Electron and T.I.: Difference between pages

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{{alternateuses}}
{{sprotected2}}
{{tooshort|date=September 2008}}
{{dablink|"e-" redirects here. For the [[Internet-related prefix]] e-, see Wiktionary's entry [[wikt:e-|e-]].}}
{{otheruses4|the rapper||TI}}
{{dablink|"Negatron" redirects here. For the album by Voivod, see [[Negatron (album)]].}}
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians -->
{{Infobox Particle
|Name = T.I.
| bgcolour =
|Img = T.I. by Carla.jpg
| name = Electron
|Img_capt = T.I. at the 2006 [[Summer Jam]] concert in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]].
| image = [[Image:NASA Shuttle Test Using Electron Beam.jpg|280px]]
|Img_size =
| caption =During a [[NASA]] [[wind tunnel]] test, a model of the [[Space Shuttle]] is targeted by a beam of electrons; simulating the effect of [[ion]]izing gasses during [[re-entry]].<ref>{{cite web
|Landscape =
| author=Staff | date=1975-04-14
|Background = solo_singer
| url=http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-003012.html
|Birth_name = Clifford Joseph Harris, Jr.
| title=Image # L-1975-02972
|Alias = T.I.P.
| publisher=Langley Research Center, NASA
|Born = {{birth date and age|1980|9|25}}
| accessdate=2008-09-20 }}</ref>
|Origin = [[Atlanta, Georgia]], [[United States]]
| num_types =
|Instrument =
| composition = [[Elementary particle]]
|Occupation = [[Rapping|Rapper]], [[songwriter]], [[actor]], [[record producer]], [[Executive producer#Music|executive producer]]
| family = [[Fermion]]
|Years_active = 2001–present
| group = [[Lepton]]
|Label = [[Grand Hustle Records|Grand Hustle]]/[[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]
| generation = First
|Associated_acts =
| interaction = [[Gravity]], [[Electromagnetic interaction|Electromagnetic]], [[Weak interaction|Weak]]
|URL = [http://www.trapmuzik.com TrapMuzik.com]
| antiparticle = [[Positron]]
| theorized = [[G. Johnstone Stoney]] (1874)
| discovered = [[J.J. Thomson]] (1897)
| symbol = e<sup>−</sup>, β<sup>−</sup>
| mass=9.10938215(45){{Esp|-31}}&nbsp;kg<ref name=CODATA>{{cite journal
| last=Mohr | first=Peter J.
| coauthors=Taylor, Barry N.; Newell, David B.
| title=CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants
| journal=Reviews of Modern Physics
| date=2006-06-06 | volume=80 | pages=633–730
| doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.80.633
}}</ref><ref>The fractional version’s denominator is the inverse of the
decimal value (along with its relative standard uncertainty of 5.0{{Esp|–8}}).</ref><br>
5.48579909(27){{Esp|–4}}&nbsp;[[Atomic mass unit|u]]<br>
1&frasl;1822.8884843(11)&nbsp;[[Atomic mass unit|u]]<br>
0.510998918(44)&nbsp;[[Electronvolt|MeV]]/[[speed of light|c]]<sup>2
| electric_charge = –1.602176487(40){{Esp|–19}}&nbsp;[[Coulomb|C]]<ref name=CODATA /><ref>The electron’s charge is the negative of ''[[elementary charge]]'', which is a positive value for the proton.</ref>
| magnetic_moment = 1.00115965218111(74)&nbsp;[[Bohr magneton|μ<sub>B</sub>]]<ref name=CODATA />
| spin = ½
| num_spin_states =
}}
}}


'''Clifford Joseph Harris Jr.,''' (born September 25, 1980),<ref>Imani Cheers, Crystal Holmes (September 25, 2008). [http://www.newsweek.com/id/160832 The Audacity Of Hip-Hop] ''Newsweek''. Accessed October 9, 2008.</ref><ref name="MSN">Andy Kellman. [http://music.msn.com/music/artist-biography/ti/ T.I.: Biography on MSN] ''MSN''. Accessed October 9, 2008.</ref> better known by his [[stage name]] '''T.I.''', and also by his [[alter ego]] '''T.I.P.''', is an American [[rapping|rapper]], [[songwriter]], [[executive producer#Music|producer]], [[actor]], [[philanthropist]] and co-[[chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Grand Hustle Records]].<ref>(October 13, 2007). [http://www.newsweek.com/id/43637 ATF Agents Search Home of Atlanta Rapper T.I. During BET Awards] ''Newsweek''. Accessed October 9, 2008.</ref>
The '''electron''' is a [[fundamental particle|fundamental]] [[subatomic particle]] that carries a negative [[Elementary charge|electric charge]] and participates in [[electromagnetic interaction|electromagnetic]] and [[weak interaction]]s. Together with [[atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]], which consist of [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s, electrons make up [[atoms]]. Electron-electron interaction between atoms is the main cause of [[chemical bonding]].


==Early life==
The electron was identified as a unique particle in 1897 by a British team led by [[J.J. Thomson]]. It belongs to the first [[Generation (particle physics)|generation]] of the family of [[subatomic particle]]s called [[lepton]]s, which are a group of [[fermion]]s. The electron has a property of intrinsic [[angular momentum]] called [[Spin (physics)|spin]], with a standardized value of ½. Its mass is approximately <math>\begin{smallmatrix}\frac{1}{1836}\end{smallmatrix}</math> of that of the [[proton]], but it is believed to be a [[point particle]] with no apparent substructure.
T.I. is from [[Bankhead (Atlanta)|Bankhead]], [[Atlanta, Georgia]]. He was nicknamed "Tip" after his paternal great-grandfather.<ref name="Vibe">[http://www.vibe.com/news/cover_stories/2007/07/ti_august_2007/ T.I.: Me, Myself & I] ''Vibe''. Accessed October 9, 2008.</ref> Upon signing with [[Arista Records]] subsidiary LaFace Records in 2001, he shortened his name to T.I. out of respect for label mate [[Q-Tip (rapper)|Q-Tip]].<ref>Hillary Crosley (May 1, 2007). [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/feature/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003579097 It's Summer Time With T.I., 'T.I.P.'] ''Billboard''. Accessed October 9, 2008.</ref>


==Etymology==
==Music career==
===''I'm Serious''===
The [[English language|English]] name ''electron'' is a combination of the word ''[[electric]]'' and the suffix ''-on'', with the latter now used to designate a [[subatomic particle]].<ref>{{cite book
His debut album ''[[I'm Serious]]'' was released on October 9, 2001 through [[Arista Records]], which spawned the single of the same title which featured [[reggae]] vocalist [[Beenie Man]]. His debut album included [[Pharrell]] of [[The Neptunes]] (who named him the [[Jay-Z]] of the south),<ref>(December 21, 2004). [http://www.vibe.com/news/magazine_features/2004/12/vibe_cover_story_ti_king_south/ Vibe Cover Story: T.I. - King of the South?] ''Vibe''. Accessed October 9, 2008.</ref> [[Jazze Pha]], and [[Youngbloodz]]. Production was by The Neptunes, [[DJ Toomp]], [[Madvac]], and The Grand Hustle Team. However, the album did not sell very well, and he was dropped from the label.
| author=Numerous | editor=Soukhanov, Anne H.
| title=Word Mysteries & Histories | year=1986
| publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company
| location=Boston, MA | isbn=0-395-40265-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author=Numerous | editor=Guralnik, David B.
| title=Webster's New World Dictionary | year=1970
| publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc.
| location=Englewood Cliffs, N. J. }}</ref> Both electric and electricity are derived from the [[Latin]] ''ēlectrum'', which in turn came from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''ēlektron'' (''ήλεκτρον'') for [[amber]]; a gemstone that is formed from the hardened sap of trees (the ancient Greeks noticed that amber, when rubbed with fur, attracted small objects). Apart from [[lightning]] this phenomenon was man's earliest experience of electricity.<ref>Shipley, Joseph T. (1945). Dictionary of Word Origins. New York, N. Y.: Philosophical Library.</ref>


