaced on ABC by the sitcom The Second Hundred Years.

1970s reunions

In 1972, Burt Ward and Yvonne Craig reunited as Robin and Batgirl, with Dick Gautier stepping in as Batman (Adam West was, at the time, trying to distance himself from the Batman role) for a Women's Liberation Equal Pay public service announcement. In 1977, Adam West and Burt Ward returned to the Batman universe in animated form. West and Ward lent their voices to Batman and Robin respectively, on the Filmation-produced animated series, The New Adventures of Batman. West would once again reprise his role as Batman in animated form when he succeeded Olan Soule in the final two seasons of Super Friends. In 1979, West, Ward, and Frank Gorshin reunited on NBC for Hanna-Barbera's two Legends of the Superheroes TV specials. In the 1980s, several cast members would team up for a series of celebrity editions of Family Feud.

Theme music

Main article: Batman Theme

Popularity

Many sports, music, and media personalities, and a number of Hollywood actors, looked forward to and enjoyed their appearances as villains on the Batman show. They were generally allowed to overact and enjoy themselves on a high-rated TV series, guaranteeing them considerable exposure (and thus boosting their careers). The most popular villains on the show included Cesar Romero as the Joker, Burgess Meredith as The Penguin, Frank Gorshin as The Riddler, and Julie Newmar as Catwoman. Other famous names from the "rogues gallery" in the comic book series made appearances on the show (notably The Mad Hatter), and some were taken from other superheroes, such as The Archer and The Puzzler (Superman villains) and The Clock King (a Green Arrow villain). Many other villains were created especially for the TV show, and never did appear in the comic books (e.g., The Siren, Chandelle, Bookworm, King Tut, Lord Ffogg, Dr. Cassandra, and Louie the Lilac), while some were hybrids. The comics' Mr. Zero was renamed Mr. Freeze (a name change that was copied in the comics with lasting effect), and the comics' Brainy Barrows was reworked as Egghead. Other celebrities often appeared in scenes where the Dynamic Duo were scaling a building wall and the celebrity would suddenly open a window and have a short conversation with the superheroes.

Adam West enjoys the story that he was part of two of the three Big B's of the 1960s: Batman, The Beatles and Bond. West says he was actually invited to play Bond in On Her Majesty's Secret Service based on his popularity as Batman, but declined the role as he felt it should be played by a British actor (ironically, the role went to an Australian, George Lazenby).

The popularity of the TV show did not translate well to the silver screen, however. A movie version of the TV show was released to theaters (see Batman (1966 film)), but it did not become a large box office hit, even though creatively the movie was generally regarded to be just as good as the first season episodes, and superior to most of the second and third season episodes.[citation needed] The movie continued to be profitably re-released to theaters, TV, and video for decades. Originally, the movie had been created to help sell the TV series abroad, but the success of the series in America sold itself, and the movie was brought out after season one had already been aired. In fact, the movie's budget allowed for producers to build the Batboat and Batcopter, which were used in the second and third seasons of the TV show.

The live-action TV show was extraordinarily popular. At the height of its popularity, it was the only prime time TV show other than Peyton Place to be broadcast twice in one week as part of its regular schedule, airing at 7:30 p.m. Wednesdays and Thursdays. Episodes of the show were often filmed as two-part cliffhangers, with each storyline beginning on Wednesday and ending on the Thursday night episode. At the very end of the Thursday night segment, a little tag featuring the next week's villain would be shown, e.g.: "Next week -- Batman jousts with The Joker again!" (this started the third week of the series' run and continued until the end of season two). The first episode of a storyline would typically end with Batman and Robin being trapped in a ridiculous deathtrap, while the narrator (Dozier) would tell viewers to watch the next night with the repeated phrase: "Tune in tomorrow — same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!" Even now, many years after the show ceased production, this catch-phrase is still a long-running punchline in popular culture.

The Batman-influenced Pittsburgh Steelers jerseys the team wore in 1966-1967.

