Functional urban area: Difference between revisions
→List of larger urban zones by population as of 2004: Brexit has happened, and we're down to 27 in the EU. |
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{{Short description|Measure of metropolitan and surrounding areas}} |
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{{Use British English|date=March 2013}} |
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}} |
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[[File:City and related typologies – an example for Milano.png|thumb|right|Illustration showing the difference between the ''city'', the '''functional urban area''' ([[Milan metropolitan area]]), and the ''metropolitan region'' of [[Milan]].]] |
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The '''larger urban zone''' ('''LUZ'''), or '''Functional Urban Area''' ('''FUA'''), is a measure of the population and expanse of [[metropolitan area]]s in [[Europe]].<ref>[http://www.eurometrex.org/Docs/METRO-D/7B-Position-on-Cohesion.pdf Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020], EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</ref> It consists of a city and its commuting zone.<ref name="fua">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/European_cities_%E2%80%93_the_EU-OECD_functional_urban_area_definition | title=European cities – the EU-OECD functional urban area definition | accessdate=2 August 2015 | publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> |
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[[File:Figure 7.5 DEGURBA2021.png|thumb|right|Illustration of the delimitation process for the functional urban area (red outline) of [[Genoa]] (red fill) and its commuting zone (pink fill).]] |
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The '''functional urban area''' ('''FUA'''), previously known as '''larger urban zone''' ('''LUZ'''),<ref name="luz">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Territorial_typologies_manual_-_cities,_commuting_zones_and_functional_urban_areas#Changes_to_the_typology_over_time | title=Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas | publisher=[[Eurostat]] |quote="Within the Urban Audit, (...) functional urban areas were previously referred to as ‘larger urban zones’."}}</ref> is a measure of the population and expanse of metropolitan and surrounding areas which may or may not be exclusively urban.<ref>[http://www.eurometrex.org/Docs/METRO-D/7B-Position-on-Cohesion.pdf Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702212803/http://www.eurometrex.org/Docs/METRO-D/7B-Position-on-Cohesion.pdf |date=2 July 2015 }}, EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</ref> It consists of a city and its commuting zone,<ref name="fua">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Archive:European_cities_%E2%80%93_the_EU-OECD_functional_urban_area_definition | title=European cities – the EU-OECD functional urban area definition | publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> which is a contiguous area of spatial units that have at least 15% of their employed residents working in the city.<ref>{{cite web |author=European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank |date=2021 |doi=10.2785/706535 |isbn=978-92-76-20306-3 |language=en |location=Luxembourg |page=52 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |title=Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348338/KS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf/0d412b58-046f-750b-0f48-7134f1a3a4c2?t=1669111363941}}</ref> |
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The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the [[metropolitan area]]. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/help.aspx |title=What is the Urban Audit? |website=Urban Audit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212235821/http://www.urbanaudit.org/help.aspx |archive-date=2009-02-12 }}</ref> To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the FUA boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Territorial_typologies_manual_-_cities,_commuting_zones_and_functional_urban_areas#Changes_to_the_typology_over_time | title=Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas | publisher=[[Eurostat]] |quote=The main building blocks are data for 1 km² population grid cells. […] The typology for functional urban areas is established at the level of local administrative units (LAUs). Once all grid cells have been classified and urban centres identified, the next step concerns overlaying these results onto LAUs […]}}</ref> |
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The definition was introduced in 2004 by [[Eurostat]], the statistical agency of the [[European Union]] (EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states.<ref name="urbanaudit">{{cite web|publisher = Eurostat|year = 2006|url = http://www.urbanaudit.org|title = City statistics - Urban audit|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206144738/http://urbanaudit.org/|archivedate = 6 February 2009|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="wrongc">{{cite news|publisher = Dr. Berthold Feldmann, Eurostat|date = March 2006|url = http://www.urbanaudit.org/MarchMeetingResources/UA%20day_Eurostat%20focus.ppt#1|title = The shift of Eurostat to Urban Statistics|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060920020445/http://www.urbanaudit.org/MarchMeetingResources/UA%20day_Eurostat%20focus.ppt#1|archivedate = 20 September 2006|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Eurostat data is provided on cities in the EU, its [[Future enlargement of the European Union|candidate countries]] and [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] countries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.<ref>http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094822/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf |accessdate=19 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094843/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf |archivedate=27 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf |accessdate=19 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094905/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf |archivedate=27 July 2011 }}</ref> |
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== History == |
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The LUZ represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the [[metropolitan area]]. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region." To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the LUZ boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban region. |
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The definition was introduced under the name ''Larger urban zone'' (''LUZ'') in 2004 by [[Eurostat]], the statistical agency of the [[European Union]] (EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states.<ref name="urbanaudit">{{cite web|publisher = Eurostat|year = 2006|url = http://www.urbanaudit.org|title = City statistics – Urban audit|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206144738/http://urbanaudit.org/|archive-date = 6 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="wrongc">{{cite news|publisher = Dr. Berthold Feldmann, Eurostat|date = March 2006|url = http://www.urbanaudit.org/MarchMeetingResources/UA%20day_Eurostat%20focus.ppt#1|title = The shift of Eurostat to Urban Statistics|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060920020445/http://www.urbanaudit.org/MarchMeetingResources/UA%20day_Eurostat%20focus.ppt#1|archive-date = 20 September 2006}}</ref> Eurostat data is provided only for zones in the EU countries, [[Future enlargement of the European Union|candidate countries]] and [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] countries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf |title= |website=www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094822/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf |access-date=19 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094843/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf |access-date=19 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094905/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> |
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In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included. |
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In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} |
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==List of larger urban zones== |