T.I. released the first single "I'm Serious" with Beenie Man. The single had little airplay and failed to chart. The label would not release another single or video for the album, so T.I. created a video for "Dope Boyz", which had not a video nor single released, but can be seen on [[YouTube]].
==History==
{{main|History of electromagnetism}}


He released several mixtapes with the assistance of [[DJ Drama]], which created an underground buzz. He resurfaced in the summer of 2003 on [[Bone Crusher (rapper)|Bone Crusher's]] song "Neva Scared".
As early as 1838&ndash;51, the British natural philosopher [[Richard Laming]] conceived the idea that an atom is composed of a core of matter surrounded by sub-atomic particles that had unit [[electrical charge]]s. Beginning in 1846, German physicist [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber|William Weber]] theorized that electricity was composed of positively and negatively charged fluids, and their interaction was governed by the [[inverse square law]]. After studying the phenomenon of [[electrolysis]] in 1874, the Anglo-Irish physicist [[G. Johnstone Stoney]] suggested that there existed a "single definite quantity of electricity." He was able to estimate the value of the charge ''e'' of a [[monovalent]] [[ion]] by means of [[Faraday's laws of electrolysis]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Barrow | first=J. D.
| title=Natural Units Before Planck
| journal=Royal Astronomical Society Quarterly Journal
| year=1983 | volume=24 | pages=24–26
| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983QJRAS..24...24B
| accessdate=2008-08-30 }}</ref> However, Stoney believed these charges were permanently attached to atoms and could not be removed. In 1881, German physicist [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] argued that both positive and negative charges were divided into elementary parts, each of which "behaves like atoms of electricity".<ref name=arabatzis>{{cite book
| last=Arabatzis | first=Theodore | year=2006
| title=Representing Electrons: A Biographical Approach to Theoretical Entities
| publisher=University of Chicago Press
| isbn=0226024210 }}</ref>


===''Trap Muzik''===
In 1894, Stoney coined the term ''electron'' to represent these elementary charges.
T.I. released ''[[Trap Muzik]]'' in the summer 2003 through [[Grand Hustle Records]] and debuted at number four and sold 109,000 copies in its first week.<ref>Katie Hasty (April 5, 2006). [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002312492 T.I. Rules As 'King' Of Album Chart] ''Billboard''. Accessed October 9, 2008.</ref> It spawned the singles "24s", "[[Be Easy (T.I. Song)|Be Easy]]", "[[Rubberband Man]]", and "[[Let's Get Away]]". The album featured guest appearances by [[Eightball & MJG]], [[Jazze Pha]], [[Bun B]] and Macboney and producers include [[Jazze Pha]], [[Kanye West]], [[David Banner]], [[Madvac]] and [[DJ Toomp]]. The success of the album was followed by some controversy; while on tour, T.I. was charged with violating his [[probation]] over a 2003 drug charge, and turned himself in. He was sentenced to three years in [[prison]]. While there, he was granted rights to film the [[music video]] for "Let's Get Away". It sold over 1 million copies in the U.S. and was certified Platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]].<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=trap%20muzik&artist=t.i.&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 Gold & Platinum - Search Results] ''RIAA''. Accessed October 9, 2008.</ref>


===''Urban Legend''===
{{quote|1=In this paper an estimate was made of the actual amount of this most remarkable fundamental unit of electricity, for which I have since ventured to suggest the name ''electron''.|2={{Cite journal
T.I. released his third album ''[[Urban Legend (album)|Urban Legend]]'' in late 2004.
| last = Stoney | first = George Johnstone
| authorlink = George Johnstone Stoney
| title = Of the "Electron," or Atom of Electricity
| journal = [[Philosophical Magazine]]
| volume = 38 | issue = 5 | pages = 418–420
| year = 1894 | month = October
| url = http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Stoney-1894.html }}}}


His first single is "[[Bring 'Em Out (song)|Bring 'Em Out]]", having much success. His second single is "[[U Don't Know Me (T.I. song)|U Don't Know Me]]". His third single "A.S.A.P." reached #75 on the U.S. charts,{{Fact|date=May 2008}} #18 on the U.S. R&B charts,{{Fact|date=May 2008}} #14 on the Rap charts, and #35 on the U.K. singles chart.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} T.I. created a video for "ASAP"/"Motivation". However, "Motivation" appeared on the U.S. R&B singles chart, but not on the other charts like "A.S.A.P.".
===Identification===
[[Image:Schattenkreuzröhre-in use-lateral view-standing cross.jpg|right|thumb|Lateral view of a [[Crookes tube]], with the cathode at left. The profile of the cross-shaped anode is projected against the tube face at right by the beam of particles.]]
Progress in the study of electrons began to occur once a [[cathode ray]] tube was developed that had a [[high vacuum]] within its interior. Once he had accomplished this during the 1870s,<ref>{{cite journal
| last=DeKosky | first=Robert
| title=William Crookes and the quest for absolute vacuum in the 1870s
| journal=Annals of Science | year=1983
| volume=40 | issue=1 | pages=1–18
| doi=10.1080/00033798300200101 }}</ref> English chemist and physicist Sir [[William Crookes]] was able to show that the luminescence rays appearing within the tube carried energy and moved from the cathode to the anode. Further, by applying a magnetic field, he was able to deflect the rays, thereby demonstrating that the beam behaved as though it were negatively charged.<ref name=leicester>*{{cite book
| last=Leicester | first=Henry M. | year=1971
| title=The Historical Background of Chemistry
| publisher=Courier Dover Publications
| isbn=0486610535 }}</ref> In 1879, he proposed that these properties could be explained by what he termed 'radiant matter'. He suggested that this was a fourth state of matter, consisting of negatively charged molecules that were being projected with high velocity from the cathode.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Zekman | first=P. | editor=Lockyer, Norman
| title=Sir William Crookes, F.R.S.
| journal=Nature | year=1907
| volume=77 | issue=1984 | pages=1–3
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UtYRAAAAYAAJ
| accessdate=2008-08-25 }}</ref>


In 2006, T.I. received two [[Grammy Award]] nominations for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Song Collaboration]] ("Soldier" w/ Destiny's Child & Lil Wayne) and [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance|Best Rap Solo Performance]] for "U Don't Know Me" at The [[48th Grammy Awards]].
The German-born British physicist [[Arthur Schuster]] expanded upon Crookes's experiments by placing metal plates in parallel to the cathode rays and applying an electrical potential between the plates. The resulting field deflected the rays toward the positive plate, providing further evidence that the rays carried negative charge. By measuring the amount of deflection for a given level of current, in 1890 Schuster was able to estimate the [[Mass-to-charge ratio|charge-to-mass ratio]]<!-- Note: the older sources list charge-to-mass rather than the modern mass-to-charge ratio --> of the ray components. However, this produced such an unexpectedly large value that little credence was given to his calculations at the time.<ref name=leicester/>


===''King''===
In 1896, British physicist [[J.J. Thomson]], with his colleagues [[John Sealy Townsend|John S. Townsend]] and [[Harold A. Wilson (physicist)|H. A. Wilson]],<ref name=weinberg>{{cite book
His fourth album, ''[[King (T.I. album)|King]]'' debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart in the first half of 2006, selling 522,000 copies in its first week.<ref>Katie Hasty (April 5, 2006). [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002312492 T.I. Rules As 'King' of Album Chart] ''Billboard''. Accessed October 9, 2008.</ref> T.I. released his [[promo-single]]s "[[Front Back]]" and "Ride with Me" before the album's release date. The singles had small attention, but it helped promote the album and his debut movie ''[[ATL (film)|ATL]]''. The album also included other singles, "[[What You Know]]", "[[Why You Wanna]]", "[[Live in the Sky]]", and a remix of "[[Top Back]]". ''King'' has earned numerous awards and nominations including a [[Grammy Award]] nomination for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Album|Best Rap Album]].
| last=Weinberg | first=Steven | year=2003
| title=The Discovery of Subatomic Particles
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| isbn=052182351X }}</ref> performed experiments indicating that cathode rays really were unique particles, rather than waves, atoms or molecules as was believed earlier. Thomson made good estimates of both the charge ''e'' and the mass ''m'', finding that cathode ray particles, which he called "corpuscles," had perhaps one thousandth of the mass of the least massive ion known (hydrogen). He also showed that their charge to mass ratio, ''e''/''m'', was independent of cathode material. He further showed that the negatively charged particles produced by radioactive materials, by heated materials and by illuminated materials were universal.<ref>{{cite web
| last=Thomson | first=J. J. | date=1906-12-11
| url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-lecture.html
| title=Lecture, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906
| publisher=The Nobel Foundation
| accessdate=2008-08-25
}}</ref> The name electron was again proposed for these particles by the Irish physicist [[George FitzGerald|George F. Fitzgerald]], and it has since gained universal acceptance.<ref name=leicester />


