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[[File:Speed Portrait Holy Land.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Speed's portrait, from his adaptation of More's ''Map of Canaan'']]
[[File:Speed Portrait Holy Land.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Speed's portrait, from his adaptation of More's ''Map of Canaan'']]
In 1616 he developed this into a longer work, ''A Cloud of Witnesses confirming the Humanity of Christ Ihesus'', with lengthy textual explanations, in twelve chapters, for the descents shown in his diagrams or family trees. The first issue was printed by John Beale for Daniel Speed:<ref>J. Speed, ''A Clowd of Witnesses and They the Holy Genealogies of the Sacred Scriptures'' (By John Beale for Daniel Speed, in Pauls Church Yard at the sign of the Blazing Starre, 1616): page views at [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iT-rgYoHMoIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Google].</ref> Beale printed a second edition in 1620, with a dedication to [[George Abbot (bishop)|George Abbot]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] 1611-1633,<ref>J. Speed, ''A Clowd of Witnesses and They the Holy Genealogies of the Sacred Scriptures. Confirming unto us the truth of the histories in Gods most holy word, and the humanitie of Christ Iesus. The second addition.'' (John Beale, London 1620): full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A12716.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo].</ref> and a third appeared in 1628 printed by Felix Kyngston for Edward Blackmore, Speed's son-in-law.<ref>(Worldcat).</ref> Speed's distinctive style of genealogical diagram, with the names contained in circular bubbles linked in chains, later appeared in the royal genealogies in the 1623 edition of the ''Historie''.
In 1616 he developed this into a longer work, ''A Cloud of Witnesses confirming the Humanity of Christ Ihesus'', with lengthy textual explanations, in twelve chapters, for the descents shown in his diagrams or family trees. The first issue was printed by John Beale for Daniel Speed:<ref>J. Speed, ''A Clowd of Witnesses and They the Holy Genealogies of the Sacred Scriptures'' (By John Beale for Daniel Speed, in Pauls Church Yard at the sign of the Blazing Starre, 1616): page views at [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iT-rgYoHMoIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Google].</ref> (Daniel was presumably the stationer who had licence to marry Matilda Garrett in February 1617/18).<ref name=Chester /> Beale printed a second edition in 1620, with a dedication to [[George Abbot (bishop)|George Abbot]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] 1611-1633,<ref>J. Speed, ''A Clowd of Witnesses and They the Holy Genealogies of the Sacred Scriptures. Confirming unto us the truth of the histories in Gods most holy word, and the humanitie of Christ Iesus. The second addition.'' (John Beale, London 1620): full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A12716.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo].</ref> and a third appeared in 1628 printed by Felix Kyngston for Edward Blackmore, Speed's son-in-law.<ref>(Worldcat).</ref> Speed's distinctive style of genealogical diagram, with the names contained in circular bubbles linked in chains, later appeared in the royal genealogies in the 1623 edition of the ''Historie''.


===''Historie'' and ''Theatre''===
===''Historie'' and ''Theatre''===

Revision as of 19:38, 6 July 2022

For other uses, see John Speed (disambiguation).

John Speed
Memorial to John Speed, St Giles-without-Cripplegate
Born1551 or 1552
Farndon, Cheshire
Died1629 (aged 76–77)
St Giles-without-Cripplegate, Cripplegate, London
NationalityEnglish
Scientific career
FieldsCartography, history

John Speed (1551 or 1552 – 28 July 1629) was an English cartographer, chronologer and historian. He, together with Christopher Saxton, is one of the best known English mapmakers of the early modern period.[1][2][3][4][5] Original examples of his maps are held in libraries and archives throughout the world, and are highly valued.[6]

Life

According to his daughter Sarah Blackmore, John Speed the chronologer was born in the Cheshire village of Farndon[7] in c. 1551/52.[8] Various families of Speed dwelt in that neighbourhood, but John's relation to them is not precisely established.[9] His father John Speed gained the freedom of the Company of Merchant Taylors of London in April 1556,[10] and is supposed to be the same John Speed who married Elizabeth Cheynye at Christchurch, Newgate Street in the City of London in January 1555/56.[11] From this it is inferred that Speed's birth-mother died during his infancy.

By his own account, Speed followed in his father's mercantile business in London,[12][1] and in 1580 he obtained the freedom of the Merchant Taylors' Company by patrimony.[13] He had married Susanna (born c. 1557/58),[8] daughter of Thomas Draper of London, in 1575, and began to raise a family.[14] Most sources state that they had twelve sons and six daughters, of whom the most famous to reach maturity was John Speed, M.D., who studied at Merchant Taylors' School, London and St John's College, Oxford.[3][15][16][17] It appears that the Speed family was fairly well-to-do.[18]

Sir Fulke Greville

Speed came to the attention of learned individuals,[19] among whom was Sir Fulke Greville: Greville, "perceiving how his wide soul was stuffed with too narrow an occupation" (as Thomas Fuller has it),[7] thereafter made him an allowance to enable him to devote his whole attention to research:[20]

"[His] merits to me-ward I do acknowledge, in setting this hand free from the daily employments of a manual trade, and giving it his liberty thus to express the inclination of my mind, himself being the procurer of my present estate."[7][19]

By 1595 Speed published a map of biblical Canaan,[21] and in 1598 he presented his maps to Queen Elizabeth. As a reward for these efforts, Elizabeth granted Speed the position of a Waiter (a customs officer):

(William Killigrew to Lord Burghley). "Mr Fulke Greville has just brought me word of Her Majesty's pleasure that I should write you that there is a waiter's room of the Custom-house fallen in, which she has long determined might be bestowed upon John Speed, who has presented her with divers maps; she therefore desires you will bestow the place upon him, whom she takes to be a very sufficient man to discharge the same."[22]

He was by then a scholar with a highly developed pictorial faculty.[23] In 1611–1612 he published maps of Great Britain, his son perhaps assisting Speed in surveys of English towns.[24][25]

