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{{Short description|Measure of metropolitan and surrounding areas}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
[[File:City and related typologies – an example for Milano.png|thumb|right|Illustration showing the difference between the ''city'', the '''functional urban area''' ([[Milan metropolitan area]]), and the ''metropolitan region'' of [[Milan]].]]
The '''larger urban zone''' ('''LUZ'''), or '''functional urban area''' ('''FUA'''), is a measure of the population and expanse of [[metropolitan area|metropolitan]] and surrounding areas which may or may not be exclusively urban.<ref>[http://www.eurometrex.org/Docs/METRO-D/7B-Position-on-Cohesion.pdf Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702212803/http://www.eurometrex.org/Docs/METRO-D/7B-Position-on-Cohesion.pdf |date=2 July 2015 }}, EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</ref> It consists of a city and its commuting zone outside it.<ref name="fua">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Archive:European_cities_%E2%80%93_the_EU-OECD_functional_urban_area_definition | title=European cities – the EU-OECD functional urban area definition | publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref>
The '''functional urban area''' ('''FUA'''), previously known as '''larger urban zone''' ('''LUZ'''),<ref name="luz">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Territorial_typologies_manual_-_cities,_commuting_zones_and_functional_urban_areas#Changes_to_the_typology_over_time | title=Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas | publisher=[[Eurostat]] |quote="Within the Urban Audit, (...) functional urban areas were previously referred to as ‘larger urban zones’."}}</ref> is a measure of the population and expanse of [[metropolitan area|metropolitan]] and surrounding areas which may or may not be exclusively urban.<ref>[http://www.eurometrex.org/Docs/METRO-D/7B-Position-on-Cohesion.pdf Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702212803/http://www.eurometrex.org/Docs/METRO-D/7B-Position-on-Cohesion.pdf |date=2 July 2015 }}, EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</ref> It consists of a city and its commuting zone outside it.<ref name="fua">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Archive:European_cities_%E2%80%93_the_EU-OECD_functional_urban_area_definition | title=European cities – the EU-OECD functional urban area definition | publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref>


The definition was introduced in 2004 by [[Eurostat]], the statistical agency of the [[European Union]] (EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states.<ref name="urbanaudit">{{cite web|publisher = Eurostat|year = 2006|url = http://www.urbanaudit.org|title = City statistics - Urban audit|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206144738/http://urbanaudit.org/|archive-date = 6 February 2009|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="wrongc">{{cite news|publisher = Dr. Berthold Feldmann, Eurostat|date = March 2006|url = http://www.urbanaudit.org/MarchMeetingResources/UA%20day_Eurostat%20focus.ppt#1|title = The shift of Eurostat to Urban Statistics|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060920020445/http://www.urbanaudit.org/MarchMeetingResources/UA%20day_Eurostat%20focus.ppt#1|archive-date = 20 September 2006|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Eurostat data is provided only for zones in the EU countries, [[Future enlargement of the European Union|candidate countries]] and [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] countries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.<ref>http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094822/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf |access-date=19 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094843/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf |access-date=19 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094905/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref>
The definition was introduced in 2004 by [[Eurostat]], the statistical agency of the [[European Union]] (EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states.<ref name="urbanaudit">{{cite web|publisher = Eurostat|year = 2006|url = http://www.urbanaudit.org|title = City statistics – Urban audit|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206144738/http://urbanaudit.org/|archive-date = 6 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="wrongc">{{cite news|publisher = Dr. Berthold Feldmann, Eurostat|date = March 2006|url = http://www.urbanaudit.org/MarchMeetingResources/UA%20day_Eurostat%20focus.ppt#1|title = The shift of Eurostat to Urban Statistics|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060920020445/http://www.urbanaudit.org/MarchMeetingResources/UA%20day_Eurostat%20focus.ppt#1|archive-date = 20 September 2006}}</ref> Eurostat data is provided only for zones in the EU countries, [[Future enlargement of the European Union|candidate countries]] and [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] countries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf |title= |website=www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094822/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf |access-date=19 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094843/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf |access-date=19 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094905/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref>


The LUZ represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region." To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the LUZ boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban region.
The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region." To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the FUA boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban region.


In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included.
In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included.


==List of larger urban zones==
==List of functional urban areas by population as of 2017==


{{Duplication|section=yes|dupe=List of metropolitan areas in Europe}}
This is a list of larger urban zones. The Urban Audit also includes cities from [[EFTA]] countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries. The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) uses a similar definition of Functional Urban Area to represent population sizes of cities in OECD countries.<ref name="OECD Populations in cities">{{cite web|url=http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?Datasetcode=CITIES# |title=OECD Populations in cities| publisher=OECD| access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref> This data is also included.