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In 2011, the [[European Commission]] has developed a new definition of LUZ in cooperation with the [[OECD]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Lewis Dijkstra, Hugo Poelman |date=2012-03-01 |title=Cities in Europe - The new OECD-EC definition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/focus/2012_01_city.pdf |page=2 |access-date=2024-06-08 |quote=Until recently, there was no harmonised definition of ‘a city’ for European and other countries member of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This undermined the comparability, and thus also the credibility, of cross-country analysis of cities. To resolve this problem, the OECD and the European Commission developed a new definition of a city and its commuting zone in 2011. […] Each city is part of its own commuting zone or a polycentric commuting zone covering multiple cities. These commuting zones are significant, especially for larger cities. The cities and commuting zones together (called Larger Urban Zones) account for 60 % of the EU population.}}</ref> The term ''Larger urban zone'' (''LUZ'') was later renamed as the ''Functional urban area'' (''FUA'').<ref name="luz"/> |
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This is a list of larger urban zones. The Urban Audit also includes cities from [[EFTA]] countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries. The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) uses a similar definition of Functional Urban Area to represent population sizes of cities in OECD countries.<ref name="OEDC Populations in cities">{{cite web|url=http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?Datasetcode=CITIES# |title=OEDC Populations in cities| publisher=OEDC| accessdate=2 April 2017}}</ref> This data is also included. |
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In 2020, the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], the [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]], the [[International Labour Organization]], and the [[World Bank]] have also adopted the Functional urban area as their definition for delimitation of metropolitan areas.<ref>{{cite web |author=European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank |date=2021 |doi=10.2785/706535 |isbn=978-92-76-20306-3 |language=en |location=Luxembourg |page=3 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |title=Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348338/KS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf/0d412b58-046f-750b-0f48-7134f1a3a4c2?t=1669111363941}}<!-- auto-translated from Polish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |
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The figures in the Eurostat database are an attempt at a compromise between harmonised data for all of the European Union, and with availability of statistical data, making comparisons more accurate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityCountryPDFLongList.aspx |title=Urban Audit Database |publisher=Urbanaudit.org |accessdate=2011-04-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523080414/http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityCountryPDFLongList.aspx |archivedate=23 May 2011 }}</ref> |
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==List of functional urban areas by population as of 2017== |
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{{Duplication|section=yes|dupe=List of metropolitan areas in Europe}} |
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This is a list of functional urban areas by population as of 2017. The 2004 Urban Audit also includes cities from [[EFTA]] countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries, although the only candidate country for which there is available data is Turkey. Some cities, including Marseille, Lille, Nice, Cordoba, Badajoz, Toulon and Montpellier were excluded from the 2004 list on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone. |
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{{legend|#cfecec|Areas outside of the [[European Union]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|- |
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! Rank || Functional urban area || Country || Population || Area (km<sup>2</sup>) |
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|- |
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|1 |
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|[[Paris]] |
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|{{flagcountry|France}} |
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| 13,998,000 |
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| 12,079.87<ref name=luz01/> |
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|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
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|2 |
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|[[Istanbul]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} |
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| 11,154,928 |
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| |
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|- |
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|3 |
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|[[London]] |
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|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
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| 10,345,124 |
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| 8,900<ref name=luz01/> |
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|- |
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|4 |
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|[[Madrid]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Spain}} |
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| 5,804,829 |
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| 8,022 |
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|- |
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|5 |
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|[[Ruhr Area]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 5,302,179 |
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| 4,435 |
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|- |
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|6 |
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|[[Berlin]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 4,971,331 |
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| 17,385 |
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|- |
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|7 |
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|[[Naples]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Italy}} |
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| 4,475,682 |
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| 564.95 |
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|- |
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|8 |
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|[[Barcelona]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Spain}} |
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| 4,233,638 |
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| 1,796.64 |
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|- |
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|9 |
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|[[Athens]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Greece}} |
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| 4,013,368 |
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| 3,806.92 |
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|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
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|10 |
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|[[Ankara]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} |
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| 3,736,359 |
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| |
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|- |
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|11 |
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|[[Rome]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Italy}} |
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| 3,457,690 |
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| 3,666.66 |
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|- |
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|12 |
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|[[Hamburg]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 3,134,620 |
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| 7,304 |
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|- |
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|12 |
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|[[Milan]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Italy}} |
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| 3,076,643 |
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| 1,348.32 |
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|- |
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|13 |
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|[[Katowice metropolitan area]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
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| 2,710,397 |
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| 2,650.65 |
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|- |