"What You Know" won for "[[Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance|Best Rap Solo Performance]]" and was nominated for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Song|Best Rap Song]] at the [[49th Grammy Awards]].
While studying naturally [[Fluorescence|fluorescing]] minerals in 1896, French physicist [[Henri Becquerel]] discovered that they emitted radiation without any exposure to an external energy source. These [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] materials became the subject of much interest by scientists, including New Zealand physicist [[Ernest Rutherford]] who discovered they emitted particles. He designated these particles [[Alpha particle|alpha]] and [[Beta particle|beta]], based on their ability to penetrate matter.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Trenn | first=Thaddeus J.
| title=Rutherford on the Alpha-Beta-Gamma Classification of Radioactive Rays
| journal=Isis | date=March 1976
| volume=67 | issue=1 | pages=61–75
| url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/231134 | accessdate=2008-09-04 }}</ref> In 1900, Becquerel showed that the beta rays emitted by [[radium]] could be deflected by an electrical field, and that their mass-to-charge ratio was the same as for cathode rays.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Becquerel | first=Henri
| title=Déviation du Rayonnement du Radium dans un Champ Électrique
| journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
| year=1900 | volume=130 | pages=809–815
| language=French }}</ref> This evidence strengthened the view that electrons existed as components of atoms.<ref>{{cite book
| last=Buchwald | first=Jed Z.
| coauthors=Warwick, Andrew
| title=Histories of the Electron: The Birth of Microphysics
| year=2001 | publisher=MIT Press
| isbn=0262524244 | pages = 90-91}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last=Myers | first=William G.
| title=Becquerel's Discovery of Radioactivity in 1896
| journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine | year=1976
| volume=17 | issue=7 | pages=579–582
| url=http://jnm.snmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/7/579
| accessdate=2008-09-04 }}</ref>


T.I. collaborated with [[Justin Timberlake]] for "[[My Love (Justin Timberlake song)|My Love]]", which proved to be a worldwide hit. It earned him a Grammy Award for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] with Justin Timberlake at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards.
The electron's charge was more carefully measured by American physicist [[Robert Andrews Millikan|Robert Millikan]] in his [[oil-drop experiment]] of 1909. This experiment used an electrical field to prevent a charged droplet of oil from falling as a result of gravity. This device could measure the electrical charge from as few as 1&ndash;150 ions with an error margin of less than 0.3%. Comparable experiments had been done earlier by Thomson's team, using a clouds of charged water droplets generated by electrolysis.<ref name=weinberg /> However, oil drops, were more stable than water drops due to their slower evaporation rate, and thus more suited to precise experimentation over longer periods of time.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Millikan | first=R. A.
| title=The Isolation of an Ion, a Precision Measurement of its Charge, and the Correction of Stokes's Law
| journal=Physical Review | year=1911
| volume=32 | issue=2 | pages=349–397
| doi=10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.32.349 }}</ref>


===''T.I. vs. T.I.P.''===
Around the beginning of the twentieth century, it was found that under certain conditions a charged particle caused a condensation of water vapor. In 1911, [[Charles Thomson Rees Wilson|Charles Wilson]] used this principle to devise his [[cloud chamber]], allowing the tracks of charged particles, such as fast-moving electrons, to be photographed. This and subsequent [[particle detector]]s allowed electrons to be studied individually, rather than in bulk as had been the case before.<ref>{{cite journal
T.I. released his fifth album ''[[T.I. vs. T.I.P.]]'' on July 2007.
| last=Das Gupta | first=N. N. | coauthors=Ghosh, S. K.
| title=A Report on the Wilson Cloud Chamber and Its Applications in Physics
| journal=Reviews of Modern Physics | year=1999
| volume=18 | pages=225–290
| doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.18.225 }}</ref>


The first single from the album was "[[Big Things Poppin' (Do It)]]" which was produced by [[Mannie Fresh]]. The single was released to radio stations on April 17. T.I. released a second single "[[You Know What It Is]]" featuring [[Wyclef Jean]] on June 12, 2007.
===Atomic theory===
[[Image:Bohr atom model English.svg|right|thumb|The Bohr model of the atom, showing quantized states of electron orbital energy. An electron dropping to a lower orbit emits a photon equal to the energy difference between the orbits.]]
By 1914, experiments by physicists Ernest Rutherford, [[Henry Moseley]], [[James Franck]] and [[Gustav Ludwig Hertz|Gustav Hertz]]
had largely established the structure of an atom as a dense [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] of positive charge surrounded by lower mass electrons.<ref name=smirnov /> In 1913, Danish physicist [[Niels Bohr]] postulated that electrons resided in quantized energy states, with the energy determined by the [[angular momentum]] of the electron's orbits about the nucleus. The electrons could move between these states, or orbits, by the emission or absorption of photons at specific frequencies. By means of these quantized orbits, he accurately explained the spectral lines of hydrogen that were formed when the gas is energized by heat or electricity. However, Bohr's model failed to account for the relative intensities of the spectral lines and it was unsuccessful in explaining the spectrum of more complex atoms.<ref name=smirnov>{{cite book
| last=Smirnov | first=Boris M. | year=2003
| title=Physics of Atoms and Ions
| publisher=Springer | isbn=038795550X }}</ref>


''T.I. vs. T.I.P.'' sold 468,000 copies in the United States, according to [[Nielsen SoundScan]], and debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The Grand Hustle/Atlantic set is T.I.'s second chart-topper in the past year-and-a-half; ''[[King (T.I. album)|King]]'' opened at number one on the Billboard 200 with 522,000 copies in late March 2006.<ref>{{cite news | first = Katy | last = Hasty | title = T.I. Is Top Dog Again On The Billboard 200 | url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003609787 | work = | publisher = Billboard magazine |date=2007-07-11 | accessdate = 2007-07-11 | language = | quote = }}</ref> The album included guests by [[Jay-Z]], [[Busta Rhymes]], Wyclef Jean, [[Nelly]], and [[Eminem]] with productions by Eminem, [[Bass Brothers|Jeff Bass]], [[Mannie Fresh]], [[Grand Hustle Records#DJs and producers|Grand Hustle]], [[The Runners]], [[Just Blaze]], Wyclef Jean and [[Danja]]. This is his first album without production by long time producer [[DJ Toomp]].
[[Chemical bond]]s between atoms were now explained, by [[Gilbert Newton Lewis]] in 1916, as the interactions between their constituent electrons.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Lewis | first=Gilbert N.
| title=The Atom and the Molecule
| journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society
| date=April 1916 | volume=38 | issue=4
| pages=762-786 | doi=10.1021/ja02261a002 }}</ref> As the [[Chemical property|chemical properties]] of the elements were known to largely repeat themselves according to the [[periodic law]],<ref>{{cite book
| last=Scerri | first=Eric R. | year=2007
| title=The Periodic Table
| publisher=Oxford University Press US
| isbn=0195305736 | pages=205–226 }}</ref> in 1919 the American chemist [[Irving Langmuir]] suggested that this could be explained if the electrons in an atom were connected or clustered in some manner. Groups of electrons were thought to occupy a set of [[electron shell]]s about the nucleus.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Langmuir | first=Irving
| title=The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules
| journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society
| year=1919 | volume=41 | issue=6 | pages=868–934
| url=http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Langmuir-1919b.html
| accessdate=2008-09-01 }}</ref>