This is a list of functional urban areas by population as of 2017. The 2004 Urban Audit also includes cities from [[EFTA]] countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries, although the only candidate country for which there is available data is Turkey. Some cities, including Marseille, Lille, Nice, Cordoba, Badajoz, Toulon and Montpellier were excluded from the 2004 list on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.

{{legend|#cfecec|Areas outside of the [[European Union]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank || Functional urban area || Country || Population || Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
|1
|[[Paris]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}
| 13,998,000
| 12,079.87<ref name=luz01/>
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|2
|[[Istanbul]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 11,154,928
|
|-
|3
|[[London]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 10,345,124
| 8,900<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|4
|[[Madrid]]
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
| 5,804,829
| 8,022
|-
|5
|[[Ruhr Area]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 5,302,179
| 4,435
|-
|6
|[[Berlin]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 4,971,331
| 17,385
|-
|7
|[[Naples]]
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}
| 4,475,682
| 564.95
|-
|8
|[[Barcelona]]
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
| 4,233,638
| 1,796.64
|-
|9
|[[Athens]]
|{{flagcountry|Greece}}
| 4,013,368
| 3,806.92
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|10
|[[Ankara]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 3,736,359
|
|-
|11
|[[Rome]]
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}
| 3,457,690
| 3,666.66
|-
|12
|[[Hamburg]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 3,134,620
| 7,304
|-
|12
|[[Milan]]
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}
| 3,076,643
| 1,348.32
|-
|13
|[[Katowice metropolitan area]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 2,710,397
| 2,650.65
|-
|14
|[[Stuttgart]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 2,663,660
| 3,654
|-
|15
|[[Warsaw]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 2,631,710
| 5,201.72
|-
|16
|[[City of Manchester|Manchester]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 2,539,100
| 1,280
|-
|17
|[[Munich]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 2,531,706
| 5,504
|-
|18
|[[Frankfurt]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 2,517,561
| 4,305
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|19
|[[İzmir]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 2,459,474
|
|-
|20
|[[Lisbon]]
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}}
| 2,435,837
| 1,432.49
|-
|21
|[[Budapest]]
|{{flagcountry|Hungary}}
| 2,393,846
| 2,538<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|22
|[[City of Leeds|Leeds]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 2,393,300
| 5,114<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|23
|[[Birmingham]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 2,357,100
| 1,598
|-
|24
|[[Vienna]]
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}
| 2,179,769
| 4,610.93<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|25
|[[Bucharest]]
|{{flagcountry|Romania}}
| 2,140,194
| 662
|-
|26
|[[Prague]]
|{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}
| 1,964,750
| 6,977<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|27
|[[Cologne]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,873,580
| 1,626
|-
|28
|[[Stockholm]]
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}
| 1,860,872
| 6,519
|-
|29
|[[Copenhagen]]
|{{flagcountry|Denmark}}
| 1,806,667<ref name=luz01>Data for 2001 (2004 data not yet available)</ref>
| 2,759<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|30
|[[Brussels]]
|{{flagcountry|Belgium}}
| 1,800,663
| 1,613.91
|-
|31
|[[Glasgow]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 1,747,100
| 3,346
|-
|32
|[[Turin]]
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}
| 1,745,221
| 1,878.97
|-
|33
|[[Lyon]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}
| 1,717,300
| 5,997.68<ref name=luz01/>
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|34
|[[Belgrade]]
|{{flagcountry|Serbia}}
| 1,683,962
| 514
|-
|35
|[[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]]
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
| 1,564,145
| 1,440.58
|-
|36
|[[Dublin]]
|{{Flag|Republic of Ireland}}
| 1,535,446<ref name=luz01/>
|
|-
|37
|[[Düsseldorf]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,525,029
| 1,201
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|38
|[[Bursa]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 1,474,482
|
|-
|39
|[[Amsterdam]]
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| 1,443,258
| 859.28
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|40
|[[Adana]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 1,394,130
|
|-
|41
|[[Liverpool]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 1,365,900
| 821
|-
|42
|[[Bielefeld]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,297,876
| 2,921
|-
|43
|[[Hanover]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,294,447
| 2,966
|-
|44
|[[Nuremberg]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,288,797
| 2,934
|-
|45
|[[Sheffield]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 1,277,100
| 1,846
|-
|46
|[[Kraków]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 1,264,322
| 2,988.65
|-
|47
|[[Sofia]]
|{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
| 1,263,807<ref name=luz01/>
| 3,424.2<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|48
|[[Seville]]
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
| 1,249,346
| 3,081.9
|-
|49
|[[Bremen]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,249,291
| 5,885
|-
|50
|[[Helsinki]]
|{{flagcountry|Finland}}
| 1,224,107
| 2,969.94
|-
|51
|[[Rotterdam]]
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| 1,186,818
| 611.75
|-
|52
|[[Łódź]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 1,163,516
| 2,857.51
|-
|53
|[[Ostrava]]
|{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}
| 1,153,876
| 3,889.6<ref name=luz01/>
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|54
|[[Zürich]]
|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
| 1,110,478
| 1,086.14
|-
|55
|[[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 1,105,203
| 3,457.32
|-
|56
|[[Porto]]
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}}
| 1,099,040
| 562.32
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|57
|[[Oslo]]
|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
| 1,090,513
| 6,920
|-
|58
|[[Newcastle upon Tyne]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 1,055,600
| 3,385
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|59
|[[Gaziantep]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 1,052,795
|
|-
|60
|[[Toulouse]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}
| 1,052,497
| 4,706.93<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|61
|[[Wrocław]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 1,031,439
| 4,582.2
|-
|62
|[[Poznań]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 1,018,511
| 3,719.2
|-
|63
|[[Gothenburg]]
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}
| 1,015,974
| 3,694.86
|-
|64
|[[Bristol#Bristol conurbation|Bristol]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 1,006,600
| 1,635
|-
|65
|[[Riga]]
|{{flagcountry|Latvia}}
| 1,003,949
| 5,382.5
|}