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|14 |
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|[[Stuttgart]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 2,663,660 |
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| 3,654 |
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|- |
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|15 |
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|[[Warsaw]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
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| 2,631,710 |
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| 5,201.72 |
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|- |
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|16 |
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|[[City of Manchester|Manchester]] |
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|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
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| 2,539,100 |
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| 1,280 |
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|- |
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|17 |
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|[[Munich]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 2,531,706 |
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| 5,504 |
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|- |
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|18 |
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|[[Frankfurt]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 2,517,561 |
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| 4,305 |
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|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
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|19 |
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|[[İzmir]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} |
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| 2,459,474 |
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| |
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|- |
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|20 |
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|[[Lisbon]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Portugal}} |
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| 2,435,837 |
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| 1,432.49 |
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|- |
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|21 |
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|[[Budapest]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Hungary}} |
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| 2,393,846 |
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| 2,538<ref name=luz01/> |
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|- |
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|22 |
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|[[City of Leeds|Leeds]] |
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|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
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| 2,393,300 |
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| 5,114<ref name=luz01/> |
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|- |
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|23 |
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|[[Birmingham]] |
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|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
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| 2,357,100 |
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| 1,598 |
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|- |
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|24 |
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|[[Vienna]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Austria}} |
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| 2,179,769 |
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| 4,610.93<ref name=luz01/> |
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|- |
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|25 |
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|[[Bucharest]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Romania}} |
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| 2,140,194 |
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| 662 |
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|- |
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|26 |
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|[[Prague]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} |
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| 1,964,750 |
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| 6,977<ref name=luz01/> |
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|- |
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|27 |
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|[[Cologne]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 1,873,580 |
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| 1,626 |
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|- |
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|28 |
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|[[Stockholm]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Sweden}} |
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| 1,860,872 |
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| 6,519 |
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|- |
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|29 |
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|[[Copenhagen]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Denmark}} |
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| 1,806,667<ref name=luz01>Data for 2001 (2004 data not yet available)</ref> |
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| 2,759<ref name=luz01/> |
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|- |
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|30 |
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|[[Brussels]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Belgium}} |
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| 1,800,663 |
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| 1,613.91 |
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|- |
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|31 |
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|[[Glasgow]] |
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|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
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| 1,747,100 |
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| 3,346 |
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|- |
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|32 |
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|[[Turin]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Italy}} |
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| 1,745,221 |
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| 1,878.97 |
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|- |
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|33 |
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|[[Lyon]] |
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|{{flagcountry|France}} |
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| 1,717,300 |
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| 5,997.68<ref name=luz01/> |
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|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
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|34 |
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|[[Belgrade]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Serbia}} |
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| 1,683,962 |
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| 514 |
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|- |
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|35 |
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|[[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Spain}} |
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| 1,564,145 |
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| 1,440.58 |
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|- |
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|36 |
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|[[Dublin]] |
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|{{Flag|Republic of Ireland}} |
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| 1,535,446<ref name=luz01/> |
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| |
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|- |
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|37 |
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|[[Düsseldorf]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 1,525,029 |