On October 3, 2007, T.I. released his third single, "[[Hurt (T.I. song)|Hurt]]", featuring Busta Rhymes.
In 1924, Austrian physicist [[Wolfgang Pauli]] observed that the shell-like structure of the atom could be explained if each quantum energy state was described by a set of four parameters, as long as each state was inhabited by no more than a single electron. (This prohibition against more than one electron occupying the same quantum energy state became known as the [[Pauli exclusion principle]].)<ref>{{cite book
| last=Massimi | first=Michela | year=2005
| title=Pauli's Exclusion Principle, The Origin and Validation of a Scientific Principle
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| isbn=0521839114 }}</ref> However, what physicists lacked was a physical mechanism to explain the fourth parameter, which had two possible values. This was provided by the Dutch physicists [[Samuel Abraham Goudsmit|Abraham Goudsmith]] and [[George Uhlenbeck]] when they suggested that an electron, in addition to the angular momentum of its orbit, could possess an intrinsic angular momentum.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Uhlenbeck | first=G. E. | coauthors=Goudsmith, S.
| title=Ersetzung der Hypothese vom unmechanischen Zwang durch eine Forderung bezüglich des inneren Verhaltens jedes einzelnen Elektrons
| journal=Die Naturwissenschaften | year=1925
| volume=13 | issue=47 | language=German
| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1925NW.....13..953E
| accessdate=2008-09-02 }}</ref><ref name=smirnov /> This property became known as [[Spin (physics)|spin]], and it explained the previously mysterious splitting of spectral lines observed with a high resolution [[spectrograph]]; a phenomenon known as [[fine structure]] splitting.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=W. | first=Pauli
| title=Über die Gesetzmäßigkeiten des anomalen Zeemaneffektes
| journal=Zeitschrift für Physik | year=1923
| volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=155–164
| language=German
| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1923ZPhy...16..155P
| accessdate=2008-09-02 }}</ref>


===Modern particle physics===
===''Paper Trail''===
T.I. released his sixth album ''[[Paper Trail]]'' on September 30, 2008. The title of the album refers to the lyrics he had written down on paper. Like many other rappers, T.I. abandoned this style of rapping after his debut album ''[[I'm Serious]]'' by just memorizing lyrics. "He wanted to take more time to really put something down (this time)," explains his rep.<ref>[http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=16203 ''XXLmag.com'' - T.I. recording new album while on house arrest (November 12, 2007)]</ref> The album debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] selling 568,000 copies in the United States.<ref name="Billboard">Katie Hasty (October 8, 2008). [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003871707 T.I. Debuts Big Atop Billboard 200, Hot 100] ''Billboard''. Accessed October 8, 2008.</ref>
During his 1924 dissertation ''Recherches sur la théorie des quanta'', French physicist [[de Broglie hypothesis|Louis de Broglie hypothesized]] that all matter possesses a [[wave–particle duality]] similar to photons.<ref>{{cite web
| last=de Broglie | first=Louis | date=1929-12-12
| url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/broglie-lecture.html
| title=Lecture, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929
| publisher=Nobel Foundation
| accessdate=2008-08-30 }}</ref> That is, under the appropriate conditions, electrons and other matter would show properties of either particles or waves. The wave-like nature of light occurs, for example, when light is passed through parallel slits, resulting in [[interference]] patterns. In 1937, a similar effect was demonstrated from a beam of electrons by English physicist [[George Paget Thomson]] with a thin metal film and by American physicists [[Clinton Davisson]] and [[Lester Germer]] using a crystal of [[nickel]].<ref>{{cite web
| last=Davisson | first=Clinton | date=1937-12-13
| url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1937/davisson-lecture.html
| title=Lecture, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937
| publisher=Nobel Foundation
| accessdate=2008-08-30 }}</ref>


The first promo single off of the album, "[[No Matter What (T.I. song)|No Matter What]]", was released on April 29, 2008. The music video was released on June 27 on MTV's [[FNMTV|FN Premieres]]. The second promo single is "Swing Ya Rag" which is produced and featuring [[Swizz Beatz]].<ref>[http://www.rap-up.com/2008/07/11/single-cover-ti-swing-ya-rag/ "Swing Ya Rag" single cover.] Accessed July 11, 2008.</ref> The first main single off the album "[[Whatever You Like]]", was released on July 29, and became his most successful single of his career so far, breaking the record for the highest jump to number one on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], jumping from #71 to #1. It is T.I.'s first solo number one on the chart. With the subsequent single "[[Live Your Life]]" featuring [[Rihanna]], T.I. broke his own record on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] when it jumped from #80 to the #1 spot.<ref name="Billboard"/>
[[Image:Orbital s 1.png|right|thumb|In quantum mechanics, the behavior of an electron in an atom is described by an [[orbital]], which is a probability distribution rather than an orbit.]]
The success of de Broglie's prediction led to the publication, by [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1926, of the wave equation that successfully describes how electron waves propagated.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Schrödinger | first=Erwin
| title=Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem
| journal=Annalen der Physik | year=1926
| volume=385 | issue=13 | pages=437–490
| language=German
| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926AnP...385..437S
| accessdate=2008-08-31 }}</ref> Rather than yielding a solution that determines the location of an electron over time, this wave equation gives the probability of finding an electron near a position. This approach became the theory of [[quantum mechanics]], which provided an exact derivation to the energy states of an electron in a hydrogen atom.<ref>{{cite book
| last=Rigden | first=John S. | year=2003
| title=Hydrogen | publisher=Harvard University Press
| pages=59–86 | isbn=0674012526 }}</ref> Once the electron spin and the interaction between multiple electrons is taken into consideration, the Schroedinger wave equation successfully predicted the configuration of electrons in atoms with higher atomic numbers than hydrogen. However, for atoms with multiple electrons, the exact solution to the wave equation is much more complicated, so approximations were often necessary.<ref>{{cite book
| last=Reed | first=Bruce Cameron | year=2007
| title=Quantum Mechanics
| publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers
| pages=275–350 | isbn=0763744514 }}</ref>


==Other ventures==
With the development of the [[particle accelerator]] during the first half of the twentieth century, physicists began to delve deeper into the properties of sub-atomic particles.<ref>{{cite web
===Acting career===
| last=Panofsky | first=Wolfgang K. H. | year=1997
In Spring 2006, T.I. starred in his first film, ''[[ATL (film)|ATL]]''. The other cast members included [[Lauren London]], [[Big Boi|Antoine Patton]], [[Evan Ross]], [[Mykelti Williamson]], [[Jason Weaver]], and [[Keith David]]. The movie was written by Tina Gordon Chism and [[Antwone Fisher]], produced by Timothy M. Bourne, [[Tionne Watkins]], and [[Will Smith]], and directed by [[Chris Robinson (director)|Christopher Robinson]]. T.I. played the character Rashad Swann, an orphaned 17-year-old senior in high school. In its opening weekend, the film grossed a total of $11.5 million, ranking third in the United States box office, and went on to gross $21.2. It grossed a million nationwide.<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=atl.htm "ATL Box Office"]</ref>
| url=http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/27/1/27-1-panofsky.pdf
| title=The Evolution of Particle Accelerators & Colliders
| publisher=Stanford University
| accessdate=2008-09-15 }}</ref> The first successful attempt to accelerate electrons using magnetic induction was made in 1942 by [[Donald Kerst]]. His first [[betatron]] reached energies of 2.3 MeV, while subsequent betatrons achieved 300&nbsp;MeV. In 1947, [[synchrotron radiation]] was discovered with a 70-MeV electron synchrotron at [[General Electric|GE]]. This radiation was caused by the acceleration of electrons, moving near the [[speed of light]], through a magnetic field.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Elder | first=F. R.
| coauthors=Gurewitsch, A. M.; Langmuir, R. V.; Pollock, H. C.
| title=Radiation from Electrons in a Synchrotron
| journal=Physical Review | year=1947
| volume=71 | issue=11 | pages=829–830
| doi=10.1103/PhysRev.71.829.5 }}</ref> With a beam energy of 1.5 GeV, the first high-energy
[[particle collider]] was [[ADONE]], which began operations in 1968.<ref>{{cite book
| last=Hoddeson | first=Lillian
| coauthors=Brown, Laurie; Riordan, Michael; Dresden, Max
| title=The Rise of the Standard Model: Particle Physics in the 1960s and 1970s
| publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1997
| pages=25&ndash;26 | isbn=0521578167 }}</ref> This device accelerated electrons and [[positron]]s (the [[antiparticle]] of the electron) in opposite directions, effectively doubling the energy of their collision (when compared to striking a static target).<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Bernardini | first=Carlo
| title=AdA:The First Electron-Positron Collider
| journal=Physics in Perspective | year=2004
| volume=6 | issue=2 | pages=156–183
| url=http://ads.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/abs/2004PhP.....6..156B
| accessdate=2008-09-15 }}</ref> The
[[Large Electron-Positron Collider]] at [[CERN]], which was operational from 1989&ndash;2000, achieved energies of 209&nbsp;GeV and made important measurements for the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics.<ref>{{cite web
| author=Staff | year=2008
| url=http://public.web.cern.ch/PUBLIC/en/Research/LEPExp-en.html
| title=Testing the Standard Model: The LEP experiments
| publisher=CERN | accessdate=2008-09-15 }}</ref>