===List of functional urban areas===

This is a list of functional urban areas. The Urban Audit also includes cities from [[EFTA]] countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries. The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) uses a similar definition of Functional Urban Area to represent population sizes of cities in OECD countries.<ref name="OECD Populations in cities">{{cite web|url=http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?Datasetcode=CITIES# |title=OECD Populations in cities| publisher=OECD| access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref> This data is also included.


The figures in the Eurostat database are an attempt at a compromise between harmonised data for all of the European Union, and with availability of statistical data, making comparisons more accurate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityCountryPDFLongList.aspx |title=Urban Audit Database |publisher=Urbanaudit.org |access-date=2011-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523080414/http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityCountryPDFLongList.aspx |archive-date=23 May 2011 }}</ref>
The figures in the Eurostat database are an attempt at a compromise between harmonised data for all of the European Union, and with availability of statistical data, making comparisons more accurate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityCountryPDFLongList.aspx |title=Urban Audit Database |publisher=Urbanaudit.org |access-date=2011-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523080414/http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityCountryPDFLongList.aspx |archive-date=23 May 2011 }}</ref>
Line 18: Line 429:


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Larger urban zone
!Functional urban area
!Country
!Country
!OECD Population (2014) <ref name="OECD Populations in cities"/>
!OECD Population (2014) <ref name="OECD Populations in cities"/>
!Eurostat Population (2006)<ref>[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]], [http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)</ref>
!Eurostat Population (2006)<ref>[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]], [http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)</ref>
!Eurostat Population (2016)<ref>http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en</ref>
!Eurostat Population (2016)<ref>http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Amsterdam metropolitan area]]
|[[Amsterdam metropolitan area]]
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|{{nts|2452659}}
|{{nts|2452659}}
|{{nts|2497000}}{{efn|name=randstad|Part of the [[Randstad]] polycentric urban region consisting of the metropolitan areas of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] (982,000). The total population of the region is 7,100,000.}}
|{{nts|2497000}}{{efn|name=randstad|Part of the [[Randstad]] polycentric urban region consisting of the metropolitan areas of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and [[Utrecht]] (982,000). The total population of the region is 7,100,000.}}
|{{nts|2771661}}
|{{nts|2771661}}
|-
|-
Line 92: Line 503:
|[[Bucharest metropolitan area]]
|[[Bucharest metropolitan area]]
|{{flagcountry|Romania}}
|{{flagcountry|Romania}}
|{{ntsh|0}}No data
|{{nts|2402530}}
|{{nts|2158558}}
|{{nts|2158558}}
|{{nts|2403107}}
|{{nts|2403107}}
Line 180: Line 591:
|{{nts|1276438}}
|{{nts|1276438}}
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|[[West Yorkshire]] ([[Leeds]] - [[Bradford]])
|[[West Yorkshire]] ([[Leeds]] – [[Bradford]])
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|{{nts|1774552}}{{efn|Leeds and Bradford counted separately.}}
|{{nts|1774552}}{{efn|Leeds and Bradford counted separately.}}
Line 318: Line 729:
|{{nts|2,224,080}}{{efn|2015}}
|{{nts|2,224,080}}{{efn|2015}}
|-
|-
|Rhein-Nord{{efn|name=pc|Polycentric metropolitan area}} ([[Düsseldorf]] - [[Neuss]])
|Rhein-Nord{{efn|name=pc|Polycentric metropolitan area}} ([[Düsseldorf]] – [[Neuss]])
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|{{nts|1427823}}{{efn|Excludes Neuss.}}
|{{nts|1427823}}{{efn|Excludes Neuss.}}
Line 324: Line 735:
|{{nts|1527176}}
|{{nts|1527176}}
|-
|-
|Rhein-Süd{{efn|name=pc}} ([[Cologne/Bonn Region|Cologne - Bonn]])
|Rhein-Süd{{efn|name=pc}} ([[Cologne/Bonn Region|Cologne – Bonn]])
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|{{nts|1926073}}{{efn|Excludes Bonn which has a population of 750,370}}
|{{nts|1926073}}{{efn|Excludes Bonn which has a population of 750,370}}
Line 354: Line 765:
|{{nts|5045784}}
|{{nts|5045784}}
|-
|-
|[[Saarbrücken]] - [[Forbach]]
|[[Saarbrücken]] – [[Forbach]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}/<br />{{flagcountry|France}}
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}/<br />{{flagcountry|France}}
|{{nts|570479}}{{efn|Saarbrücken only}}
|{{nts|570479}}{{efn|Saarbrücken only}}
Line 408: Line 819:
|{{nts|2302353}}
|{{nts|2302353}}
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]-[[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]]
|[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]-[[Sunderland]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|{{nts|1082729}}{{efn|Excludes Sunderland}}
|{{nts|1082729}}{{efn|Excludes Sunderland}}
Line 444: Line 855:
|{{nts|1984534}}
|{{nts|1984534}}
|}
|}