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| 1,201 |
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|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
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|38 |
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|[[Bursa]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} |
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| 1,474,482 |
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| |
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|- |
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|39 |
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|[[Amsterdam]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |
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| 1,443,258 |
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| 859.28 |
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|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
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|40 |
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|[[Adana]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} |
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| 1,394,130 |
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| |
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|- |
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|41 |
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|[[Liverpool]] |
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|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
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| 1,365,900 |
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| 821 |
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|- |
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|42 |
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|[[Bielefeld]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 1,297,876 |
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| 2,921 |
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|- |
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|43 |
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|[[Hanover]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 1,294,447 |
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| 2,966 |
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|- |
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|44 |
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|[[Nuremberg]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 1,288,797 |
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| 2,934 |
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|- |
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|45 |
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|[[Sheffield]] |
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|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
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| 1,277,100 |
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| 1,846 |
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|- |
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|46 |
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|[[Kraków]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
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| 1,264,322 |
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| 2,988.65 |
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|- |
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|47 |
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|[[Sofia]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}} |
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| 1,263,807<ref name=luz01/> |
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| 3,424.2<ref name=luz01/> |
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|- |
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|48 |
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|[[Seville]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Spain}} |
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| 1,249,346 |
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| 3,081.9 |
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|- |
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|49 |
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|[[Bremen]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| 1,249,291 |
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| 5,885 |
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|- |
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|50 |
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|[[Helsinki]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Finland}} |
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| 1,224,107 |
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| 2,969.94 |
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|- |
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|51 |
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|[[Rotterdam]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |
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| 1,186,818 |
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| 611.75 |
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|- |
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|52 |
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|[[Łódź]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
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| 1,163,516 |
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| 2,857.51 |
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|- |
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|53 |
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|[[Ostrava]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} |
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| 1,153,876 |
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| 3,889.6<ref name=luz01/> |
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|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
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|54 |
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|[[Zürich]] |
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|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}} |
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| 1,110,478 |
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| 1,086.14 |
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|- |
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|55 |
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|[[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
|||
| 1,105,203 |
|||
| 3,457.32 |
|||
|- |
|||
|56 |
|||
|[[Porto]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}} |
|||
| 1,099,040 |
|||
| 562.32 |
|||
|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
|||
|57 |
|||
|[[Oslo]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Norway}} |
|||
| 1,090,513 |
|||
| 6,920 |
|||
|- |
|||
|58 |
|||
|[[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
|||
| 1,055,600 |
|||
| 3,385 |
|||
|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
|||
|59 |
|||
|[[Gaziantep]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} |
|||
| 1,052,795 |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|60 |
|||
|[[Toulouse]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|France}} |
|||
| 1,052,497 |
|||
| 4,706.93<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|61 |
|||
|[[Wrocław]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
|||
| 1,031,439 |
|||
| 4,582.2 |
|||
|- |
|||
|62 |
|||
|[[Poznań]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
|||
| 1,018,511 |
|||
| 3,719.2 |
|||
|- |
|||
|63 |
|||
|[[Gothenburg]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}} |
|||
| 1,015,974 |
|||
| 3,694.86 |
|||
|- |
|||
|64 |
|||
|[[Bristol#Bristol conurbation|Bristol]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
|||
| 1,006,600 |
|||
| 1,635 |
|||
|- |
|||
|65 |
|||
|[[Riga]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Latvia}} |
|||
| 1,003,949 |
|||
| 5,382.5 |
|||
|} |
|||
===List of functional urban areas=== |
|||
This is a list of functional urban areas. The Urban Audit also includes cities from [[EFTA]] countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries. The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) uses a similar definition of Functional Urban Area to represent population sizes of cities in OECD countries.<ref name="OECD Populations in cities">{{cite web|url=http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?Datasetcode=CITIES# |title=OECD Populations in cities| publisher=OECD| access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref> This data is also included. |
|||
The figures in the Eurostat database are an attempt at a compromise between harmonised data for all of the European Union, and with availability of statistical data, making comparisons more accurate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityCountryPDFLongList.aspx |title=Urban Audit Database |publisher=Urbanaudit.org |access-date=2011-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523080414/http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityCountryPDFLongList.aspx |archive-date=23 May 2011 }}</ref> |