At the age of 77 or 78, in July 1629, Speed died.[26] He was buried alongside his wife (who had died in the previous year) in London's St Giles-without-Cripplegate church on Fore Street.[14][27][28] According to Fuller, his funeral sermon was delivered by Josias Shute.[7] A monument to John Speed was afterwards erected behind the altar of the church.[14]

Works

Biblical genealogies

Opening of the Genealogies, 1611

Speed appears to have begun his compendium of the sacred genealogies during the 1590s, for an index to his work, compiled with Hugh Broughton, is attributed to the year 1595.[29] To the same period belongs his completion and improvement of the Norwich minister and chronologer John More's Map of Canaan. In 1611, as The Genealogies recorded in the Sacred Scriptures according to euery family and tribe with the line of Our Sauior Jesus Christ obserued from Adam to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the biblical genealogy was incorporated into the first edition of the King James Bible, and was reprinted for th same purpose several times during the 17th century.[30] It contained some now-famous illustrations, including an image of Adam and Eve taking fruit from the forbidden tree in the Garden of Eden, and a tree of the nations of the world arising out of Noah's Ark. Copies of this booklet (which had its own title-page) were for many years bound into all copies of the English bible, for which King James granted to Speed a patent to have the profit of it for himself and his assigns, in reward for his great labours.[7]

Speed's portrait, from his adaptation of More's Map of Canaan

In 1616 he developed this into a longer work, A Cloud of Witnesses confirming the Humanity of Christ Ihesus, with lengthy textual explanations, in twelve chapters, for the descents shown in his diagrams or family trees. The first issue was printed by John Beale for Daniel Speed:[31] (Daniel was presumably the stationer who had licence to marry Matilda Garrett in February 1617/18).[11] Beale printed a second edition in 1620, with a dedication to George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury 1611-1633,[32] and a third appeared in 1628 printed by Felix Kyngston for Edward Blackmore, Speed's son-in-law.[33] Speed's distinctive style of genealogical diagram, with the names contained in circular bubbles linked in chains, later appeared in the royal genealogies in the 1623 edition of the Historie.

Historie and Theatre

Sir Henry Spelman

John Speed's fame today rests, in popular estimation, upon his work as map-maker, but this should not be held separate from his important contributions as a historian, chronologer and scriptural genealogist. Many of his publications reached their definitive form in 1611. The succession of King James VI of Scotland to the crown of England and Wales, and to that of Ireland, upon the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, brought the Tudor dynasty to a close and inaugurated the Stuart monarchy of Great Britain. Speed's historical researches under the patronage of Fulke Greville were stimulated or assisted by William Camden (Clarenceux King of Arms), Sir Robert Cotton, Sir Henry Spelman, John Barkham, William Smith (Rouge Dragon Pursuivant)[34] and others, who during the 1580s together formed the Elizabethan College of Antiquaries, predecessor of the London Society of Antiquaries. Their interests were rooted in early-medieval English antiquities. But (after the abolition of that college by James I in 1607) Speed's work came together, Cum Privilegio, as an instrument of the unification of British kingship in the person of King James,[35][36] much as the "Authorized Version" of the English Bible (to which Speed contributed his sacred genealogies) was promulgated in the same year of 1611.

John Stow, Chronicler and Topographer

The chronicler John Stow (died 1605, also a Merchant Taylor), Speed's elder contemporary, from 1562 sought to disentangle the confused order of the English Chronicles, finding much fault in "the ignorant handling of ancient affairs" by Richard Grafton: Stow's Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles (and its abridgement) of 1566/67, several times republished,[37] his Chronicles of England from Brute unto this present yeare of Christ, 1580,[38] and his The Annales of England (1592, 1601, 1605),[39] which itself lists a very wide range of sources, were the immediate predecessors to Speed's Historie, from the historical aspect, as Camden's Britannia in the 1607 edition (with county maps) was his chorographical precedent. Stow announced a (much larger) forthcoming History of Britain, A Historie of this Iland, in 1592, but it never saw the light.[40] Editions of William of Malmesbury, Florence of Worcester, the Flores Historiarum, and Sir Henry Savile's Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores post Bedam came into print in the same period. The standard available edition of Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica (a primary text for the early medieval history of England) was in volume III of the Hervagius (Johannes Herwagen) 1563 Opera Bedae Venerabilis.[41]

Sir Robert Cotton

Speed naturally drew extensively on the work of his predecessors, including Christopher Saxton and John Norden as cartographers, William Camden as chorographer (Britannia 1586),[42] and upon Stow and other late chroniclers, in so vast an undertaking (for which Speed considered his own powers quite insufficient), while at the same time revising, improving, verifying and subjecting to scholarly scrutiny all that he could, and where possible obtaining new expert contributions. Some letters survive from Speed to Sir Robert Cotton, written in the years before publication, asking for assistance in gathering necessary materials.[43]

From the first page of the Histories a fresh approach is afoot. Speed dispenses with the full list of pseudo-historic rulers stemming from Brutus the supposed founder of Britain, drawn from Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain and repeated by Stow, and instead touches upon the Trojan theory in his discussion of the Name of Britain. Coming into the Saxon narrative, marginal references identify the sources of information from Gildas (De Excidio Britanniae), Bede, Widukind of Corvey and many others, presenting an erudite voice and a discursive historical method, while preserving the structure and chronology relating to the seven kingdoms, and illustrating coins and other materials in true antiquarian fashion.