===List of larger urban zones by population as of 2004===

This is a list of larger urban zones by population as of 2004. The 2004 Urban Audit also includes cities from [[EFTA]] countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries, although the only candidate country for which there is available data is Turkey. Some cities, including Marseille, Lille, Nice, Cordoba, Badajoz, Toulon and Montpellier were excluded from the 2004 list on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.

{{legend|#cfecec|Areas outside of the [[European Union]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank || Larger urban zone || Country || Population || Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
|1
|[[Warsaw]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 20,000,000
| 22,987,000
|-
|1
|[[Paris]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}
| 11,217,000
| 12,079.87<ref name=luz01/>
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|2
|[[Istanbul]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 11,154,928
|
|-
|3
|[[London]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 10,345,124
| 8,900<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|4
|[[Madrid]]
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
| 5,804,829
| 8,022
|-
|5
|[[Ruhr Area]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 5,302,179
| 4,435
|-
|6
|[[Berlin]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 4,971,331
| 17,385
|-
|7
|[[Naples]]
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}
| 4,475,682
| 564.95
|-
|8
|[[Barcelona]]
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
| 4,233,638
| 1,796.64
|-
|9
|[[Athens]]
|{{flagcountry|Greece}}
| 4,013,368
| 3,806.92
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|10
|[[Ankara]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 3,736,359
|
|-
|11
|[[Rome]]
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}
| 3,457,690
| 3,666.66
|-
|12
|[[Hamburg]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 3,134,620
| 7,304
|-
|12
|[[Milan]]
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}
| 3,076,643
| 1,348.32
|-
|13
|[[Upper Silesian Industrial Region|Upper Silesian Region]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 2,710,397
| 2,650.65
|-
|14
|[[Stuttgart]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 2,663,660
| 3,654
|-
|16
|[[City of Manchester|Manchester]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 2,539,100
| 1,280
|-
|17
|[[Munich]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 2,531,706
| 5,504
|-
|18
|[[Frankfurt]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 2,517,561
| 4,305
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|19
|[[Izmir]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 2,459,474
|
|-
|20
|[[Lisbon]]
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}}
| 2,435,837
| 1,432.49
|-
|21
|[[Budapest]]
|{{flagcountry|Hungary}}
| 2,393,846
| 2,538<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|22
|[[City of Leeds|Leeds]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 2,393,300
| 5,114<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|23
|[[Birmingham]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 2,357,100
| 1,598
|-
|24
|[[Vienna]]
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}
| 2,179,769
| 4,610.93<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|25
|[[Bucharest]]
|{{flagcountry|Romania}}
| 2,140,194
| 662
|-
|26
|[[Prague]]
|{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}
| 1,964,750
| 6,977<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|27
|[[Cologne]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,873,580
| 1,626
|-
|28
|[[Stockholm]]
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}
| 1,860,872
| 6,519
|-
|29
|[[Copenhagen]]
|{{flagcountry|Denmark}}
| 1,806,667<ref name=luz01>Data for 2001 (2004 data not yet available)</ref>
| 2,759<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|30
|[[Brussels]]
|{{flagcountry|Belgium}}
| 1,800,663
| 1,613.91
|-
|31
|[[Glasgow]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 1,747,100
| 3,346
|-
|32
|[[Turin]]
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}
| 1,745,221
| 1,878.97
|-
|33
|[[Lyon]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}
| 1,717,300
| 5,997.68<ref name=luz01/>
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|34
|[[Belgrade]]
|{{flagcountry|Serbia}}
| 1,683,962
| 514
|-
|35
|[[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]]
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
| 1,564,145
| 1,440.58
|-
|36