T.I. also appeared in ''[[American Gangster (film)|American Gangster]]'' with fellow rappers [[Common (rapper)|Common]] and [[RZA]].<ref>[http://www.vh1.com/movies/news/articles/1538156/story.jhtml "T.I. To Star With Oscar Favorites Denzel Washington, Russell Crowe"]</ref> and was featured on the soundtrack.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1558984/20070507/story.jhtml "Common Exclusive: MC To Act Alongside Angelina Jolie In Ultra-Violent 'Wanted'"] </ref>
==Characteristics==
===Classification===
[[Image:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|right|thumb|280px|Standard model of elementary particles. The electron is at lower left.]]
The electron belongs to the group of subatomic particles called [[lepton]]s, which are believed to be [[fundamental particle]]s. Electrons have the lowest mass of any electrically charged lepton. In the [[Standard Model]] of [[particle physics]], the electron is the first-[[generation (particle physics)|generation]] charged [[lepton]]. It forms a [[weak isospin]] doublet with the [[electron neutrino]]; an uncharged, first generation lepton with little or no mass.<ref name=quigg>{{cite conference
| last=Quigg | first=Chris
| title=The Electroweak Theory
| booktitle=TASI 2000: Flavor Physics for the Millennium
| pages=80 | publisher=arXiv
| date=June 4–30, 2000 | location=Boulder, Colorado
| url=http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0204104v1
| accessdate=2008-09-21 }}</ref>


According to HHNLive.com T.I. revealed that he is launching Grand Hustle Films. The first project from the movie division of his Grand Hustle brand is titled ''Once Was Lost''. T.I. will star in the film alongside veteran Hollywood actor [[Danny Glover]], who will also act as producer. Filming is scheduled to begin in October 2008.<ref> [http://www.hhnlive.com/news/more/1392 "T.I. To Star With Danny Glover; Readies Grand Hustle Films"]</ref>
The electron is very similar to the two more massive particles of higher generations, the [[muon]] and the [[tau lepton]], which are identical in charge, [[spin (physics)|spin]], and [[fundamental interaction|interaction]], but differ in mass. All members of the lepton group belong to the family of [[fermion]]s. This family includes all [[elementary particle]]s with half-odd integer [[Spin (physics)|spin]]; the electron has spin ½. Leptons differ from the other basic constituent of matter, the [[quark]]s, by their lack of [[strong interaction]].<ref name=raith>{{cite book
| first=Wilhelm | last=Raith
| coauthors=Mulvey, Thomas | year=2001
| title=Constituents of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, Nuclei and Particles
| publisher=CRC Press | isbn=0849312027 | pages = 777-781 }}</ref>


In September 2008, T.I. appeared as himself in the ''[[Entourage (TV series)|Entourage]]'' episode "The All Out Fall Out" as one of [[Ari Gold (Entourage)|Ari Gold]]'s clients.
The [[antiparticle]] of an electron is the [[positron]], which has the same mass and spin as the electron but a positive rather than negative charge.<ref name=raith/> The discoverer of the positron, [[Carl D. Anderson]], proposed calling standard electrons ''negatrons'', and using ''electron'' as a generic term to describe both the positively and negatively charged variants. This usage of the term "negatron" is still occasionally encountered today, and it may also be shortened to "negaton".<ref name="schweber">{{cite book
| last = Schweber | first = Silvan S.
| title = An Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Field Theory
| publisher = [[Dover Publications]] | year = 2005
| edition = 2nd | origyear=1962
| isbn = 0-486-44228-4}}</ref>


===Fundamental properties===
===Producing===
T.I was co-executive producer of [[B.G. (rapper)|B.G.]]'s upcoming album and making beats for artists like [[Mariah Carey]], [[Cassidy (rapper)|Cassidy]], [[Rick Ross (rapper)|Rick Ross]], [[Maino]], B.o.B., [[Yung Joc]], [[Young Dro]], and himself.<ref>[http://www.vibe.com/news/news_headlines/2007/04/tip_goes_in/ "Tip Goes In"]</ref> He also executive produced the [[Hustle & Flow (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] to the film ''[[Hustle & Flow]]'' and released the collection through his record label.<ref>[http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_html_b1?release_id=112209 "Hustle & Flow" Earns Oscar for Original Song for "It's Hard Out Here For A Pimp"]</ref>
When an electron is stationary, its [[rest mass]]
is [[Orders of magnitude (mass)|9.11{{Esp|-31}}&nbsp;kg]].<ref name=CODATA /> On the atomic scale, this is equal to 5.489{{Esp|-4}}&nbsp;[[Atomic mass unit|u]], where 1&nbsp;u is one-twelfth the mass of a neutral [[Carbon-12|<sup>12</sup>C]] atom. Based on [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s principle of [[mass–energy equivalence]], this mass corresponds to a [[rest energy]] of 0.511&nbsp;MeV, where an eV, or [[electron volt]], is defined as the energy acquired by an electron being accelerated through an electrical potential of one [[volt]]. The [[proton-to-electron mass ratio]] is about 1836.<ref>{{cite book
| last=Zombeck | first=Martin V. | year=2007
| title=Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| edition=Third edition | isbn=0521782422 }}</ref> This ratio is one of the fundamental constants of physics, and the [[Standard Model]] of [[particle physics]] assumes this and other constants are unchanging. Astronomical measurements show that the ratio has held the same value for at least half the current [[age of the universe]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Murphy | first=Michael T.
| coauthors=Flambaum, Victor V.; Muller, Sébastien; Henkel, Christian
| title=Strong Limit on a Variable Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Molecules in the Distant Universe
| journal=Science | date=2008-06-20 | volume=320
| issue=5883 | pages=1611–1613
| url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/320/5883/1611
| accessdate=2008-09-03 }}</ref> However, the rest energy of the electron has been shown to vary by
10<sup>&minus;6</sup>&ndash;10<sup>&minus;9</sup>&nbsp;eV because of local fluctuations of temperature and magnetic field.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Hagelstein | first=Peter L.
| coauthors=Chaudhary, Irfan U.
| title=Electron mass shift in nonthermal systems
| journal=Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
| year=2008 | volume=41 | issue=12 | pages=125001
| doi=10.1088/0953-4075/41/12/125001 }}</ref>