Historie of Great Britaine

In the first edition of his Historie of Great Britaine (1611),[44] following the "Proem", the historical text begins as page 155 of the whole work, to which the maps of that edition are counted as occupying the preceding page-numbers, and presented separately as The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain. "This collection makes a noble apparatus to his history", observed Richard Gough, who noted that these were the first maps in which all the counties are divided into hundreds, and that those which Speed derived from Saxton's maps were mostly so corrected or amended as to supersede any attribution to Saxton. The County descriptions printed on the reverse of the maps were mainly adapted from those of William Camden.[45] Speed's magnum opus is from this point a twin Chorographical and Historical work. In the second, revised and augmented edition (of 1623)[46] the whole work is introduced as being in ten Chapters, of which the first four (the "Chorographicall Part") are the maps, arranged as:

  • (1) Describing the whole Kingdome in generall, with those Shires, Cities, and Shire-townes which are properly accounted for English
  • (2) Containing the Counties of Wales (13)
  • (3) Scotlands Kingdom in one Generall (1)
  • (4) Containing the Kingdome of Ireland - a general plan, and maps of Munster, Leinster, Connaught and Ulster (5)

The work then proceeds to the "Historicall Part", Books 5-10, arranged as follows:

  • (5) The Site, Names, Ancient Inhabitants, Manners, Government, Governors, Costume and Appearance of Great Britain and the Ancient British.
  • (6) The Monarchs of Great Britain under the Romans (54 sections).
  • (7) The Saxon Kings and English Monarchs, from the downfall of Britain and the origins and arrival of the Saxons, through the Heptarchy, from Hengest (sect. 13) to Edmund Ironside (sect. 45).
  • (8) The Danish rulers, with their origins and first assaults, and in detail from Cnut to Harold II (7 sections).
  • (9) The Norman rulers and their origins, continued from William I to the end of Elizabeth I (24 sections).
  • (10) "James, our dread Soueraigne".

The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine

William Camden, Clarenceux

Speed is now best-known as a map-maker, and above all for his atlas, The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine (1611, 1616, 1623), which attempted a complete set of individual county maps of England and Wales, as well as maps of Ireland and a general map of Scotland.[47][48] The collection developed cumulatively, together with his Historie, and was undertaken with the encouragement of William Camden.[34][49] The entire work, including the Historie, was dedicated to King James I as the ruler in whom the "Kingdoms of the British Isles" had become united.[50][36]

In the Introduction to his "well affected and favourable reader", Speed acknowledged that he had "copied, adapted and compiled the work of others" rather than making an entirely new survey. He took various existing maps as his models, crediting five to Christopher Saxton, five to John Horden, two to William Smith, one to Philip Symonson (Kent) and others to John Harrington (Rutland), William White, Thomas Durham, James Burrell, and Geradus Mercator. Much of the engraving was done in Amsterdam at the workshop of the Flemish engraver Jodocus Hondius, with whom Speed collaborated for 14 years, from 1598 until Hondius's sudden death in 1612.[51] The maps were printed by William Hall and John Beale, and sold by John Sudbury and George Humble.[52][53]

Speed is admired also for his detailed plans of principal British towns, several of which are the earliest-known depictions of those places and provide valuable topographical insights.[51] Most, but not all, of the county maps have town plans inset; those showing a Scale of Passes (i.e., Paces, reckoned at five feet imperial) were surveyed by Speed himself. On the back of the maps a text in English appears, describing the areas shown: a rare 1616 edition of the British maps has the text in Latin, in a translation by Philemon Holland, thought to have been produced for the Continental market.[54] His maps of English and Welsh counties were often bordered with costumed figures ranging from nobility to country folk.[55] Speed drew historical maps as well as those depicting present times, showing (for instance) invasions of England and Ireland, or the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy.[56][57][58]

The "Gardner copies" in the Cambridge University Library are a collection of "proof impressions" from the engraved copper plates, taken during the process of checking the detail before the publication of 1611.[14][49] In describing his intentions Speed admitted the possibility of errors despite his best endeavours:

"my purpose... in this Island (besides other things) is to shew the situation of every Citie and Shire-town only... The Shires divisions into Lathes, Hundreds, Wapentakes and Cantreds, according to their ratable and accustomed manner, I have separated, and under the same title that the record beareth, in their due places distinguished: wherein by help of the tables annexed, any Citie, Towne, Borough, Hamlet, or Place of Note may readily be found, and whereby safely may be affirmed, that there is not any one Kingdome in the World so exactly described, as is this our Island of Great Britaine... In shewing these things, I have chiefly sought to give satisfaction to all, without offence to any..."[59]

The maps represented: The British Isles, England, The Saxon Heptarchy, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cheshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Devonshire, Dorset, Durham, Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Kent, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Middlesex, Monmouthshire, Northamptonshire, Northumberland, Oxfordshire, Rutland, Shropshire, Somerset, Staffordshire, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Warwickshire, Westmoreland, Wiltshire, Worcestershire, Yorkshire (different parts), Holy Island, the Farne Islands, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, Wales, Anglesey, Breconshire, Caernarfonshire, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Glamorganshire, Merionethshire, Montgomeryshire, Pembrokeshire, Radnorshire, Scotland, Ireland, Connaught, Leinster, Munster, and Ulster. In 2016, the British Library reprinted this collection of maps of the British Isles with an introduction by Nigel Nicolson and commentaries by Alasdair Hawkyard.[4][60]

In 1627, two years before Speed's death, George Humble published Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World, the first world atlas produced by an Englishman,[61] costing 40 shillings, meaning that its circulation was limited to "richer customers and libraries", where many survive to this day.[51][62] He also drew maps of the Channel Islands, Poland, and the Americas, the latter published only a few years before his death.[63][64][65][66] In the year of his death, yet another collection of maps of Great Britain which he had prepared during the previous year was published.[67][68]

As a Protestant, Anglican historian and chorographer of Great Britain, under Stuart rule, Speed was working to define and celebrate early modern concepts of national identity.[69][70][71] He represented Wales as subsisting within the British hegemony and not as an independent entity.[72][73] Speed's historiographic techniques are apparent in his use of "theatrical metaphors" and in his inclusion of medieval mythical content.[74]

John Speed and William Shakespeare

John Speed and William Shakespeare were both parishioners of St Giles, Cripplegate. In his account of the reign of King Henry V, John Speed mentions that the character of Sir John Oldcastle, a Lollard martyr in Henry V's time, was falsely represented in the theatres as a stock buffoon and rogue. He wrote,