|[[Dublin]]
|{{Flag|Republic of Ireland}}
| 1,535,446<ref name=luz01/>
|
|-
|37
|[[Düsseldorf]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,525,029
| 1,201
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|38
|[[Bursa]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 1,474,482
|
|-
|39
|[[Amsterdam]]
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| 1,443,258
| 859.28
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|40
|[[Adana]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 1,394,130
|
|-
|41
|[[Liverpool]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 1,365,900
| 821
|-
|42
|[[Bielefeld]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,297,876
| 2,921
|-
|43
|[[Hanover]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,294,447
| 2,966
|-
|44
|[[Nuremberg]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,288,797
| 2,934
|-
|45
|[[Sheffield]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 1,277,100
| 1,846
|-
|46
|[[Kraków]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 1,264,322
| 2,988.65
|-
|47
|[[Sofia]]
|{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
| 1,263,807<ref name=luz01/>
| 3,424.2<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|48
|[[Seville]]
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
| 1,249,346
| 3,081.9
|-
|49
|[[Bremen]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 1,249,291
| 5,885
|-
|50
|[[Helsinki]]
|{{flagcountry|Finland}}
| 1,224,107
| 2,969.94
|-
|51
|[[Rotterdam]]
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| 1,186,818
| 611.75
|-
|52
|[[Łódź]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 1,163,516
| 2,857.51
|-
|53
|[[Ostrava]]
|{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}
| 1,153,876
| 3,889.6<ref name=luz01/>
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|54
|[[Zurich]]
|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
| 1,110,478
| 1,086.14
|-
|55
|[[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 1,105,203
| 3,457.32
|-
|56
|[[Porto]]
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}}
| 1,099,040
| 562.32
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|57
|[[Oslo]]
|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
| 1,090,513
| 6,920
|-
|58
|[[Newcastle upon Tyne]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 1,055,600
| 3,385
|- bgcolor="#cfecec"
|59
|[[Gaziantep]]
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 1,052,795
|
|-
|60
|[[Toulouse]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}
| 1,052,497
| 4,706.93<ref name=luz01/>
|-
|61
|[[Wrocław]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 1,031,439
| 4,582.2
|-
|62
|[[Poznań]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 1,018,511
| 3,719.2
|-
|63
|[[Gothenburg]]
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}
| 1,015,974
| 3,694.86
|-
|64
|[[Bristol#Bristol conurbation|Bristol]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 1,006,600
| 1,635
|-
|65
|[[Riga]]
|{{flagcountry|Latvia}}
| 1,003,949
| 5,382.5
|}

==Urban Audit==
Eurostat's Urban Audit is about much more than demographics. In order for it to be useful as a policy tool to the European Commission and other authorities it contains data for over 250 indicators across the following domains:<ref name="wrongf">{{cite news|publisher=European Commission |year=2006 |url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |title=Urban Audit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065821/http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.staedtestatistik.de/fileadmin/urban-audit/pdf/EU_stateofcities_2007.pdf |title=State of European Cities Report |access-date=2011-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085823/http://www.staedtestatistik.de/fileadmin/urban-audit/pdf/EU_stateofcities_2007.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

* Demography
* Social Aspects
* Economic Aspects
* Civic Involvement
* Training and Education
* Environment
* Travel and Transport
* Information Society
* Culture and Recreation


==See also==
==See also==
Line 871: Line 862:
*[[Largest metropolitan areas in the Nordic countries]]
*[[Largest metropolitan areas in the Nordic countries]]
*[[World's largest cities]]
*[[World's largest cities]]
*[[List of functional urban areas in New Zealand]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 876: Line 868:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 15:37, 31 May 2024

Illustration showing the difference between the city, the functional urban area (Milan metropolitan area), and the metropolitan region of Milan.