|||
{{legend|#cfecec|Areas outside of the [[European Union]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} |
{{legend|#cfecec|Areas outside of the [[European Union]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} |
||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
||
! |
!Functional urban area |
||
!Country |
!Country |
||
!OECD Population (2014) <ref name=" |
!OECD Population (2014) <ref name="OECD Populations in cities"/> |
||
!Eurostat Population (2006)<ref>[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]], [http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)</ref> |
!Eurostat Population (2006)<ref>[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]], [http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)</ref> |
||
!Eurostat Population (2016)<ref>http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en</ref> |
!Eurostat Population (2016)<ref>http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2022}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Amsterdam metropolitan area]] |
|[[Amsterdam metropolitan area]] |
||
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |
||
|{{nts|2452659}} |
|{{nts|2452659}} |
||
|{{nts|2497000}}{{efn|name=randstad|Part of the [[Randstad]] polycentric urban region consisting of the metropolitan areas of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and [[ |
|{{nts|2497000}}{{efn|name=randstad|Part of the [[Randstad]] polycentric urban region consisting of the metropolitan areas of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and [[Utrecht]] (982,000). The total population of the region is 7,100,000.}} |
||
|{{nts|2771661}} |
|{{nts|2771661}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 92: | Line 510: | ||
|[[Bucharest metropolitan area]] |
|[[Bucharest metropolitan area]] |
||
|{{flagcountry|Romania}} |
|{{flagcountry|Romania}} |
||
|{{ |
|{{nts|2402530}} |
||
|{{nts|2158558}} |
|{{nts|2158558}} |
||
|{{nts|2403107}} |
|{{nts|2403107}} |
||
Line 126: | Line 544: | ||
|{{nts|2573745}} |
|{{nts|2573745}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[ |
|[[Gdańsk]] |
||
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
||
|{{nts|1105467}} |
|{{nts|1105467}} |
||
Line 180: | Line 598: | ||
|{{nts|1276438}} |
|{{nts|1276438}} |
||
|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
||
|[[West Yorkshire]] ([[ |
|[[West Yorkshire]] ([[Leeds]] – [[Bradford]]) |
||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
||
|{{nts|1774552}}{{efn|Leeds and Bradford counted separately.}} |
|{{nts|1774552}}{{efn|Leeds and Bradford counted separately.}} |
||
Line 194: | Line 612: | ||
|[[Lisbon metropolitan area]] |
|[[Lisbon metropolitan area]] |
||
||{{flagcountry|Portugal}} |
||{{flagcountry|Portugal}} |
||
|{{nts| |
|{{nts|3039662}} |
||
|{{nts| |
|{{nts|2791000}} |
||
|{{nts|2839908}} |
|{{nts|2839908}} |
||
|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
||
Line 212: | Line 630: | ||
|[[London commuter belt|London metropolitan area]] |
|[[London commuter belt|London metropolitan area]] |
||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
||
|{{nts| |
|{{nts|11701236}} |
||
|{{nts| |
|{{nts|13109000}} |
||
|{{nts| |
|{{nts|12250000}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Lyon]] |
|[[Lyon]] |
||
Line 297: | Line 715: | ||
|{{flagcountry|France}} |
|{{flagcountry|France}} |
||
|{{nts|12037889}} |
|{{nts|12037889}} |
||
|{{nts| |
|{{nts|13975000}} |
||
|{{Nts| |
|{{Nts|12824000}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Metropolitan Area of Porto|Porto Metropolitan Area]] |
|[[Metropolitan Area of Porto|Porto Metropolitan Area]] |
||
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}} |
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}} |
||
|{{nts| |
|{{nts|1737829}} |
||
|{{nts|1245000}}{{efn|Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 1,778,000.}} |
|{{nts|1245000}}{{efn|Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 1,778,000.}} |
||
|{{nts|1286111}} |
|{{nts|1286111}} |
||
Line 318: | Line 736: | ||
|{{nts|2,224,080}}{{efn|2015}} |
|{{nts|2,224,080}}{{efn|2015}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Rhein-Nord{{efn|name=pc|Polycentric metropolitan area}} ([[Düsseldorf]] |
|Rhein-Nord{{efn|name=pc|Polycentric metropolitan area}} ([[Düsseldorf]] – [[Neuss]]) |
||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
||
|{{nts|1427823}}{{efn|Excludes Neuss.}} |
|{{nts|1427823}}{{efn|Excludes Neuss.}} |
||
Line 324: | Line 742: | ||
|{{nts|1527176}} |
|{{nts|1527176}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Rhein-Süd{{efn|name=pc}} ([[Cologne/Bonn Region|Cologne |
|Rhein-Süd{{efn|name=pc}} ([[Cologne/Bonn Region|Cologne – Bonn]]) |
||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
||
|{{nts|1926073}}{{efn|Excludes Bonn which has a population of 750,370}} |
|{{nts|1926073}}{{efn|Excludes Bonn which has a population of 750,370}} |
||
Line 354: | Line 772: | ||
|{{nts|5045784}} |
|{{nts|5045784}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Saarbrücken]] |
|[[Saarbrücken]] – [[Forbach]] |
||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}/<br />{{flagcountry|France}} |
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}/<br />{{flagcountry|France}} |
||
|{{nts|570479}}{{efn|Saarbrücken only}} |
|{{nts|570479}}{{efn|Saarbrücken only}} |
||
Line 390: | Line 808: | ||
|{{nts|2678795}} |
|{{nts|2678795}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Thessaloniki |
|[[Thessaloniki metropolitan area]] |
||
|{{flagcountry|Greece}} |
|{{flagcountry|Greece}} |
||
|{{nts|975439}} |
|{{nts|975439}} |
||
Line 408: | Line 826: | ||
|{{nts|2302353}} |
|{{nts|2302353}} |
||
|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
|- bgcolor="#cfecec" |
||
|[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]-[[ |
|[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]-[[Sunderland]] |
||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
||
|{{nts|1082729}}{{efn|Excludes Sunderland}} |
|{{nts|1082729}}{{efn|Excludes Sunderland}} |
||
Line 444: | Line 862: | ||
|{{nts|1984534}} |
|{{nts|1984534}} |
||
|} |
|} |
||
===List of larger urban zones by population as of 2004=== |
|||
This is a list of larger urban zones by population as of 2004. The 2004 Urban Audit also includes cities from [[EFTA]] countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries, although the only candidate country for which there is available data is Turkey. Some cities, including Marseille, Lille, Nice, Cordoba, Badajoz, Toulon and Montpellier were excluded from the 2004 list on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone. |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
|- |
|||
! Rank || Larger urban zone || Country || Population || Area (km²) |
|||
|- |
|||
|1 |
|||
|[[London]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} (former EU state) |
|||
| 11,917,000 |
|||
| 8,920<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|2 |
|||
|[[Istanbul]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} (non EU state) |
|||
| 11,154,928 |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|3 |
|||
|[[Paris]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|France}} |
|||
| 11,089,124 |
|||
| 12,079.87<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|4 |
|||
|[[Madrid]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Spain}} |
|||
| 5,804,829 |
|||
| 8,022 |
|||
|- |
|||
|5 |
|||
|[[Ruhr Area]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 5,302,179 |
|||
| 4,435 |
|||
|- |
|||
|6 |
|||
|[[Berlin]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 4,971,331 |
|||
| 17,385 |
|||
|- |
|||
|7 |
|||
|[[Naples]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Italy}} |
|||
| 4,475,682 |
|||
| 564.95 |
|||
|- |
|||
|8 |
|||
|[[Barcelona]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Spain}} |
|||
| 4,233,638 |
|||
| 1,796.64 |
|||
|- |
|||
|9 |
|||
|[[Athens]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Greece}} |
|||
| 4,013,368 |
|||
| 3,806.92 |
|||
|- |
|||
|10 |
|||
|[[Ankara]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} (non EU state) |
|||
| 3,736,359 |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|11 |
|||
|[[Rome]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Italy}} |
|||
| 3,457,690 |
|||
| 3,666.66 |
|||
|- |
|||
|12 |
|||
|[[Hamburg]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 3,134,620 |
|||
| 7,304 |
|||
|- |
|||
|12 |
|||
|[[Milan]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Italy}} |
|||
| 3,076,643 |
|||
| 1,348.32 |
|||
|- |
|||
|13 |
|||
|[[Upper Silesian Industrial Region]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
|||
| 2,710,397 |
|||
| 2,650.65 |
|||
|- |
|||
|14 |
|||
|[[Stuttgart]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 2,663,660 |
|||
| 3,654 |
|||
|- |
|||
|15 |
|||
|[[Warsaw]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
|||
| 2,660,406 |