"The author of The Three Conversions hath made Oldcastle a ruffian, a robber and a rebel, and his authority, taken from the stage players, is more befitting the pen of his slanderous report, than the credit of the judicious, being only grounded from this papist and his poet, of like conscience for lies, the one ever feigning and the other ever falsifying the truth."[75]

The author of The Three Conversions was the Jesuit Robert Persons, and the references to the Lollard martyr Oldcastle are in the third part of the work.[76] Speed is saying that Persons the Catholic author had infamously falsified the historical character of Oldcastle the Lollard martyr by representing him as the cowardly rebel portrayed in the late Elizabethan stage plays. Thomas Fuller, in his Church-History of Britain (1655), evidently echoes Speed where he remarks:

"Stage-poets have themselves been very bold with, and others very merry at, the memory of Sr John Oldcastle, whom they have fancied a boon Companion, a jovial Royster, and yet a Coward to boot, contrary to the credit of all Chronicles, owning him a Martial man of merit. The best is, Sr John Falstaffe, hath relieved the Memory of Sr John Oldcastle, and of late is substituted Buffoone in his place, but it matters as little what petulant Poets, as what malicious Papists, have written against him."[77]

While Shakespeare's character of Sir John Falstaff is evidently based on the stage-Oldcastle model, under a different name, the inference drawn by some editors (since Nicholas Rowe) that Speed was referring specifically to Shakespeare,[78] or (if he was), that he intended to associate Shakespeare directly with Robert Persons and his Catholic sympathies,[79][80][self-published source] has long been debated:[70][81][82][83] possibly, Speed was referring to the author of a different play in which the Oldcastle figure appeared by name. A summary of the argument was presented by Edmond Malone's editors.[84]

John Speed's maps and associated commentaries are sometimes employed for the interpretion of William Shakespeare's plays.[citation needed]

Family

The pedigree for 'Speed of Southampton', as prepared by the antiquary Benjamin Wyatt Greenfield in 1896, has the marriage of John Speed and Susanna daughter of Thomas Draper, Esq., of London, at its head, and shows the descendants of their son John. Although stating that Speed was born in 1542, and giving other dates which conflict with variant sources, it presents the names of six children. They are shown as:[15]

  • John Speed (1595-1640), M.D. (1628), studied at Merchant Taylor's School (1603-04), and was Scholar (1612), B.A. (1616), M.A. (1620) and Fellow of St John's College, Oxford. He married Margaret, daughter of Bartholomew Warner, M.D., of St John's College (Professor of Physic), and their son Samuel Speed, D.D. of Christchurch, Oxford, died in 1674. John (died testate in 1640[85]) is buried in the chapel of St John's College.[86]
  • Samuel Speed, of London, who married Joan, daughter of Richard Joyner, alias Lloyd, of Abingdon, and had a son Samuel who died in 1633
  • Nathan Speed
  • Joan Speed, who married John Hayley, Esq., of London
  • Sarah Speed, who married Edward Blackmore, Esq., of London
  • Anne Speed, who married Benjamin Wesley, citizen and Merchant Taylor of London

His arms, granted by William Camden, are: Gules, on a chief or, two swifts volant proper. Crest: On a wreath or and gules a swift volant proper.[15]

From their funeral monument, it appears that John and Susanna Speed had 12 sons and 6 daughters in all.

Monument and epitaph

Richard Newcourt recorded the monument to John Speede at St Giles, Cripplegate. '...the famous Chronologer and Historiographer John Speed, lies buried here, and hath a Monument on the South-side of the Chancel, with this inscription on one side for him, and on the other for his Wife:

1790 engraving showing the original appearance of Speed's monument

"Piæ Memoriæ Charissimorum Parentum -
Johannis Speed, Civis Londinensis Mercatorum Scissorum Fratris, servi fidelissimi Religiarum Majestatum, Eliz., Jacobi & Caroli nunc superstitis : Terrarum nostrarum Geographi accurati, & fidi Antiquitatis Britannicæ Historiographi, Genealogii sacræ elegantissimi delineatoris, qui postquam Annos 77. superaverat, non tam Morbo confectus, quam Mortalitatis taedio lassatus, Corpore se levavit, Julii 28. 1629. & jucundissimo Redemptoris sui desiderio sursum elatus carnem hic in custodiam posuit, denuo cum Christus venerit recepturus".'[26]
(To the Pious Memory of Most Beloved Parents - [that is to say,]
of John Speed, Citizen of London of the Brethren of Merchant Taylors, a very faithful servant of their Devout Majesties Elizabeth, James and Charles that now is : the accurate Geographer of our Lands, reliable Historiographer of the Antiquity of Britain, and most elegant delineator of the sacred Genealogies, who, after he had lived 77 years, not so much defeated by illness as wearied out by the burden of Mortality, arose from the Body on 28 July 1629, and, being borne aloft in the joyous desire of his Redeemer, he laid down his flesh here in keeping, to be received anew when Christ shall come.)

"Susannae suae suavissimae, quae postquam duodecim illi filios, & sex filias pepererat quinquaginta septem annos junctis utriusque solatiis, cum illo vixerat; liberos gravi et frequenti hortamine, ad Dei cultum solicitaverat; Pietatis et Charitatis opere quotidiano praeluxerat, emori demum erudiit suo exemplo. Quae septuagenaria placide in Christo obdormivit, et Fidei suae mercedem habuit, Martii vigesimo octavo, Anno Domini MDCXXVIII."[87]
(Also of his sweetest Susannah, who after she had borne him twelve sons and six daughters, lived jointly in companionship with him for fifty seven years; she encouraged her children in their duty to God by serious and frequent exhortation; she shone brightly in the daily work of piety and charity, and at last gave instruction by her example of how to surrender life. Who as a septuagenarian placidly fell asleep in Christ and received the reward of her faith on 28 March, in the Year of Our Lord 1628.)