===Television producing===
Electrons have an [[electric charge]] of −[[Orders of magnitude (charge)|1.602&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>−19</sup>&nbsp;C]],<ref name=CODATA /> which is used as a standard unit of [[elementary charge]] for subatomic particles. Within the limits of experimental accuracy, the electron charge is identical to the charge of a proton, but with the opposite sign.<ref>{{cite journal
Late 2007, T.I. linked up with Los Angeles based production company 828 Entertainment to executive produce a new reality show titled ''Life on Mars'' which chronicles the life of young prodigy music producer LaMar "MARS" Edwards.<ref>[http://www.trendpimp.com/article/321/Life_On_Mars.html Life On Mars]</ref><ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.6501/title.t-i-to-executive-produce-reality-show T.I. to Produce New Reality Show]</ref> T.I. partnered 828 Entertainment with his company [[Grand Hustle Records]] to produce a slate of both television and film projects.
| last=Zorn | first=Jens C.
| coauthors=Chamberlain, George E.; Hughes, Vernon W.
| title=Experimental Limits for the Electron-Proton Charge Difference and for the Charge of the Neutron
| journal=Physical Review | year=1963
| volume=129 | issue=6 | pages=2566–2576
| doi=10.1103/PhysRev.129.2566 }}</ref> As the symbol ''e'' is used for the constant of electrical charge, the electron is commonly symbolized by e<sup>&minus;</sup>, where the minus sign indicates the negative charge.<ref name=CODATA />


==Controversy==
The electron is currently described as a [[elementary particle|''fundamental'' or ''elementary'' particle]]. It has no known [[preon|substructure]].<ref>{{cite journal
===Lil' Flip===
| last=Eichten | first=Estia J.
{{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}
| coauthors=Lane, Kenneth D.; Peskin, Michael E.
According to [[AllHipHop]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.allhiphop.com/hiphopnews/?ID=4233| title ="Sources Say Lil Flip And TI Have Physical Confrontation"| accessmonthday = January 20| accessyear = 2007 | author = All Hip Hop|date= }}</ref> T.I. and Lil' Flip had an altercation in Lil' Flip's neighborhood, the [[Cloverland, Houston, Texas|Cloverland]] section of Houston. It has been said that T.I. went there to create a [[DVD]] exposing Lil' Flip to be a fraud. The same day T.I. went on a [[Houston, Texas]] radio station talking about the altercation. He revealed that he had the tape and he was going to release it with an upcoming mixtape, but that didn't happen due to the fact that [[J. Prince]] stopped him from distributing the tape. It is unknown whether T.I. still has the tape or not. The feud was squashed by Rap-A-Lot's J. Prince after having them sit down and resolve their feud. The feud was documented by the [[Houston Press]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.houstonpress.com/issues/2005-04-07/music/music2.html| title ="Where's the Beef? Right here in H-town"| accessmonthday = January 20| accessyear = 2007| author = Houston Press|date= }}</ref>
| title=New Tests for Quark and Lepton Substructure
| journal=Physical Review Letters | year=1983
| volume=50 | pages=030802(1&ndash;4)
| doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.030802
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last=Gabrielse | first=G.
| coauthors=Hanneke, D.; Kinoshita, T.; Nio, M.; Odom, B.
| title=New Determination of the Fine Structure Constant from the Electron ''g'' Value and QED
| journal=Physical Review Letters | year=2006
| volume=97 | pages=811&ndash;814
| doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.811 }}</ref> Hence, for convenience, it is usually defined or assumed to be a [[point charge]] with no [[spatial]] extent; a [[point particle]].<ref name=curtis74>{{cite book
| last=Curtis | first=Lorenzo J. | pages = 74 | year=2003
| title=Atomic Structure and Lifetimes: A Conceptual Approach
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| isbn=0521536359 }}Curtis (2003:74).</ref> Observation of a single electron in a [[Penning trap]] shows the upper limit of the particle's radius is 10<sup>&minus;22</sup>&nbsp;m.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Dehmelt | first=Hans
| title=A Single Atomic Particle Forever Floating at Rest in Free Space: New Value for Electron Radius
| journal=Physica Scripta
| year=1988 | volume=T22 | pages=102–110
| doi=10.1088/0031-8949/1988/T22/016 }}</ref> The [[classical electron radius]] is 2.8179{{Esp|&minus;15}}&nbsp;[[Metre|m]]. This is the radius that is inferred from the electron's electric charge, by using the [[classical electromagnetism|classical]] theory of [[electrodynamics]] alone, ignoring [[quantum mechanics]].


===Chaka Zulu===
Several elementary particles are known to spontaneously [[Particle decay|decay]] into different particles. An example is the [[muon]], which decays into an electron and two [[neutrino]]s with a [[half life]] of 2.2{{Esp|-6}}&nbsp;seconds. However, the electron is thought to be stable on theoretical grounds; an electron decaying into a neutrino and photon would mean that electrical [[Charge conservation|charge is not conserved]].<ref>{{cite journal
On June 24, 2007 at the Sunset Tower Hotel in [[West Hollywood, California]], T.I. was involved in a brawl. During a luncheon held by Kevin Liles of Warner Music Group (parent company of T.I.'s label, Atlantic Records), the MC got into a fight with [[Ludacris]]' manager Chaka Zulu. According to witnesses, T.I. punched Zulu in the face and choked him and a small, brief melee ensued.<ref>Shaheem Reid (June 25, 2007). [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1563235/20070624/t_i_.jhtml T.I., Ludacris' Manager Get Into Scuffle At Industry Event] ''MTV''. Accessed October 3, 2008.</ref>
| last=Steinberg | first=R. I.
| coauthors=Kwiatkowski, K.; Maenhaut, W.; Wall, N. S.
| title=Experimental test of charge conservation and the stability of the electron
| journal=Physical Review D
| year=1999 | volume=61 | issue=2 | pages=2582–2586
| doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.12.2582 }}</ref> The experimental lower bound for the electron's [[mean lifetime]] is 4.6{{Esp|26}}&nbsp;years, with a 90% confidence interval.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Yao | first=W.-M. | coauthors=Particle Data Group
| title=Review of Particle Physics
| journal=Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
| month=July | year=2006 | volume=33
| issue=1 | pages=77–115
| doi=10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001 }}</ref>


T.I. brought home the award for Best Hip-Hop Artist at the [[BET Awards]], and took the opportunity to apologize for his scuffle with Disturbing tha Peace executive Chaka Zulu earlier in the week. While accepting his award, he expressed regret over the situation. "They say it's a fine line between brilliance and insanity," he said, in an apparent reference to his troublesome alter ego, T.I.P. During the broadcast, cameras showed his onetime rival [[Ludacris]] smiling in the audience. The audience stood up and clapped for T.I.<ref>[http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=11125 T.I. Takes Home BET Award, Apologizes for Scuffle]</ref>
===Quantum mechanics===
As with all particles, electrons can also act as waves. This is called the [[wave-particle duality]] and can be demonstrated using the [[double-slit experiment]]. The wave-like nature of the electron allows it to pass through two parallel slits simultaneously, rather than just one slit as would be the case for a classical particle. In [[quantum mechanics]], the wave-like property of an electron is described mathematically by the [[wavefunction]], which is represented by the Greek letter Psi (Ψ). When this function is squared, it gives the probabilility that an electron will be observed near a location&mdash;the [[electron density]].<ref name=munowitz>{{cite book
| last=Munowitz | first=Michael | year=2005
| title=Knowing, The Nature of Physical Law
| publisher=Oxford University Press
| isbn=0195167376 | pages=162&ndash;218 }}</ref>


===Shawty Lo===
Electrons are [[identical particles]] because they can not be distinguished from each other by their intrinsic physical properties. In quantum mechanics, this means that a pair of interacting electrons must be able to swap positions without an observable change to their condition. That is, the [[probability distribution]] for an identical pair must remain unchanged after they switch positions. The wavefunction describing such an interaction can either remain the same following a particle swap or it change sign; mathematically, the square of &minus;Ψ will have the same probability density as the function with a positive sign. The sign-changing case is called an antisymmetrical wavefunction and it is characteristic of all identical fermions, including electrons. Bosons, such as the photon, have symmetric wave functions.<ref name=munowitz />
Rapper and [[D4L]] member [[Shawty Lo]] released his second single [[Dunn Dunn]] which was directly aimed at T.I. In response, T.I. made a diss track called ''You Done It Now''. In T.I.'s song ''[[No Matter What (T.I. song)|No Matter What]]'' from ''[[Paper Trail]]'', T.I. says "So you up and coming rappers wanna diss, just kill it. I'm officially the realest, point blank, period." which is directed to [[Shawty Lo]]. The album features a song called ''[[What Up, What's Happenin']]'' that directly disses Shawty Lo with lines such as "Still I hear you loud and clear on ya lil' song go on get ya dissin' on while the king gone" "'Cause I yell Bankhead and you felt left out I ain't mention yo name thats what all this bout?''