|||
| 5,198.52 |
|||
|- |
|||
|16 |
|||
|[[City of Manchester|Manchester]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} (former EU state) |
|||
| 2,539,100 |
|||
| 1,280 |
|||
|- |
|||
|17 |
|||
|[[Munich]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 2,531,706 |
|||
| 5,504 |
|||
|- |
|||
|18 |
|||
|[[Frankfurt]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 2,517,561 |
|||
| 4,305 |
|||
|- |
|||
|19 |
|||
|[[Izmir]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} (non EU state) |
|||
| 2,459,474 |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|20 |
|||
|[[Lisbon]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}} |
|||
| 2,435,837 |
|||
| 1,432.49 |
|||
|- |
|||
|21 |
|||
|[[Budapest]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Hungary}} |
|||
| 2,393,846 |
|||
| 2,538<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|22 |
|||
|[[City of Leeds|Leeds]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} (former EU state) |
|||
| 2,393,300 |
|||
| 5,114<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|23 |
|||
|[[Birmingham]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} (former EU state) |
|||
| 2,357,100 |
|||
| 1,598 |
|||
|- |
|||
|24 |
|||
|[[Vienna]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Austria}} |
|||
| 2,179,769 |
|||
| 4,610.93<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|25 |
|||
|[[Bucharest]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Romania}} |
|||
| 2,140,194 |
|||
| 662 |
|||
|- |
|||
|26 |
|||
|[[Prague]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} |
|||
| 1,964,750 |
|||
| 6,977<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|27 |
|||
|[[Cologne]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 1,873,580 |
|||
| 1,626 |
|||
|- |
|||
|28 |
|||
|[[Stockholm]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}} |
|||
| 1,860,872 |
|||
| 6,519 |
|||
|- |
|||
|29 |
|||
|[[Copenhagen]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Denmark}} |
|||
| 1,806,667<ref name=luz01>Data for 2001 (2004 data not yet available)</ref> |
|||
| 2,759<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|30 |
|||
|[[Brussels]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Belgium}} |
|||
| 1,800,663 |
|||
| 1,613.91 |
|||
|- |
|||
|31 |
|||
|[[Glasgow]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} (former EU state) |
|||
| 1,747,100 |
|||
| 3,346 |
|||
|- |
|||
|32 |
|||
|[[Turin]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Italy}} |
|||
| 1,745,221 |
|||
| 1,878.97 |
|||
|- |
|||
|33 |
|||
|[[Lyon]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|France}} |
|||
| 1,717,300 |
|||
| 5,997.68<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|34 |
|||
|[[Belgrade]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Serbia}} (non EU state) |
|||
| 1,683,962 |
|||
| 514 |
|||
|- |
|||
|35 |
|||
|[[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Spain}} |
|||
| 1,564,145 |
|||
| 1,440.58 |
|||
|- |
|||
|36 |
|||
|[[Dublin]] |
|||
|{{Flag|Republic of Ireland}} |
|||
| 1,535,446<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|37 |
|||
|[[Düsseldorf]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 1,525,029 |
|||
| 1,201 |
|||
|- |
|||
|38 |
|||
|[[Bursa]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} (non EU state) |
|||
| 1,474,482 |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|39 |
|||
|[[Amsterdam]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |
|||
| 1,443,258 |
|||
| 859.28 |
|||
|- |
|||
|40 |
|||
|[[Adana]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} (non EU state) |
|||
| 1,394,130 |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|41 |
|||
|[[Liverpool]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} (former EU state) |
|||
| 1,365,900 |
|||
| 821 |
|||
|- |
|||
|42 |
|||
|[[Bielefeld]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 1,297,876 |
|||
| 2,921 |
|||
|- |
|||
|43 |
|||
|[[Hanover]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 1,294,447 |
|||
| 2,966 |
|||
|- |
|||
|44 |
|||
|[[Nuremberg]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 1,288,797 |
|||
| 2,934 |
|||
|- |
|||
|45 |
|||
|[[Sheffield]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} (former EU state) |
|||
| 1,277,100 |
|||
| 1,846 |
|||
|- |
|||
|46 |
|||
|[[Kraków]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
|||
| 1,264,322 |
|||
| 2,988.65 |
|||
|- |
|||
|47 |
|||
|[[Sofia]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}} |
|||
| 1,263,807<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
| 3,424.2<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|48 |
|||
|[[Seville]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Spain}} |
|||
| 1,249,346 |
|||
| 3,081.9 |
|||
|- |
|||
|49 |
|||
|[[Bremen]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} |
|||
| 1,249,291 |
|||
| 5,885 |
|||
|- |
|||
|50 |
|||
|[[Helsinki]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Finland}} |
|||
| 1,224,107 |
|||
| 2,969.94 |
|||
|- |
|||
|51 |
|||
|[[Rotterdam]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |
|||
| 1,186,818 |
|||
| 611.75 |
|||
|- |
|||
|52 |
|||
|[[Łódź]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
|||
| 1,163,516 |
|||
| 2,857.51 |
|||
|- |
|||
|53 |
|||
|[[Ostrava]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} |
|||
| 1,153,876 |
|||
| 3,889.6<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|54 |
|||
|[[Zurich]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}} (non EU state) |
|||
| 1,110,478 |
|||
| 1,086.14 |
|||
|- |
|||
|55 |
|||
|[[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
|||
| 1,105,203 |
|||
| 3,457.32 |
|||
|- |
|||
|56 |
|||
|[[Porto]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}} |
|||
| 1,099,040 |
|||
| 562.32 |
|||
|- |
|||
|57 |
|||
|[[Oslo]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Norway}} (non EU state) |
|||
| 1,090,513 |
|||
| 6,920 |
|||
|- |
|||
|58 |
|||
|[[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} (former EU state) |
|||
| 1,055,600 |
|||
| 3,385 |
|||
|- |
|||
|59 |
|||
|[[Gaziantep]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}} (non EU state) |
|||
| 1,052,795 |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|60 |
|||
|[[Toulouse]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|France}} |
|||
| 1,052,497 |
|||
| 4,706.93<ref name=luz01/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|61 |
|||
|[[Wrocław]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
|||
| 1,031,439 |
|||
| 4,582.2 |
|||
|- |
|||
|62 |
|||
|[[Poznań]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Poland}} |
|||
| 1,018,511 |
|||
| 3,719.2 |
|||
|- |
|||
|63 |
|||
|[[Gothenburg]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}} |
|||
| 1,015,974 |
|||
| 3,694.86 |
|||
|- |
|||
|64 |
|||
|[[Bristol#Bristol conurbation|Bristol]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} (former EU state) |
|||
| 1,006,600 |
|||
| 1,635 |
|||
|- |
|||
|65 |
|||
|[[Riga]] |
|||
|{{flagcountry|Latvia}} |
|||
| 1,003,949 |
|||
| 5,382.5 |
|||
|} |
|||
==Urban Audit== |
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Eurostat's Urban Audit is about much more than demographics. In order for it to be useful as a policy tool to the European Commission and other authorities it contains data for over 250 indicators across the following domains:<ref name="wrongf">{{cite news|publisher=European Commission |year=2006 |url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |title=Urban Audit |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065821/http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |archivedate=31 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.staedtestatistik.de/fileadmin/urban-audit/pdf/EU_stateofcities_2007.pdf |title=State of European Cities Report |accessdate=2011-04-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085823/http://www.staedtestatistik.de/fileadmin/urban-audit/pdf/EU_stateofcities_2007.pdf |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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* Demography |
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* Social Aspects |
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* Economic Aspects |
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* Civic Involvement |
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* Training and Education |
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* Environment |
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* Travel and Transport |
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* Information Society |
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* Culture and Recreation |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
||
Line 869: | Line 869: | ||
*[[Largest metropolitan areas in the Nordic countries]] |
*[[Largest metropolitan areas in the Nordic countries]] |
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*[[World's largest cities]] |
*[[World's largest cities]] |