The functional urban area (FUA), previously known as larger urban zone (LUZ),[1] is a measure of the population and expanse of metropolitan and surrounding areas which may or may not be exclusively urban.[2] It consists of a city and its commuting zone outside it.[3]

The definition was introduced in 2004 by Eurostat, the statistical agency of the European Union (EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states.[4][5] Eurostat data is provided only for zones in the EU countries, candidate countries and EFTA countries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.[6][7][8]

The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region." To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the FUA boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban region.

In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included.

List of functional urban areas by population as of 2017[edit]

This is a list of functional urban areas by population as of 2017. The 2004 Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries, although the only candidate country for which there is available data is Turkey. Some cities, including Marseille, Lille, Nice, Cordoba, Badajoz, Toulon and Montpellier were excluded from the 2004 list on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.

  Areas outside of the European Union
Rank Functional urban area Country Population Area (km2)
1 Paris  France 13,998,000 12,079.87[9]
2 Istanbul  Turkey 11,154,928
3 London  United Kingdom 10,345,124 8,900[9]
4 Madrid  Spain 5,804,829 8,022
5 Ruhr Area  Germany 5,302,179 4,435
6 Berlin  Germany 4,971,331 17,385
7 Naples  Italy 4,475,682 564.95
8 Barcelona  Spain 4,233,638 1,796.64
9 Athens  Greece 4,013,368 3,806.92
10 Ankara  Turkey 3,736,359
11 Rome  Italy 3,457,690 3,666.66
12 Hamburg  Germany 3,134,620 7,304
12 Milan  Italy 3,076,643 1,348.32
13 Katowice metropolitan area  Poland 2,710,397 2,650.65
14 Stuttgart  Germany 2,663,660 3,654
15 Warsaw  Poland 2,631,710 5,201.72
16 Manchester  United Kingdom 2,539,100 1,280
17 Munich  Germany 2,531,706 5,504
18 Frankfurt  Germany 2,517,561 4,305
19 İzmir  Turkey 2,459,474
20 Lisbon  Portugal 2,435,837 1,432.49
21 Budapest  Hungary 2,393,846 2,538[9]
22 Leeds  United Kingdom 2,393,300 5,114[9]
23 Birmingham  United Kingdom 2,357,100 1,598
24 Vienna  Austria 2,179,769 4,610.93[9]
25 Bucharest  Romania 2,140,194 662
26 Prague  Czech Republic 1,964,750 6,977[9]
27 Cologne  Germany 1,873,580 1,626
28 Stockholm  Sweden 1,860,872 6,519
29 Copenhagen  Denmark 1,806,667[9] 2,759[9]
30 Brussels  Belgium 1,800,663 1,613.91
31 Glasgow  United Kingdom 1,747,100 3,346
32 Turin  Italy 1,745,221 1,878.97
33 Lyon  France 1,717,300 5,997.68[9]
34 Belgrade  Serbia 1,683,962 514
35 Valencia  Spain 1,564,145 1,440.58
36 Dublin  Republic of Ireland 1,535,446[9]
37 Düsseldorf  Germany 1,525,029 1,201
38 Bursa  Turkey 1,474,482
39 Amsterdam  Netherlands 1,443,258 859.28
40 Adana  Turkey 1,394,130
41 Liverpool  United Kingdom 1,365,900 821
42 Bielefeld  Germany 1,297,876 2,921
43 Hanover  Germany 1,294,447 2,966
44 Nuremberg  Germany 1,288,797 2,934
45 Sheffield  United Kingdom 1,277,100 1,846
46 Kraków  Poland 1,264,322 2,988.65
47 Sofia  Bulgaria 1,263,807[9] 3,424.2[9]
48 Seville  Spain 1,249,346 3,081.9
49 Bremen  Germany 1,249,291 5,885
50 Helsinki  Finland 1,224,107 2,969.94
51 Rotterdam  Netherlands 1,186,818 611.75
52 Łódź  Poland 1,163,516 2,857.51
53 Ostrava  Czech Republic 1,153,876 3,889.6[9]
54 Zürich   Switzerland 1,110,478 1,086.14
55 Tricity  Poland 1,105,203 3,457.32
56 Porto  Portugal 1,099,040 562.32
57 Oslo  Norway 1,090,513 6,920
58 Newcastle upon Tyne  United Kingdom 1,055,600 3,385
59 Gaziantep  Turkey 1,052,795
60 Toulouse  France 1,052,497 4,706.93[9]
61 Wrocław  Poland 1,031,439 4,582.2
62 Poznań  Poland 1,018,511 3,719.2
63 Gothenburg  Sweden 1,015,974 3,694.86
64 Bristol  United Kingdom 1,006,600 1,635
65 Riga  Latvia 1,003,949 5,382.5

List of functional urban areas[edit]

This is a list of functional urban areas. The Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) uses a similar definition of Functional Urban Area to represent population sizes of cities in OECD countries.[10] This data is also included.