From the inscription for his wife, Newcourt observed that she brought her husband 12 sons and 6 daughters; and after she had lived with her husband for 57 years, she died in the 70th year of her age, on March 28, 1628.

Although the monument was damaged by enemy action in 1940-1941, an engraving of 1791 by John Thomas Smith shows how the panels carrying the inscriptions were originally disposed as if forming a hinged triptych. The church's website notes that it was "one of the few memorials that survived the bombing" of this church during the London Blitz of 1940–1941:[27] a modern plaque records that the monument was restored in 1971 by the Merchant Taylors' Company, in which John Speed was a citizen and brother. His memorial brass is now on display in the Burrell Collection near Glasgow.[citation needed]

Legacy

His maps being used in many circles, Speed's influence has been long-lasting and far-reaching. In 1673 and 1676 (long after his death), other maps were published under his name,[88] representing the British isles, the Chesapeake Bay region, specifically Virginia and Maryland,[89] the East Indies, the Russian Empire then ruled by Peter the Great,[90] Jamaica, and Barbados (and other locations).[clarification needed][91][92][93][94][95][96][97] With these printings and others, Speed's maps became the basis for world maps until at least the mid-eighteenth century, his maps being reprinted many times, and serving as a major resource for British topography for years to come.[24]

In later years, Robert Sheringham (who recited Speed's text to his map of the Isle of Wight) referred to him as "summus et eruditus Antiquarius" (a foremost and erudite antiquary),[98] and he was called "our English Mercator";[99] "a person of extraordinary industry and attainments in the study of antiquities" (by William Nicolson);[100][101] an "honest and impartial historian... who was furnished with the best materials from some of the most considerable persons in this kingdom" (by Stephen Hyde Cassan),[102] a "faithful Chronologer" (in a text of 1656),[103] and "our Cheshire historian...a scholar...a distinguished writer on history" (by Charles Hulbert).[104] Richard Newcourt called him a "celebrated chronologer and historiographer";[105] James Granger observed, "his History of Great Britain was in its kind incomparably more complete than all the histories of his predecessors put together."[106]

"And thus" (says Thomas Fuller), "we take our leaves of Father Speed, truly answering his name, in both the acceptions thereof, for celerity and success."[7]

Maps

  • Speed's 1610 map of Wales
    Speed's 1610 map of Wales
  • An example of an inset image in Speed's 1610 map of Wales
    An example of an inset image in Speed's 1610 map of Wales
  • The Countie Pallatine of Lancaster described and divided into hundreds, 1610
    The Countie Pallatine of Lancaster described and divided into hundreds, 1610
  • 4 Page wall map of Canaan, 1595
    4 Page wall map of Canaan, 1595
  • Wilshire, 1610 with a townplan of Salisbury and a view of Stonehenge
    Wilshire, 1610 with a townplan of Salisbury and a view of Stonehenge
  • Northamptonshire, 1610
    Northamptonshire, 1610
  • A New Mape of Ye XVII Provinces, 1626 (The Netherlands)
    A New Mape of Ye XVII Provinces, 1626 (The Netherlands)
  • The Kingdome of China, 1626
    The Kingdome of China, 1626
  • A New And Accvrat Map of the World, 1646 miniature edition
    A New And Accvrat Map of the World, 1646 miniature edition
  • Jamaica, 1676
    Jamaica, 1676
  • James VI, depicted in Speed's 1610 Royal Map of Scotland.
    James VI, depicted in Speed's 1610 Royal Map of Scotland.
  • Speed's 1611 map of York
    Speed's 1611 map of York

Town inserts

Published works

  • The Theatre of The Empire of Great Britaine, Presenting an exact geography of England, Scotland, and Ireland (London 1611–12).
  • Theatrum Imperii Magnae Britaine, Latin Edition (London 1616).
  • History of Great Britaine Under the Conquests of Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans, 1st Edition (London 1611), text at Umich/eebo. Second, Revised Edition (London 1623), page views at Google.
  • The Genealogies recorded in the Sacred Scriptures according to euery family and tribe with the line of Our Sauior Jesus Christ obserued from Adam to the Blessed Virgin Mary (London 1611). 1636 printing bound into 1637 Robert Barker bible, page views at Google.
  • A Cloud of Witnesses: and they the holy genealogies of the sacred scriptures. Confirming unto us the truth of the histories in Gods most holie word; and the humanitie of Christ Iesus 1st Edition (London 1616). Second Edition (London 1620), text at Umich/eebo.
  • England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland: Described and Abridged with Ye Historic Relation of Things Worthy Memory: from a Farr Larger Voulume (London 1627) The "Farr Larger Volume" is The Theatre of The Empire of Great Britaine.
  • A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World (London 1627)