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*[[List of functional urban areas in New Zealand]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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Line 874: | Line 875: | ||
==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* GMES Urban Atlas: [http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/urban-atlas PDF files], [http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/urban-atlas ZIP files] |
* GMES Urban Atlas: [http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/urban-atlas PDF files], [http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/urban-atlas ZIP files] |
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* [[OECD]]: [https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?fs%5B0%5D=Topic%2C1%7CRegions%2C%20cities%20and%20local%20areas%23GEO%23%7CCities%20and%20functional%20urban%20areas%23GEO_URB%23&pg=0&fc=Topic&bp=true&snb=17&df%5Bds%5D=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df%5Bid%5D=DSD_FUA_DEMO%40DF_AGE_SEX&df%5Bag%5D=OECD.CFE.EDS&df%5Bvs%5D=1.0 Population statistics on Cities and their FUAs] |
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* [[Eurostat]]: [https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/urb_lpop1?category=urb.urb_luz Population statistics on functional urban areas] |
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* [[Eurostat]]: [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/European_cities European cities] |
* [[Eurostat]]: [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/European_cities European cities] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120121192735/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1 Eurostat: Total population in Urban Audit cities, Larger Urban Zone] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120121192735/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1 Eurostat: Total population in Urban Audit cities, Larger Urban Zone] |
Latest revision as of 20:04, 8 June 2024
The functional urban area (FUA), previously known as larger urban zone (LUZ),[1] is a measure of the population and expanse of metropolitan and surrounding areas which may or may not be exclusively urban.[2] It consists of a city and its commuting zone,[3] which is a contiguous area of spatial units that have at least 15% of their employed residents working in the city.[4]
The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region."[5] To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the FUA boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban area.[6]
History[edit]
The definition was introduced under the name Larger urban zone (LUZ) in 2004 by Eurostat, the statistical agency of the European Union (EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states.[7][8] Eurostat data is provided only for zones in the EU countries, candidate countries and EFTA countries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.[9][10][11]
In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included.[citation needed]
In 2011, the European Commission has developed a new definition of LUZ in cooperation with the OECD.[12] The term Larger urban zone (LUZ) was later renamed as the Functional urban area (FUA).[1]
In 2020, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Bank have also adopted the Functional urban area as their definition for delimitation of metropolitan areas.[13]
List of functional urban areas by population as of 2017[edit]
This section duplicates the scope of other articles, specifically List of metropolitan areas in Europe. |
This is a list of functional urban areas by population as of 2017. The 2004 Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries, although the only candidate country for which there is available data is Turkey. Some cities, including Marseille, Lille, Nice, Cordoba, Badajoz, Toulon and Montpellier were excluded from the 2004 list on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.
Rank | Functional urban area | Country | Population | Area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Paris | France | 13,998,000 | 12,079.87[14] |
2 | Istanbul | Turkey | 11,154,928 | |
3 | London | United Kingdom | 10,345,124 | 8,900[14] |
4 | Madrid | Spain | 5,804,829 | 8,022 |
5 | Ruhr Area | Germany | 5,302,179 | 4,435 |
6 | Berlin | Germany | 4,971,331 | 17,385 |
7 | Naples | Italy | 4,475,682 | 564.95 |
8 | Barcelona | Spain | 4,233,638 | 1,796.64 |
9 | Athens | Greece | 4,013,368 | 3,806.92 |
10 | Ankara | Turkey | 3,736,359 | |
11 | Rome | Italy | 3,457,690 | 3,666.66 |
12 | Hamburg | Germany | 3,134,620 | 7,304 |
12 | Milan | Italy | 3,076,643 | 1,348.32 |
13 | Katowice metropolitan area | Poland | 2,710,397 | 2,650.65 |
14 | Stuttgart | Germany | 2,663,660 | 3,654 |
15 | Warsaw | Poland | 2,631,710 | 5,201.72 |
16 | Manchester | United Kingdom | 2,539,100 | 1,280 |
17 | Munich | Germany | 2,531,706 | 5,504 |
18 | Frankfurt | Germany | 2,517,561 | 4,305 |
19 | İzmir | Turkey | 2,459,474 | |
20 | Lisbon | Portugal | 2,435,837 | 1,432.49 |
21 | Budapest | Hungary | 2,393,846 | 2,538[14] |
22 | Leeds | United Kingdom | 2,393,300 | 5,114[14] |
23 | Birmingham | United Kingdom | 2,357,100 | 1,598 |
24 | Vienna | Austria | 2,179,769 | 4,610.93[14] |
25 | Bucharest | Romania | 2,140,194 | 662 |
26 | Prague | Czech Republic | 1,964,750 | 6,977[14] |
27 | Cologne | Germany | 1,873,580 | 1,626 |
28 | Stockholm | Sweden | 1,860,872 | 6,519 |
29 | Copenhagen | Denmark | 1,806,667[14] | 2,759[14] |
30 | Brussels | Belgium | 1,800,663 | 1,613.91 |
31 | Glasgow | United Kingdom | 1,747,100 | 3,346 |
32 | Turin | Italy | 1,745,221 | 1,878.97 |
33 | Lyon | France | 1,717,300 | 5,997.68[14] |
34 | Belgrade | Serbia | 1,683,962 | 514 |
35 | Valencia | Spain | 1,564,145 | 1,440.58 |
36 | Dublin | Republic of Ireland | 1,535,446[14] | |
37 | Düsseldorf | Germany | 1,525,029 | 1,201 |
38 | Bursa | Turkey | 1,474,482 | |
39 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | 1,443,258 | 859.28 |
40 | Adana | Turkey | 1,394,130 | |
41 | Liverpool | United Kingdom | 1,365,900 | 821 |
42 | Bielefeld | Germany | 1,297,876 | 2,921 |
43 | Hanover | Germany | 1,294,447 | 2,966 |
44 | Nuremberg | Germany | 1,288,797 | 2,934 |
45 | Sheffield | United Kingdom | 1,277,100 | 1,846 |
46 | Kraków | Poland | 1,264,322 | 2,988.65 |
47 | Sofia | Bulgaria | 1,263,807[14] | 3,424.2[14] |
48 | Seville | Spain | 1,249,346 | 3,081.9 |
49 | Bremen | Germany | 1,249,291 | 5,885 |
50 | Helsinki | Finland | 1,224,107 | 2,969.94 |
51 | Rotterdam | Netherlands | 1,186,818 | 611.75 |
52 | Łódź | Poland | 1,163,516 | 2,857.51 |
53 | Ostrava | Czech Republic | 1,153,876 | 3,889.6[14] |
54 | Zürich | Switzerland | 1,110,478 | 1,086.14 |
55 | Tricity | Poland | 1,105,203 | 3,457.32 |
56 | Porto | Portugal | 1,099,040 | 562.32 |
57 | Oslo | Norway | 1,090,513 | 6,920 |
58 | Newcastle upon Tyne | United Kingdom | 1,055,600 | 3,385 |
59 | Gaziantep | Turkey | 1,052,795 | |
60 | Toulouse | France | 1,052,497 | 4,706.93[14] |
61 | Wrocław | Poland | 1,031,439 | 4,582.2 |
62 | Poznań | Poland | 1,018,511 | 3,719.2 |
63 | Gothenburg | Sweden | 1,015,974 | 3,694.86 |
64 | Bristol | United Kingdom | 1,006,600 | 1,635 |
65 | Riga | Latvia | 1,003,949 | 5,382.5 |
List of functional urban areas[edit]
This is a list of functional urban areas. The Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) uses a similar definition of Functional Urban Area to represent population sizes of cities in OECD countries.[15] This data is also included.
The figures in the Eurostat database are an attempt at a compromise between harmonised data for all of the European Union, and with availability of statistical data, making comparisons more accurate.[16]
Functional urban area | Country | OECD Population (2014) [15] | Eurostat Population (2006)[17] | Eurostat Population (2016)[18] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amsterdam metropolitan area | Netherlands | 2,452,659 | 2,497,000[a] | 2,771,661 |
Antwerp | Belgium | 1,081,904 | 1,406,000[b] | 1,100,139 |
Athens | Greece | 3,535,055 | 3,761,000 | 3,863,763 |
Barcelona metropolitan area | Spain | 3,846,697 | 4,082,000[c] | 5,445,616 |
Berlin | Germany | 4,399,542 | 4,016,000 | 5,005,216 |
Bilbao | Spain | 1,013,805 | 947,000 | 1,025,109 |
Birmingham (West Midlands) | United Kingdom | 1,957,078 | 3,701,107 | 2,332,629 |
Bordeaux | France | 1,175,699 | No data | 1,244,264 |
Bremen | Germany | 1,027,192 | 1,077,000 | 1,244,363 |
Bristol | United Kingdom | 836,621 | 1,041,000 | 1,090,080 |
Brussels-Capital Region | Belgium | 2,588,102 | 2,639,000[b] | 2,625,525 |
Bucharest metropolitan area | Romania | 2,402,530 | 2,158,558 | 2,403,107 |
Budapest metropolitan area | Hungary | 2,879,601 | 2,523,000 | 2,993,948 |
Cardiff | United Kingdom | 664,861 | 1,097,000 | 1,085,526 |
Copenhagen | Denmark | 2,025,171 | 1,881,000[d] | 1,893,010 |
Dublin Metropolitan Area | Ireland | 1,836,119 | 1,261,332 | 1,263,035 |
Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Region | Germany | 2,533,311 | 2,764,000[e] | 2,573,745 |
Gdańsk | Poland | 1,105,467 | No data | 1,141,954[f] |
Greater Glasgow | United Kingdom | 967,101 | 1,395,000 | 1,789,003 |