The figures in the Eurostat database are an attempt at a compromise between harmonised data for all of the European Union, and with availability of statistical data, making comparisons more accurate.[11]

  Areas outside of the European Union
Functional urban area Country OECD Population (2014) [10] Eurostat Population (2006)[12] Eurostat Population (2016)[13]
Amsterdam metropolitan area  Netherlands 2,452,659 2,497,000[a] 2,771,661
Antwerp  Belgium 1,081,904 1,406,000[b] 1,100,139
Athens  Greece 3,535,055 3,761,000 3,863,763
Barcelona metropolitan area  Spain 3,846,697 4,082,000[c] 5,445,616
Berlin  Germany 4,399,542 4,016,000 5,005,216
Bilbao  Spain 1,013,805 947,000 1,025,109
Birmingham (West Midlands)  United Kingdom 1,957,078 3,701,107 2,332,629
Bordeaux  France 1,175,699 No data 1,244,264
Bremen  Germany 1,027,192 1,077,000 1,244,363
Bristol  United Kingdom 836,621 1,041,000 1,090,080
Brussels-Capital Region  Belgium 2,588,102 2,639,000[b] 2,625,525
Bucharest metropolitan area  Romania 2,402,530 2,158,558 2,403,107
Budapest metropolitan area  Hungary 2,879,601 2,523,000 2,993,948
Cardiff  United Kingdom 664,861 1,097,000 1,085,526
Copenhagen  Denmark 2,025,171 1,881,000[d] 1,893,010
Dublin Metropolitan Area  Ireland 1,836,119 1,261,332 1,263,035
Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Region  Germany 2,533,311 2,764,000[e] 2,573,745
Gdańsk  Poland 1,105,467 No data 1,141,954[f]
Greater Glasgow  United Kingdom 967,101 1,395,000 1,789,003
Metropolitan Gothenburg  Sweden 1,015,974 No data 1,006,548[g]
The Hague  Netherlands 906,897 1,404,000[a] 1,070,027
Hamburg Metropolitan Region  Germany 3,008,841 2,983,000 3,173,871
Hanover  Germany 1,217,511 No data 1,300,687
Helsinki Metropolitan Area  Finland 1,498,050 1,285,000 1,532,309
Katowice metropolitan area  Poland 2,589,349 3,029,000[h] 2,743,929
Kraków metropolitan area  Poland 1,362,740 1,236,000 1,276,438
West Yorkshire (Leeds – Bradford)  United Kingdom 1,774,552[i] 2,302,000 2,238,127
Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai  France/
 Belgium 		1,363,465[j] 1,379,000[k] 2,572,374
Lisbon metropolitan area  Portugal 3,039,662 2,791,000 2,839,908
Liverpool/Birkenhead  United Kingdom 954,181 2,241,000 1,352,000
Łódź  Poland 939,568 1,165,000 1,116,660
London metropolitan area  United Kingdom 11,701,236 13,109,000 12,250,000
Lyon  France 1,960,847 1,669,000 2,188,759
Madrid metropolitan area  Spain 7,079,173 5,263,000 6,378,297
Greater Manchester  United Kingdom 1,935,559 2,556,000 2,615,144
Mannheim  Germany 1,230,276 No data 1,172,821
Marseille  France 1,773,503 1,530,000 1,750,885[l]
Milan metropolitan area  Italy 4,159,854 4,136,000[m] 4,267,946
Munich  Germany 2,965,871 2,665,000[n] 2,808,581
Naples metropolitan area  Italy 4,475,682 4,654,259[o] 4,127,390
Nice  France 865,195 1,082,000 1,017,307
Nottingham-Derby  United Kingdom 863,918 1,614,000 1,927,550
Nuremberg Metropolitan Region  Germany 1,169,367 1,443,000 1,301,504
Greater Oslo  Norway 1,299,955 1,037,000 1,144,883
Ostrava  Czech Republic no data no data 1,119,593[p]
Paris metropolitan area  France 12,037,889 13,975,000 12,824,000
Porto Metropolitan Area  Portugal 1,737,829 1,245,000[q] 1,286,111
Portsmouth-Southampton  United Kingdom 594,455 1,547,000 1,498,402[r]
Prague  Czech Republic 1,910,396 1,669,000 2,224,080[s]
Rhein-Nord[t] (Düsseldorf – Neuss)  Germany 1,427,823[u] 3,073,000[v] 1,527,176
Rhein-Süd[t] (Cologne – Bonn)  Germany 1,926,073[w] 3,070,000[v] 3,023,545[x]
Riga  Latvia No data 1,195,000 1,089,767
Rome metropolitan area  Italy 4,149,364 4,353,738 3,700,000
Rotterdam  Netherlands 1,509,373 1,904,000[a] 1,818,563
Ruhr area  Germany No data[y] 5,376,000[v] 5,045,784
Saarbrücken – Forbach  Germany/
 France 		570,479[z] 1,102,000 822,128
Seville  Spain 1,500,644 1,180,000[aa] 1,877,060
Sofia  Bulgaria No data 1,260,120 1,543,377
Metropolitan Stockholm  Sweden 2,018,208 2,171,000 2,034,354[citation needed]
South Yorkshire (Sheffield)  United Kingdom 920,128 1,569,000 1,596,298
Stuttgart Metropolitan Region  Germany 1,965,942 2,289,000 2,678,795
Thessaloniki metropolitan area  Greece 975,439 1,052,000 1,166,914
Toulouse  France 1,309,149 No data 1,388,978
Turin metropolitan area  Italy 1,774,507 1,601,000[ab] 2,302,353
Newcastle-Sunderland  United Kingdom 1,082,729[ac] 1,599,000 1,141,879
Valencia  Spain 1,668,153 1,398,000[ad] 2,516,818
Vienna  Austria 2,793,631 2,584,000 2,339,807
Warsaw metropolitan area  Poland 3,037,890 2,785,000 3,304,641
Zagreb  Croatia No data 1,107,115 1,123,374
Zürich metropolitan area   Switzerland 1,246,968 1,615,000 1,984,534