Batman would even have influence in the sports world. During the height of the show's popularity, the Pittsburgh Steelers--a team that rarely experiments with uniform changes--unveiled new uniforms influenced by Adam West's Batman outfits. The uniforms were introduced for the 1966 NFL season, and had gold triangle-like diamonds on the shoulders of both the black home jerseys and white away jerseys. However, the jerseys turned out to be very unpopular and, coupled with consistent losing, were discarded in 1968 in favor of the team's current-style uniforms.

Lasting Effect

The series' stars, Adam West and Burt Ward, were typecast for decades afterwards, with West especially finding himself unable to escape the reputation the series gave him as a hammy, campy actor. However, years after the series' impact faded, West found fame and respect among comic book and animation fans, who appreciated his work on the TV series. One of the more popular episodes of Batman: The Animated Series paid tribute to West with an episode titled "The Grey Ghost". In this episode, West played the role of an aging star of a superhero TV series Bruce Wayne had watched as a child, and would be inspired by as a crimefighter, who found new popularity with the next generation of fans. He would also play Gotham City's Mayor Grange as a somewhat recurring role in The Batman. In addition, the most frequent visual influence is that later Batmobiles usually have a rear rocket thruster that usually fires as the car makes a fast start.

In 2003, West and Ward reunited for a tongue-in-cheek telefilm titled Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt which combined dramatized recreations of the filming of the original series (with younger actors standing in for the stars), with modern day footage of West and Ward searching for a stolen Batmobile. The film included cameo appearances by Newmar and Gorshin, as well as Lee Meriwether who had played Catwoman in the 1966 film and Lyle Waggoner, who had been an early candidate for the role of Batman. Yvonne Craig did not appear in the movie because she reportedly disliked the script. The movie received high ratings and was released on DVD May 2005.

A line spoken by Robin (Chris O'Donnell) in Batman Forever is a straight homage to the TV Robin's catch-phrase. During the movie he says, "Holey rusted metal, Batman," (referring to the island's land-scape which is made from rusted metal and has holes in it) which sounds intentionally similar to lines spoken by Robin beginning with the word "Holy" and ending with "Batman".

VHS & DVD (non-) release

Despite considerable popular demand[3], no official home entertainment release (VHS, laserdisc or DVD) of the series has occurred to date in North America, with the situation seemingly unlikely to be resolved in the near future.

Conflicting reports of the reasons behind the non-release of the series point to a number of different factors, some, none or all of which may indeed play a part. These include:

  • Disagreement between DC Comics (who own the Batman character. DC's sister/parent company Warner Bros., which took over DC in 1976 could also be involved) and 20th Century Fox (who own the program itself). Gord Lacey's influential TV/DVD website TVShowsonDVD.com is often quoted in support of this much-discussed theory, after a story the website ran in December, 2005.[4]
    • Commentators have suggested that DC Comics itself is not involved, and that Warner and Fox are reluctant to work with each other. This was denied by a Warner spokesperson in 2005 during their semi-regular "Home Theatre Forum" chat, where it was stated that the issues were between Fox and DC alone, with Warner playing no part in negotiations.[5]
    • The argument has been made that DC does not wish to distort the current image of the Dark Knight by having the overtly-campy 1960s series competing head-to-head with more modern takes, such as Burton's Batman film and its sequels or Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins and The Dark Knight. DC may indeed be distancing itself from the 60s series. A solicited cover by Mike Allred for issue #7 of Solo—a 2005 DC Comics series—featured Batman doing the Batusi. The cover, based on Adam West and a memorably campy episode of the TV series, was replaced by the time of Solo #7's released. Allred explains that the cover was pulled by "higher ups" for reasons largely unknown.[6] Speculation over the reasons first intimated that potential infringement of rights were the issue, but this was soon replaced with suggestions that its "campy" nature was the real factor in its removal. At the time of the issue's release, DVDs of Batman, Batman Returns, Batman Forever, Batman & Robin, and Batman Begins were also being promoted, and DC's chief editor Dan Didio reportedly does not like camp.[7]
  • Greenway/ABC/Fox rights issues. The Batman series was conceived as an equal partnership between William Dozier's Greenway Productions and Fox in 1964, before Fox entered into a separate agreement with ABC to produce the series in 1965. With three companies involved almost from the outset, there is some speculation that these rights are tangled even before the DC Comics character-ownership rights are to be considered. Moreover:
    • Another Greenway Productions series, The Green Hornet is similarly absent from DVD release, (although, like Batman, the rights to theatrical features based upon the show were different, and these have been released, as has Batman: The Movie.) leading to speculation[citation needed] that Greenway could be the common factor, and hence in some fashion be the stumbling block.
    • In 2006, Deborah Dozier Potter, "the successor-in-interest to Greenway Productions" sued Fox for allegedly withholding monies under the Fox/ABC agreement.[8][9] Dozier Potter further claimed that this came to her attention when, in March 2005: "she considered releasing the series on DVD," implying that (from her perspective at least) Greenway/Dozier Potter has some say in the matter of potentional DVD release of the series. (The case was resolved/dismissed in November, 2007, as noted at the "1966 Batman Message Board".[10])
  • Other complications/rights issues:
    • Christopher D Heer, writing at the "1966 Batman Message Board", clarified a quote by moderator Lee Kirkham, noting that there will likely be the need for complicated deals regarding cameos, since "..at least some of the cameos were done as uncredited, unpaid walk-ons -- which means that Fox does NOT have home video clearances for them. Either those scenes would have to be cut or an agreement reached with the actors."[11]
    • Kirkham's initial quote also noted that, alongside music clearance issues, there could also be problems over some of the costumes, and the original Batmobile:
"It may surprise you, but then there are also rights issues concerning the design of the unique Batmobile design used in the show, and possible a separate issue regarding some of the costumes as well!"[12]