Metropolitan Gothenburg | Sweden | 1,015,974 | No data | 1,006,548[g] |
The Hague | Netherlands | 906,897 | 1,404,000[a] | 1,070,027 |
Hamburg Metropolitan Region | Germany | 3,008,841 | 2,983,000 | 3,173,871 |
Hanover | Germany | 1,217,511 | No data | 1,300,687 |
Helsinki Metropolitan Area | Finland | 1,498,050 | 1,285,000 | 1,532,309 |
Katowice metropolitan area | Poland | 2,589,349 | 3,029,000[h] | 2,743,929 |
Kraków metropolitan area | Poland | 1,362,740 | 1,236,000 | 1,276,438 |
West Yorkshire (Leeds – Bradford) | United Kingdom | 1,774,552[i] | 2,302,000 | 2,238,127 |
Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai | France/ Belgium |
1,363,465[j] | 1,379,000[k] | 2,572,374 |
Lisbon metropolitan area | Portugal | 3,039,662 | 2,791,000 | 2,839,908 |
Liverpool/Birkenhead | United Kingdom | 954,181 | 2,241,000 | 1,352,000 |
Łódź | Poland | 939,568 | 1,165,000 | 1,116,660 |
London metropolitan area | United Kingdom | 11,701,236 | 13,109,000 | 12,250,000 |
Lyon | France | 1,960,847 | 1,669,000 | 2,188,759 |
Madrid metropolitan area | Spain | 7,079,173 | 5,263,000 | 6,378,297 |
Greater Manchester | United Kingdom | 1,935,559 | 2,556,000 | 2,615,144 |
Mannheim | Germany | 1,230,276 | No data | 1,172,821 |
Marseille | France | 1,773,503 | 1,530,000 | 1,750,885[l] |
Milan metropolitan area | Italy | 4,159,854 | 4,136,000[m] | 4,267,946 |
Munich | Germany | 2,965,871 | 2,665,000[n] | 2,808,581 |
Naples metropolitan area | Italy | 4,475,682 | 4,654,259[o] | 4,127,390 |
Nice | France | 865,195 | 1,082,000 | 1,017,307 |
Nottingham-Derby | United Kingdom | 863,918 | 1,614,000 | 1,927,550 |
Nuremberg Metropolitan Region | Germany | 1,169,367 | 1,443,000 | 1,301,504 |
Greater Oslo | Norway | 1,299,955 | 1,037,000 | 1,144,883 |
Ostrava | Czech Republic | no data | no data | 1,119,593[p] |
Paris metropolitan area | France | 12,037,889 | 13,975,000 | 12,824,000 |
Porto Metropolitan Area | Portugal | 1,737,829 | 1,245,000[q] | 1,286,111 |
Portsmouth-Southampton | United Kingdom | 594,455 | 1,547,000 | 1,498,402[r] |
Prague | Czech Republic | 1,910,396 | 1,669,000 | 2,224,080[s] |
Rhein-Nord[t] (Düsseldorf – Neuss) | Germany | 1,427,823[u] | 3,073,000[v] | 1,527,176 |
Rhein-Süd[t] (Cologne – Bonn) | Germany | 1,926,073[w] | 3,070,000[v] | 3,023,545[x] |
Riga | Latvia | No data | 1,195,000 | 1,089,767 |
Rome metropolitan area | Italy | 4,149,364 | 4,353,738 | 3,700,000 |
Rotterdam | Netherlands | 1,509,373 | 1,904,000[a] | 1,818,563 |
Ruhr area | Germany | No data[y] | 5,376,000[v] | 5,045,784 |
Saarbrücken – Forbach | Germany/ France |
570,479[z] | 1,102,000 | 822,128 |
Seville | Spain | 1,500,644 | 1,180,000[aa] | 1,877,060 |
Sofia | Bulgaria | No data | 1,260,120 | 1,543,377 |
Metropolitan Stockholm | Sweden | 2,018,208 | 2,171,000 | 2,034,354[citation needed] |
South Yorkshire (Sheffield) | United Kingdom | 920,128 | 1,569,000 | 1,596,298 |
Stuttgart Metropolitan Region | Germany | 1,965,942 | 2,289,000 | 2,678,795 |
Thessaloniki metropolitan area | Greece | 975,439 | 1,052,000 | 1,166,914 |
Toulouse | France | 1,309,149 | No data | 1,388,978 |
Turin metropolitan area | Italy | 1,774,507 | 1,601,000[ab] | 2,302,353 |
Newcastle-Sunderland | United Kingdom | 1,082,729[ac] | 1,599,000 | 1,141,879 |
Valencia | Spain | 1,668,153 | 1,398,000[ad] | 2,516,818 |
Vienna | Austria | 2,793,631 | 2,584,000 | 2,339,807 |
Warsaw metropolitan area | Poland | 3,037,890 | 2,785,000 | 3,304,641 |
Zagreb | Croatia | No data | 1,107,115 | 1,123,374 |
Zürich metropolitan area | Switzerland | 1,246,968 | 1,615,000 | 1,984,534 |
See also[edit]
- List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits
- List of urban areas in the European Union
- List of metropolitan areas in Europe
- Largest metropolitan areas in the Nordic countries
- World's largest cities
- List of functional urban areas in New Zealand
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b c Part of the Randstad polycentric urban region consisting of the metropolitan areas of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht (982,000). The total population of the region is 7,100,000.
- ^ a b The Flemish Diamond metropolitan region, which consists of the metropolitan areas of Brussels, Antwerp, Gent, and Leuven, has a total population of 5,103,000.
- ^ Total population is 4,251,000 if the metropolitan area of Mataro (169,000) is included.
- ^ Part of the wider Öresund region, which includes the Swedish metropolitan area of Malmö (961,000). The total regional population is 2,842,000.
- ^ Part of the Rhein-Main metropolitan region with a total population of 4,149,000, which additionally includes the metropolitan areas of Darmstadt (501,000), Wiesbaden (453,000), and Mainz (431,000).
- ^ 2014 data
- ^ 2017 data
- ^ Part of the polycentric Upper Silesian urban region with a total population of 5,294,000. The region additionally includes the metropolitan areas of Ostrava (1,046,000), Bielsko-Biala (584,000) and Rybnik (526,000).
- ^ Leeds and Bradford counted separately.
- ^ Kortrijk not included.
- ^ Part of the wider Lille-Bassin Minier region with a total population of 3,115,000.
- ^ 2014 data
- ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 6,011,000.
- ^ When combined with the Augsburg metropolitan area (606,000), the region has a total population of 3,271,000.
- ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 3,714,000.
- ^ 2015
- ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 1,778,000.
- ^ Excludes Southampton
- ^ 2015
- ^ a b Polycentric metropolitan area
- ^ Excludes Neuss.
- ^ a b c Part of the polycentric urban region of Rhein-Ruhr, which has a total population of 12,190,000.
- ^ Excludes Bonn which has a population of 750,370
- ^ Excludes Bonn
- ^ Essen, Bochum, and Dortmund counted separately.
- ^ Saarbrücken only
- ^ Total population is 1,262,000 if the metropolitan area of Utrera (82,000) is included.
- ^ Total population is 1,716,000 if the metropolitan of Pinerolo is included.
- ^ Excludes Sunderland
- ^ Total population is 1,499,000 if the metropolitan area of Sagunto is included.
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas". Eurostat.
Within the Urban Audit, (...) functional urban areas were previously referred to as 'larger urban zones'.
- ^ Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020 Archived 2 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- ^ "European cities – the EU-OECD functional urban area definition". Eurostat.
- ^ European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). "Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition". Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 52. doi:10.2785/706535. ISBN 978-92-76-20306-3.
- ^ "What is the Urban Audit?". Urban Audit. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009.
- ^ "Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas". Eurostat.
The main building blocks are data for 1 km² population grid cells. […] The typology for functional urban areas is established at the level of local administrative units (LAUs). Once all grid cells have been classified and urban centres identified, the next step concerns overlaying these results onto LAUs […]
- ^ "City statistics – Urban audit". Eurostat. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009.
- ^ "The shift of Eurostat to Urban Statistics". Dr. Berthold Feldmann, Eurostat. March 2006. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006.
- ^ www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094822/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094843/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094905/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Lewis Dijkstra, Hugo Poelman (1 March 2012). Cities in Europe - The new OECD-EC definition (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
Until recently, there was no harmonised definition of 'a city' for European and other countries member of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This undermined the comparability, and thus also the credibility, of cross-country analysis of cities. To resolve this problem, the OECD and the European Commission developed a new definition of a city and its commuting zone in 2011. […] Each city is part of its own commuting zone or a polycentric commuting zone covering multiple cities. These commuting zones are significant, especially for larger cities. The cities and commuting zones together (called Larger Urban Zones) account for 60 % of the EU population.
- ^ European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). "Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition". Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 3. doi:10.2785/706535. ISBN 978-92-76-20306-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Data for 2001 (2004 data not yet available)
- ^ a b "OECD Populations in cities". OECD. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ "Urban Audit Database". Urbanaudit.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3) Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)
- ^ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en [bare URL]