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Part of the Randstad polycentric urban region consisting of the metropolitan areas of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht (982,000). The total population of the region is 7,100,000.
  2. ^ a b The Flemish Diamond metropolitan region, which consists of the metropolitan areas of Brussels, Antwerp, Gent, and Leuven, has a total population of 5,103,000.
  3. ^ Total population is 4,251,000 if the metropolitan area of Mataro (169,000) is included.
  4. ^ Part of the wider Öresund region, which includes the Swedish metropolitan area of Malmö (961,000). The total regional population is 2,842,000.
  5. ^ Part of the Rhein-Main metropolitan region with a total population of 4,149,000, which additionally includes the metropolitan areas of Darmstadt (501,000), Wiesbaden (453,000), and Mainz (431,000).
  6. ^ 2014 data
  7. ^ 2017 data
  8. ^ Part of the polycentric Upper Silesian urban region with a total population of 5,294,000. The region additionally includes the metropolitan areas of Ostrava (1,046,000), Bielsko-Biala (584,000) and Rybnik (526,000).
  9. ^ Leeds and Bradford counted separately.
  10. ^ Kortrijk not included.
  11. ^ Part of the wider Lille-Bassin Minier region with a total population of 3,115,000.
  12. ^ 2014 data
  13. ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 6,011,000.
  14. ^ When combined with the Augsburg metropolitan area (606,000), the region has a total population of 3,271,000.
  15. ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 3,714,000.
  16. ^ 2015
  17. ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 1,778,000.
  18. ^ Excludes Southampton
  19. ^ 2015
  20. ^ a b Polycentric metropolitan area
  21. ^ Excludes Neuss.
  22. ^ a b c Part of the polycentric urban region of Rhein-Ruhr, which has a total population of 12,190,000.
  23. ^ Excludes Bonn which has a population of 750,370
  24. ^ Excludes Bonn
  25. ^ Essen, Bochum, and Dortmund counted separately.
  26. ^ Saarbrücken only
  27. ^ Total population is 1,262,000 if the metropolitan area of Utrera (82,000) is included.
  28. ^ Total population is 1,716,000 if the metropolitan of Pinerolo is included.
  29. ^ Excludes Sunderland
  30. ^ Total population is 1,499,000 if the metropolitan area of Sagunto is included.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas". Eurostat. Within the Urban Audit, (...) functional urban areas were previously referred to as 'larger urban zones'.
  2. ^ Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020 Archived 2 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  3. ^ "European cities – the EU-OECD functional urban area definition". Eurostat.
  4. ^ "City statistics – Urban audit". Eurostat. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009.
  5. ^ "The shift of Eurostat to Urban Statistics". Dr. Berthold Feldmann, Eurostat. March 2006. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006.
  6. ^ www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094822/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094843/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094905/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Data for 2001 (2004 data not yet available)
  10. ^ a b "OECD Populations in cities". OECD. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  11. ^ "Urban Audit Database". Urbanaudit.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  12. ^ European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3) Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)
  13. ^ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en [bare URL]

External links[edit]

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