The series, under the Fox/ABC deal, is however still in syndication, and regularly shown on a number of channels around the world. Thus far, though, only the 1966 feature film is available on DVD for non-broadcast viewing in North America. This also affected the 2003 television movie reunion Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt, which was only able to make use of footage from the 1966 movie.

Trivia

  • Not counting six of the Penguin's henchmen who disintegrate or get blown up in the associated Batman theatrical movie, only four criminal characters die during the series: the Riddler's moll Molly (played by Jill St. John in Episode 2) who accidentally falls into the Batcave's atomic pile, a fake "Commissioner Gordon" who gets shot by the "Bookworm," and two out-of-town gunmen who shot at the Dynamic Duo toward the end of the "Zelda the Great" episode, but ended up killing each other instead. In "Instant Freeze" Mr Freeze freezes a butler solid and knocks him over causing him to smash to pieces. In "Green Ice" Mr Freeze freezes a policeman solid, and "The Penguin's Nest" {a Penguin episode}, a policeman is "shocked" by Penguin's accomplices. It is unclear if these last two characters "survive" or not.
  • Lesley Gore, who plays "Pussycat" (one of Catwoman's henchwomen), was a popular singer of the day with hits such as "It's My Party". On the January 19, 1967 episode, she sang her top 20 hit "California Nights". Gore was also the niece of Howie Horwitz, one of the show's producers.
  • Only two of the series guest villains ever discovered Batman's true identity: Egghead by deductive reasoning, and King Tut on two occasions (once with a bug on the Batmobile and once by accidentally mining into the Batcave). Egghead was tricked into disbelieving his discovery, and Tut's recurring amnesia made him forget both times.

Cast

Regular cast

Several cast members recorded records tied in to the series. Adam West released a single titled "Miranda", a country-tinged pop song that he actually performed in costume during live appearances in the 1960s. Frank Gorshin released a song titled "The Riddler" which was composed and arranged by Mel Tormé. The track captures Gorshin's insane portrayal perfectly. Burgess Meredith recorded a spoken word single called "The Escape" backed with "The Capture", which was The Penguin narrating his recent crime spree to a jazz beat.