On May 16, 2008, [[Shawty Lo]] released a video asking anyone who knows T.I. to send him T.I.'s high school yearbook picture. [[Shawty Lo]] offered cash to anyone who would. [[Shawty Lo]] said that he wants to prove that T.I. isn't from [[Bankhead (Atlanta)|Bankhead]]. Also Shawty Lo knew the people already.<ref>[http://www.worldstarhiphop.com/videos/video.php?v=wshhg2wUWv9wR3wUS617 Shawty Lo wants T.I.'s yearbook picture.] Accessed May 14, 2008.</ref> T.I. continued to insult Shawty Lo, saying Shawty Lo only shows disrespect towards T.I. because he is successful.<ref>[http://www.hhworlds.com/forum/hip-hop/18549-08-02-08-t-i-gives-shawty-lo-late-jab.html "HHWorlds.com" - T.I. gives Shawty Lo A Late Jab (August 2, 2008)]</ref> On September 11, 2008, a audio clip was posted on World Star Hip-Hop of Lo ending the feud with T.I. as he said it was just a misunderstanding and Bankhead is a movement.
In the case of antisymmetry, solutions of the wave equation for interacting electrons result in a zero probability that each pair will occupy the exact same location or state. This is responsible for the [[Pauli exclusion principle]], which precludes any two electrons from occupying the same energy state. This principle explains many of the properties of electrons. For example, this causes groups of bound electrons to occupy different [[orbital]]s in an atom, rather than all overlapping each other in the same orbit.<ref name=munowitz />


===Virtual particles===
==Legal issues==
T.I. was on probation stemming from a 1998 [[conviction]] for violating a state controlled substances act and for giving false information. After being released on [[probation]], he earned a litany of probation violations in several counties around Georgia for offenses ranging from possession of a [[firearm]] to possession of [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]].<ref name"">{{cite web
Physicists believe that empty space may be continually creating pairs of [[virtual particle]]s, such as a positron and electron, which rapidly annihilate each other shortly thereafter.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1486501/04212004/t_i_.jhtml| title ="T.I. Sentenced 3 Years in Prison"| accessmonthday = January 9| accessyear = 2007| author = MTV News|date= }}</ref>
| last=Kane | first=Gordon | date=2006-10-09
In 2006, after appearing in an Atlanta court on (May 10) and having charges that he threatened a man outside a strip club last year dropped for lack of evidence, T.I. was arrested on an outstanding probation violation warrant from Florida. The warrant claims that T.I. did not complete the required number of community service hours he was sentenced for a 2003 assault of a female sheriff deputy at University Mall in [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]. T.I. was detained by several mall Security Guards at the time of the incident, among them, Jason Phillips (founder of Certified Protective Services), Larry Warner (founder of Tactical Response Services), and Arturo Ortiz, now a security manager in Florida. According to WBS-TV Atlanta, the rapper’s attorney has said that the problem was nothing more than a "technical matter" between [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Florida]]. The confusion arose because T.I. was also sentenced to community service in Georgia for driving with a suspended license, for which he did complete 75 hours of community service in his home state. The rapper was released on bail shortly after being arrested, and was expected to surrender to Florida state authorities next week to resolve the matter.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://xxlmag.com/online/?p=1611| title ="T.I. Briefly Jailed for Probation Violation"| accessmonthday = January 9| accessyear = 2007| author = XXL|date= }}</ref>
| url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=are-virtual-particles-rea&topicID=13
| title=Are virtual particles really constantly popping in and out of existence? Or are they merely a mathematical bookkeeping device for quantum mechanics?
| publisher=Scientific American
| accessdate=2008-09-19 }}</ref> The net energy from this reaction is zero. The combination of the energy variation needed to create these particles, and the time during which they exist, fall under the threshold of detectability expressed by the [[Uncertainty principle|Heisenberg uncertainty relation]], <math>\begin{smallmatrix}\Delta E\ \Delta t\ \ge\ \hbar\end{smallmatrix}</math>. In effect, the energy needed to create these virtual particles, Δ''E'', can be "borrowed" from the [[Vacuum state|vacuum]] for a period of time, Δ''t'', such that their product is no more than the [[Dirac constant]], <math>\begin{smallmatrix}\hbar\end{smallmatrix}</math> ≈ 6.6{{Esp|-16}}&nbsp;eV·s. Thus, for a virtual electron, Δ''t'' is at most 1.3{{Esp|-21}}&nbsp;s.<ref name=taylor>{{ cite book
| last=Taylor | first=John | year=1989
| editor=Davies, Paul
| chaptertitle=Gauge Theories in Particle Physics
| title=The New Physics
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| isbn=0521438314 | pages=464 }}</ref>


On October 13, 2007, federal authorities arrested T.I. four hours before the [[BET Awards|BET Hip-Hop Awards]]. He was charged with two felonies — [[National Firearms Act|possession of three unregistered machine guns and two silencers]], and [[Gun Control Act|possession of firearms by a convicted felon]]. The arrest was made in the parking lot of a downtown shopping center, which a witness identified as the [[Walgreens]] drug store at the corner of North and Piedmont avenues. Harris was arrested after allegedly trying to purchase the guns from a "cooperating witness" with the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]]. According to federal officials, the witness had been cooperating with authorities since Wednesday, when he was arrested on charges of trying to [[straw purchase|purchase guns from a federal agent]]. The witness has been working as Harris' bodyguard since July, authorities said.<ref>[http://www.accessatlanta.com/music/content/music/stories/2007/10/13/ti_1014.html?cxntlid=homepage_tab_newstab T.I. arrested in ATL on weapons charges]</ref><ref>[http://www.eurweb.com/story/eur37599.cfm DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE PRESS RELEASE: On arrest of rapper T.I. for possession of illegal firearms]</ref>
[[Image:Virtual pairs near electron.png|right|thumb|Virtual electron-positron pairs appearing at random near an electron (at lower left).]]
T.I. walked out of the courthouse in downtown Atlanta on October 26 after posting a $3 million bond, $2 million in cash and $1 million in equity on property he owns. The rapper must remain at home except for medical appointments and court appearances. The only people allowed to live with him are his girlfriend and children. Visitors must be approved by the court. T.I.'s suppression hearing was originally stated for January 3, 2008, however, U.S. Magistrate Alan Baverman pushed back the suppression hearing until February 19, 2008. The performer has since pleaded guilty to US federal weapons charges. He will serve a year in jail after completing 1,000 hours of community service.<ref>[http://www.hhworlds.com/f11/01-03-08-update-t-i-s-suppression-hearing-postponed-11033.html ''HHWorlds.com'' - Update: T.I.'s Suppression Hearing Pushed Postponed (January 3, 2008)]</ref>
While a electron-positron virtual pair is in existence, the [[coulomb force]] from the ambient [[electrical field]] surrounding an electron causes a created positron to be attracted to the original electron, while a created electron experiences a repulsion. This causes the two charged virtual particles to physically separate for a brief period before merging back together, and during this period they behave like an [[electric dipole]]. The combined effect of many such pair creations is to [[Shielding effect|partially shield]] the charge of the electron, a process called [[vacuum polarization]]. Thus the effective charge of an electron is actually smaller than its true value, and the charge increases with decreasing distance from the electron.<ref name=genz>{{cite book
| first=Henning | last=Genz | year=2001
| title=Nothingness: The Science of Empty Space
| publisher=Da Capo Press | isbn=0738206105 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last=Gribbin | first=John | date=1997-01-25
| title=More to electrons than meets the eye
| publisher=New Scientist
| url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15320662.300-science--more-to-electrons-than-meets-the-eye.html
| accessdate=2008-09-17 }}</ref> This polarization was confirmed experimentally in 1997 using the Japanese [[TRISTAN]] particle accelerator.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Levine | first=I. | coauthors=TOPAZ Collaboration
| title=Measurement of the Electromagnetic Coupling at Large Momentum Transfer
| journal=Physical Review Letters | year=1997
| volume=78 | pages=424–427
| doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.424 }}</ref>