References

  1. ^ a b S. Bendall, 'Speed, John (1551/2–1629), historian and cartographer', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (OUP 2004/2008); superseding A.F. Pollard, 'Speed, John (?1552-1629), historian and cartographer', Dictionary of National Biography (1885-1900), vol. 53.
  2. ^ A. Baynton-Williams, 'John Speed': Relocated since 17 Sept 2012 at Mapforum.com as "Biography: John Speed", Jan 2022 (www. mapforum.com).
  3. ^ a b "Life of John Speed", The Hibernian Magazine, Or, Compendium of Entertaining Knowledge, July 1782, p. 348 (Google).
  4. ^ a b John Speed, eds N. Nicolson and A. Hawkyard, The Counties of Britain: A Tudor Atlas, Thames & Hudson (1989) ISBN 0-500-25104-5: Pavilion Books (1992) ISBN 1-85145-131-5; (pbk, 1995) ISBN 1-85793-612-4.
  5. ^ Hewitt, Rachel (2010). Map of a Nation. London: Granta Publications. pp. xxvi. ISBN 978-1-84708-254-1.
  6. ^ Steven Morris, John Speed's atlas could take auctioneer into uncharted territory, The Guardian, 19 July 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d e f 'John Speed', in T. Fuller, The History of the Worthies of England (J.G., W.L. and W.G., London 1662), p. 184 (Internet Archive).
  8. ^ a b Date calculated from Memorial Inscription formerly in St Giles, Cripplegate.
  9. ^ Palmer, A.N. (1907). "The Town of Holt, in County Denbigh". Archaeologia Cambrensis. 6th ser. 7: 389–434 (425).
  10. ^ C.M. Clode, The Early History of the Guild of Merchant Taylors of the Fraternity of St John the Baptist, London, 2 vols (Harrison and Sons, London 1888), II: The Lives, p. 332 (Internet Archive).
  11. ^ a b J.L. Chester, ed. J. Foster, London Marriage Licences 1521-1869 (Bernard Quaritch, London 1887), Col. 1265 (Internet Archive).
  12. ^ 'Life of John Speed', in W. West, The history, topography and directory of Warwickshire (R. Wrightson, Birmingham 1830), pp. 36–37 (Google).
  13. ^ 'The loving brother of the Mystery, John Speed', in Clode, Early History of the Merchant Taylors, II, at pp. 332-35 (Internet Archive).
  14. ^ a b c d A. Taylor, "A Theatre of Treasures", Cambridge University Library Special Collections, 11 October 2016.
  15. ^ a b c B.W. Greenfield, 'Pedigree of Speed of Southampton', in J.J. Howard (ed.), Miscellanea Genealogica Et Heraldica Series 3, Vol. II.i, March 1896 (London: Mitchell and Hughes, 1898), pp. 18–25 (Internet Archive).
  16. ^ E. Kell, 'On the Castle and Other Ancient Remains at Southampton', Journal of the British Archaeological Association, Ser.1, XXI (1865), pp. 285-93, at pp. 289–290, note 2 (Internet Archive).
  17. ^ R. Gough, Anecdotes of British Topography: Or, an Historical Account of What Has Been Done For Illustrating The Topographical Antiquities of Great Britain and Ireland (London: W. Richardson and S. Clark, 1768, reprinted in 2014), pp. 184, 448.
  18. ^ Palmer, "The Town of Holt", pp. 421, 425, 429.
  19. ^ a b W. Goffart, Historical Atlases: The First Three Hundred Years, 1570–1870 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), p. 54.
  20. ^ 'Speed's description of Warwickshire, section (6)', in W. West, The History, Topography and Directory of Warwickshire, pp. 41-45, at p. 43 (Internet Archive).
  21. ^ J. Taylor, 'John Speed's "Canaan" and British Travel to Palestine', in D.G. Burke, J.F. Kutsko and P.H. Towner (eds), The King James Version at 400: Assessing Its Genius as Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2013), pp. 103ff., at pp. vi, 102, 104–119, 121, 159, 182.
  22. ^ M.A.E. Green (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, Elizabeth, 1598-1601, Vol CCLXVII: June 1598 (Longmans, Green & Co., London 1869), p. 62 (Internet Archive). "Room" and "place" here mean "vacant post", not "empty chamber", since Speed is to "discharge the same".
  23. ^ W. Goffart, 'The First Venture into "Medieval Cartography"', in J.A. Roberts, J.L. Nelson and M. Godden (eds), Alfred the Wise: Studies in Honour of Janet Bately on the Occasion of her Sixty-Fifth Birthday (Woodbridge, UK: D.S. Brewer, 1997), at pp. 57–58.
  24. ^ a b The Maps of John Speed Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Shakespeare's England, 10 August 2010.
  25. ^ T.J. Werth, The Fabulous Dark Cloister: Romance in England after the Reformation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), 49.
  26. ^ a b R. Newcourt, Repertorium Ecclesiasticum Parochiale Londinense (Bateman, Tooke, Parker, Bowyer and Clements, London 1708), I, p. 356 (Google).
  27. ^ a b "Heritage". St Giles' without Cripplegate. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  28. ^ Hibbert, Christopher; Ben Weinreb; John Keay; Julia Keay (2010). The London Encyclopaedia. London: Pan Macmillan. p. 762. ISBN 978-0-230-73878-2.
  29. ^ H. Broughton and J. Speed, A direction to finde all those names expressed in that large table of genealogies of Scripture lately gathered by I.S. whereof the first number serueth for the side margentes, and the later answerable to the highest fygures (London, ?1595), full text at Umich/eebo.
  30. ^ See, e.g., a 1636 printing bound in with a 1637 Robert Barker bible in the British Library, digitized at Google.
  31. ^ J. Speed, A Clowd of Witnesses and They the Holy Genealogies of the Sacred Scriptures (By John Beale for Daniel Speed, in Pauls Church Yard at the sign of the Blazing Starre, 1616): page views at Google.
  32. ^ J. Speed, A Clowd of Witnesses and They the Holy Genealogies of the Sacred Scriptures. Confirming unto us the truth of the histories in Gods most holy word, and the humanitie of Christ Iesus. The second addition. (John Beale, London 1620): full text at Umich/eebo.
  33. ^ (Worldcat).
  34. ^ a b A.F. Pollard, 'Speed, John (1552-1629)', Dictionary of National Biography (1885-1900), Vol. 53.
  35. ^ J. Speed, History of Great Britaine Under the Conquests of Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans, 2nd, revised edition (London 1623), Dedication page (Google).