Guest appearances

Main article: Batman (TV): Guest appearances and episodes

Parodies

Parodies in the series

  • The television show was famous for parodying names of many famous celebrities of the day. Among the most notable were newscasters Walter Cronkite (known as "Walter Klondike" on Batman), and Chet Huntley (he's known as "Chet Chumley" on the show). Steve Allen played himself on the show, and was known as "Allen Stevens". J. Pauline Spaghetti (a woman who is almost tricked into giving up her fortune to the notorious European criminal "Sandman" - played by Michael Rennie) is a parody on J. Paul Getty owner of the Getty Oil Company and one of the richest men of the 1960s.
  • Commissioner Gordon would occasionally speak on the phone to the state's governor, Governor Stonefellow. This is a parody on Nelson Rockefeller, who served as governor of New York from 1959 to 1973.
  • Catwoman is known to have an additional hideout, "Cat-Lair West", across the river from Gotham City in "New Guernsey" a parody on New Jersey (Guernsey and Jersey are both islands in the English Channel).
  • In the Dr. Cassandra episode, the evil alchemist steals the Mope diamond (a parody on the famous Hope Diamond) from Spiffany's jewellers. Spiffany's is a parody on Tiffany & Co.
  • The three-part Londinium episode during Batman's final season ("The Londinium Larcenies", "The Foggiest Notion", and "The Bloody Tower") was the series tribute to the Swinging London period of the 1960s. At the time of the show, everything British was "hot" in North America. Many aspects of London were parodied during the three episodes. The city's name is changed to Londinium, which was the British capital's name during Roman times. Scotland Yard becomes "Ireland Yard" in the series. Carnaby Street becomes "Barnaby Street". Fleet Street, the city's press district, is changed to "Bleet Street".
  • In the season premiere to the 20th season of "The Simpsons" titled "Sex, Pies and Idiot Scrapes" a montage showing Homer and Ned Flanders fighting crime airs to the tune of the show's theme song.

References

  1. ^ http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Americanlife-Tv-Network-876762.html
  2. ^ Television Obscurities. "Batgirl Promotional Short", June 11, 2003. (accessed March 24, 2007)
  3. ^ The programme is perpetually highly ranked as a "Most Requested" unreleased showat TVShowsonDVD.com. Currently (April 2008) it is, and has been for some time, second only to The Wonder Years.
  4. ^ :"Fox (who owns the footage) and DC Comics (owner of the characters, and sister company of Warner Bros.) are still deep in the process of sorting out the legalities and licensing situations for this release. There may be other licenses involved as well, such as music and so forth." "Batman - 1966 Batman Series Still Not Coming To DVD Yet," by David Lambert, December 5, 2005. Accessed April 5, 2008
  5. ^ Warner Home Video representatives stated:
    "..we have no rights to 60s BATMAN... The BATMAN TV issue is between DC Comics and Fox. It doesn't involve Warner home video." Chat Transcript: Warner Home Video on HTF, March 29, 2005. Accessed April 5, 2008
  6. ^ Mike Allred "Re: Did DC make Mike change his 'Solo' cover? YES! Now the truth can be told.", October 25, 2005
  7. ^ ComicBookDb.com: Solo #7. Accessed April 5, 2008
  8. ^ "Batman - New Lawsuit - Will We Ever See Batman on DVD?" by Gord Lacey, August 19, 2006. Accessed April 5, 2008
  9. ^ "Fox Hit With Claim for Net Profits on 'Batman' Series", by Leslie Simmons, August 18 2006. Accessed April 5, 2008
  10. ^ :"the lawsuit filed by Debra Dozier Potter was dismissed with prejudice on 11/26/07. Furthermore an notice of unconditional settlement was filed by the Plaintff on 11/19/07. For those who care to look the case is DEBORAH DOZIER POTTER VS TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX FILM CORPORATION Case No BC357067.", posted by ls1ss, January 21, 2008. Accessed April 5, 2008
  11. ^ "Re: Blog talks about Batman DVD ownership woes" Reply #42, January 25, 2008. Accessed April 5, 2008
  12. ^ [http://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/Dvd-Guy/Ianalb-Nonbionic-Legal/800023953 "A Few Non-Bionic Legal Issues Plaguing TV-DVD", by David Lambert, October 7, 2007

External links

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