  36. ^ a b N. Canny, 'The Origins of Empire: An Introduction', in N. Canny (ed.), The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire series, Vol. I (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, reprint), at pp. 1-2 (Google). It was Speed who used the phrase "the Empire of Great Britaine", which differed from Thomas Blennerhasset's expression, "great Brittaines imperial crowne".
  37. ^ e.g. J. Stow, A Summarie of the Chronicles of England. Diligently collected, abridged, and continued unto... 1598 (Richard Bradocke, London 1598), page views at Google.
  38. ^ J. Stow, The Chronicles of England from Brute Unto this Present Yeare of Christ 1580 (R. Newberie and H. Bynneman, London 1580), full text at Umich/eebo.
  39. ^ J. Stow, "The race of the Kings of Brytaine after the received opinion since Brute, &c", in The Annales of England (G. Bishop and T. Adams, London 1605), at pp. 11-21 (Internet Archive).
  40. ^ G.J.R. Parry, 'John Stow's unpublished "Historie of this Iland": amity and enmity amongst sixteenth-century scholars', English Historical Review, CII (1987), pp. 633–47.
  41. ^ Opera Bedae Venerabilis Presbyteri, Anglosaxonis: Viri in Diuinis atque Humanis Literis Exercitatissimi: omnia in octo tomos distincta (Basileae: Joannes Hervagius 1563), p. 1 ff. (Google).
  42. ^ W. Camden, Britannia, sive Florentissimorum Regnorum, Angliae, Scotiae, Hiberniae et Insularum adiacentium ex intima antiquitate Chorographica descriptio (Cum Privilegio: Ralph Newbery, London 1587), pageviews at Google.
  43. ^ 'XXXI: John Speed the Historian to Sir Robert Cotton' (etc.), in H. Ellis (ed.), Original Letters of Eminent Literary Men (Camden Society, London 1843), p. 104, and pp. 108–113 (Google).
  44. ^ J. Speed, History of Great Britaine Under the Conquests of Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans, 1st Edition (London 1611), text at Umich/eebo.
  45. ^ R. Gough, Anecdotes of British Topography: Or, an Historical Account of What has been Done for Illustrating the Topographical Antiquities of Great Britain and Ireland (T. Payne and W. Brown, London 1768), p. 42 (Google).
  46. ^ J. Speed, History of Great Britaine Under the Conquests of Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans, Second, Revised Edition (London 1623); page views at Google.
  47. ^ J. Speed, ed. N. Nicolson and A. Hawkyard, Britain's Tudor Maps: County by County (Batsford 2017), pp. 9–10, 13, 15–16. Nicolson's introduction is at pp. 7-15.
  48. ^ James Granger, in the '"Corrections and Additions Supplement" of his Biographical History of England, Vol. III (T. Davies, etc., London 1774), p. 234 (Google), referring to Vol. I, p. 503, corrects his former, erroneous statement that Speed's County Maps "were the first set ever published in England", substituting that they were "very justly esteemed".
  49. ^ a b Theatre of the Empire, Gardner Collection, digitized images of the collection (Classmark: Atlas 2.61.1) at Cambridge University Library.
  50. ^ C. Ivic, 'Mapping British identities: Speed's "Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine",' in D.J. Baker and W. Maley (eds), British Identities and English Renaissance Literature, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002), at pp. ix, 135, 138, 141, 150, 162, 248.
  51. ^ a b c N. Nicolson, "Introduction", in John Speed, ed. Nicolson and Hawkyard, Britain's Tudor Maps: County by County (London: British Library, reprint, 2016, originally published in 1988), pp. 7–15.
  52. ^ Andrew, "Speed maps now in the Cambridge Digital Library", Cambridge University Library Special Collections, 23 March 2015.
  53. ^ Gough, Anecdotes of British Topography, p. 42 (Google).
  54. ^ Theatrum Imperii Magnæ Britanniæ: exactam regnorum Angliæ Scotiæ Hiberniæ et insularum adiacentium geographia[m] ob oculos ponens: una cum comitatibus, centurijs, urbibus et primarijs comitatum oppidis intra regnum Angliæ, divisis et descriptis. Opus, nuper quidem à Iohanne Spédo cive Londinensi Anglicè conscriptum: nunc verò, à Philemone Hollando, apud Coventrianos medicinæ doctore, Latinitate donatum (T. Snodham apud Ioann Sudbury et Geo. Humble, London 1616).
  55. ^ A. McRae, God Speed the Plough: The Representation of Agrarian England, 1500–1660 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002, reprint), pp. xi, 231–232, 238.
  56. ^ Goffart, Historical Atlases, pp. xi, 38, 54, 80–81, 83, 105, 112, 123, 201, 203, 443, 471.
  57. ^ Gough, Anecdotes of British Topography, pp. 595, 608.
  58. ^ Speed, ed. Nicolson and Hawkyard, Britain's Tudor Maps (2017), pp. 18–21.
  59. ^ 'Speed's Address to His Readers', in West, The History, Topography and Directory of Warwickshire, at pp. 38–41 (Internet Archive).
  60. ^ Speed, ed. Nicolson and Hawkyard, Britain's Tudor Maps (2017), pp. 6–152.
  61. ^ See Mapforum articles, Issue 03 (Relocated 2022), "John Speed: A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World" (mapforum.com).
  62. ^ M. Wynne-Davies, Sidney to Milton, 1580–1660 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 138–141, 171, 179–180, 197.
  63. ^ Library of Congress, America with those known parts in that unknowne worlde both people and manner of buildings, 1626.
  64. ^ Library of Congress catalog, The ilands, London. Are to be solde in Popes Heade Alley by Iohn Sudb. and G. Humbell, 1610.
  65. ^ Library of Congress catalog, newe mape of Poland, 1611.
  66. ^ F.J. Bremer, John Winthrop: America's Forgotten Founding Father (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 206.
  67. ^ Library of Congress catalog,A prospect of the most famovs parts of the vvorld, London, Printed by John Dawson for G. Humble, 1627.
  68. ^ Thomas Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions Between China and India (London: Tuttle Publishing, 2012), p. 512.
  69. ^ C.A. Matza Jr. (ed.), Boudica: Historical Commentaries, Poetry, and Plays (USA: XLibris, 2010), pp. 83–90.
  70. ^ a b J.-C. Mayer, '"This Papist and his Poet": Shakespeare's Lancastrian kings and Robert Parsons's Conference about the next Succession,' in R. Dutton, A.G. Findlay and R. Wilson (eds), Theatre and Religion: Lancastrian Shakespeare (Oxford, UK: Manchester University Press, 2003), pp. 116-29, at pp. 116, 127, 128, 236.
  71. ^ M. Cordner, P. Holland, and J. Kerrigan (eds), English Comedy (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006 reprint), pp. 85, 98.
  72. ^ C. Ivic, '"bastard Normans, Norman bastards": Anomalous Identities in "The Life of Henry the Fift",' in P. Schwyzer and W. Maley (eds), Shakespeare and Wales: From the Marches to the Assembly (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2010), pp. 75–82.
  73. ^ R. Hingley, The Recovery of Roman Britain 1586–1906: A Colony So Fertile (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 17, 21, 23, 36, 40, 44–53.
  74. ^ I. Djordjevic, King John (Mis)Remembered: The Dunmow Chronicle, the Lord Admiral's Men, and the Formation of Cultural Memory (New York: Routledge, 2016), pp. 43, 61, 86, 117, 122.
  75. ^ J. Speed, The Historie of Great Britain Under the Conquests of the Romans, etc., 2nd edition (1623), p. 804 (Google).
  76. ^ (Robert Persons), The Third Part of A Treatise Intituled: of Three Conversions of England, conteyninge. an examen of the Calendar or Catalogue of Protestant Saints... [etc]. By N. D. (Imprinted with licence, Anno Dni 1604), pp. 196-99 and pp. 244-55 (Google).
  77. ^ T. Fuller, The Church-history of Britain from the Birth of Jesus Christ until the Year M.DC.XLVIII (Iohn Williams, London 1655), Book IV, Section II, Chapter 40, p. 168 (Umich/eebo).
  78. ^ P. Corbin and D. Sedge (eds), The Oldcastle Controversy: "Sir John Oldcastle, Part 1" and "The Famous Victories of Henry V", The Revels Plays Companion Library (Manchester University Press, 1991).
  79. ^ H.J. Heller, Penitent Brothellers: Grace, Sexuality, and Genre in Thomas Middleton's City Comedies (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2000), p. 181 (Google).
  80. ^ J. Waterfield, The Heart of His Mystery: Shakespeare and the Catholic Faith in England Under Elizabeth and James (New York: iUniverse, 2009), pp. 4, 643.[self-published source]
  81. ^ V.B. Richmond, Shakespeare, Catholicism, and Romance (New York: Bloombury Publishing, 2015), 13.
  82. ^ G. Holderness, The Faith of William Shakespeare (UK: British Library, 2016), 47.
  83. ^ H. Bloom, William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009), 75.
  84. ^ E. Malone (ed.), The Plays and Poems of William Shakspeare: with the Corrections and Illustrations of Various Commentators (F.C. and J. Rivington, etc., London 1820), XVI, Note to Henry IV Part 1, at p. 193 and note 3, and pp. 410-19, note (Google).
  85. ^ Will of Doctor John Speede, Doctor of Physic, Doctor in Medicine of University of Oxford (PCC 1640, Coventry quire).
  86. ^ 'Speede, John', in J. Foster (ed.), Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714 (Oxford, 1891), pp. 1394-1422 (British History Online).
  87. ^ J. Strype (ed.), A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster (1720), Book 3, Chapter 6, pp. 85-86 (HRI/University of Sheffield).
  88. ^ See Mapforum Articles, Relocated 2022: Issue 4, "John Speed: Subsequent Ownership of Speed’s Plates" (mapforum.com).
  89. ^ 1676 John Speed and F. Lamb Map of Virginia and Maryland (Chesapeake Bay), Geographicus Rare Antique Maps, 2017. (Commercial website)
  90. ^ C.E. Puckett, ""A Map of Russia", c.1676 – John Speed", 1676. (Commercial website)
  91. ^ R. Gough, British Topography (T. Payne and Son, and J. Nichols, London 1780), I, pp. 91-92 (Internet Archive).
  92. ^ Antique Maps Online, John Speed Maps – Antique 17th Century, 2017. (Commercial website)
  93. ^ "Published in John Speed's 'Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine' between 1611 & 1676 and Henry Overton's 'England Described' from c.1713 to c.1756",Welland Antique Maps & Prints (2014). (Commercial website)
  94. ^ Mapseeker, John Speed County Maps Archived 6 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 2014. (Commercial website)
  95. ^ Ebth, "John Speed Original 1676 Map "The Province of Mounster"", 2013–2017. (Commercial website)
  96. ^ Baumann Rare Books, "Map of Huntington both Shire and Shire Towne", 2017. (Commercial website)
  97. ^ An Epitome of Mr. John Speed's Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain (London, Printed for T. Basset, and R. Chiswell, 1676), Library of Congress catalog, [1].
  98. ^ R. Sheringham, De Anglorum Gentis Origine Disceptatio (Edward Story, Cambridge 1670), pp. 42-43 (Google).
  99. ^ T. Park, 'Edward, Lord Montague', A Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Vol. 3 (London: John Scott, 1806), pp. 265-66.
  100. ^ W. Nicolson, The English Historical Library (Abel Swall and T. Child, London 1696), p. 13 (Google).
  101. ^ A new and general biographical dictionary, Vol. 10 (London: Printed for multiple individuals, 1762), pp. 454–455.
  102. ^ S.H. Cassan, The Lives of the Bishops of Winchester from Birinus, Vol. 1 (London, C. and J. Rivington, 1827), p. 513 (Google).
  103. ^ T.B. Howell, A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Misdemeanors, Vol. 5 (London: T.C. Hansard, 1816), 827.
  104. ^ C. Hulbert, 'The Memoir of John Speed', Cheshire Antiquities, Roman, Baronial and Monastic (C. Hulbert, Shrewsbury and Providence Grove/H. Washbourne, London 1838), pp. 62–65.
  105. ^ J. Entick, A new and accurate history and survey of London, Westminster, Southwark, and Places Adjacent (London: Edward and Charles Dilly, 1766), 139.
  106. ^ J. Granger, A Biographical History of England from Egbert the Great to the Revolution, 3rd Edition, with additions and improvements (J. Rivington and Sons, etc., London 1779), II, p. 320 (Google).

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