==Community work==
The electron has an intrinsic [[angular momentum]] of [[spin (physics)|spin]] ½ as measured in units of <math>\begin{smallmatrix}\hbar\end{smallmatrix}</math>, and an intrinsic [[magnetic moment]] along its spin axis.<ref name=CODATA /> The concept of a dimensionless particle possessing properties that, in [[classical electromagnetism]], normally require a physical size is unclear. A possible explanation lies in the formation of [[Virtual particle|virtual photons]] in the electric field generated by the electron. The continual creation and absorption of these photons causes the electron to move about in a jittery fashion (known as [[zitterbewegung]]).<ref>{{cite journal
In addition to helping with Hurricane Katrina relief efforts, T.I. worked with troubled youths at Paulding Detention Center in Atlanta, provided scholarships for single parent families at Boys and Girls Clubs, and headlined the [[Boost Mobile]] [[Rockcorps]] concert at New York's [[Radio City Music Hall]], which featured such performers as [[Fat Joe]], [[Slim Thug]], and [[Kanye West]], and was held exclusively for community service volunteers. In June 2005, The [[Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes]] Foundation, named for the deceased member of multi-platinum female group [[TLC (music)|TLC]], and Atlanta's [[WVEE-FM|V-103]] honored T.I. with the 2005 [[Lisa Lopes]] Award for groundbreaking achievements in music and community service which was court ordered. With this steady list of growing accomplishments T.I. is being recognized as the "[[Jay-Z]] of the South," according to [[Pharrell Williams]] of multi-platinum production team [[The Neptunes]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hiphopgame.com/index2.php3?page=ti| title ="T.I.'s Artist Page At Hip Hop Game"| accessmonthday = January 20| accessyear = 2007| author = Hip Hop Game|date= }}</ref>
| last=Foldy | first=Leslie L.
| coauthors=Wouthuysen, Siegfried A.
| title=On the Dirac Theory of Spin 1/2 Particles and Its Non-Relativistic Limit
| journal=Physical Review | year=1950
| volume=78 | pages=29–36
| doi=10.1103/PhysRev.78.29 }}</ref> As photons possess [[angular momentum]], this jittering of the electron causes a net precession, which, on average, results in a circulatory motion of the mass and charge.<ref name=curtis74 /> In atoms, this creation of virtual photons is also responsible for the [[Lamb shift]] that causes a small difference in electron energy for quantum states that, otherwise, ought to be identical.<ref name=genz />


T.I.'s night club, Club Crucial, where he and V-103 announcer Greg Street will give away 200 bicycles to neighborhood children in the [[Boys & Girls Club]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.accessatlanta.com/music/content/music/stories/2006/12/22/1222lvxmasbike.html | title ="More Good Deeds by Atlanta's T.I."| accessmonthday = December 25| accessyear = 2006| author = Access Atlanta|date= }}</ref>
The magnetic moment of an electron, '''''μ<sub>S</sub>''''', is equal to:


==Discography==
:'''''&mu;<sub>S</sub>''''' = &minus;''g<sub>S</sub>&nbsp;&mu;<sub>B</sub>''&nbsp;('''''s'''''&nbsp;/&nbsp;<math>\begin{smallmatrix}\hbar\end{smallmatrix}</math>)
{{main|T.I. discography}}
* ''[[I'm Serious]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Trap Muzik]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Urban Legend (album)|Urban Legend]]'' (2004)
* ''[[King (T.I. album)|King]]'' (2006)
* ''[[T.I. vs. T.I.P.]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Paper Trail]]'' (2008)


==Filmography==
where ''μ<sub>B</sub>'' is the [[Bohr Magneton]], '''''s''''' is the electron's spin, and ''g<sub>S</sub>'' is the [[gyromagnetic ratio]]. Virtual particles and antiparticles provide a correction of just over 0.1% to the electron's gyromagnetic ratio, compared to the value of exactly 2 predicted by [[Paul Dirac]]'s single-particle model.<ref>{{cite journal
;Television
| last=Odom | first=B.
* ''[[The O.C.]]'' (2005), himself
| coauthors=Hanneke, D.; D'Urso, B.; Gabrielse, G.
* ''[[Punk'd]]'' (2005), himself
| title=New Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment Using a One-Electron Quantum Cyclotron
* ''[[Entourage (tv series)|Entourage]]'' (2008)
| journal=Physical Review Letters | year=2006
| volume=97 | pages=030801(1–4)
| doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.030801 }}</ref> The extraordinarily precise agreement of this prediction with the experimentally determined value is viewed as one of the great achievements of modern physics.<ref name="griffiths">{{cite book | last=Griffiths | first=David J.
| title=Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
| edition=2nd edition | publisher=Prentice Hall
| year=2004 | id=ISBN 0-13-805326-X }}</ref>


;Films
===Interaction===
* ''[[ATL (film)|ATL]]'' (2006), Rashad Swann
* ''[[American Gangster (film)|American Gangster]]'' (2007), Stevie Lucas
* ''For Sale'' (2008), Omar Burgess
* ''[[Fast and Furious (2009 film)|Fast and Furious]]'' (2009), Troy


==Awards==
Electrons are a key element in [[electromagnetism]], a theory that is accurate for macroscopic systems, and for classical modeling of microscopic systems. An electron generates an [[Electric field]] that exerts an attractive force on a particle with a positive charge, such as the proton, and a repulsive force on a particle with a negative charge. The strength of this force is determined by [[Coulomb's law]].<ref name=weinberg /><ref>{{cite journal
{{main|List of T.I. awards}}
| last=Elliott | first=R. S.
| title=The history of electromagnetics as Hertz would have known it
| journal=IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques | year=1978
| volume=36 | issue=5 | pages=806–823
| url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=3600
| accessdate=2008-09-22 }}</ref>


==See also==
The Coulomb force between charged particles is mediated by photons, which are quanta of electromagnetic energy. However, a free electron that is not undergoing acceleration is unable to emit or absorb energy via a photon; doing so would violate [[conservation of energy]] and [[momentum]]. Instead, virtual photons can transfer momentum (but no net energy) between two charged particles. It is this exchange of virtual photons that generates the Coulomb
* [[Honorific titles in popular music]]
force.<ref>{{ cite book
* [[List of artists who reached number one in the United States]]
| last=Georgi | first=Howard | year=1989
| editor=Davies, Paul
| chaptertitle=Grand Unified Theories
| title=The New Physics
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| isbn=0521438314 | pages=427 }}</ref>


==References==
When an electron is in motion, it generates a [[magnetic field]].<ref>Munowitz (2005:140).</ref> This magnetic field is related to the motion of one or more electrons (the "[[electric current|current]]") with respect to an observer by the [[Ampère's circuital law|Ampère-Maxwell law]]. As an example, it is this property of [[induction]] which supplies the magnetic field that drives an [[electric motor]].<ref>{{cite book
{{reflist|2}}
| first=Benjamin | last=Crowell | year=2000
| title=Electricity and Magnetism
| pages=129&ndash;152
| publisher=Light and Matter
| isbn=0970467044 }}</ref> The full electromagnetic effect from a moving charge can be derived mathematically using the [[Liénard-Wiechert Potentials|Liénard-Wiechert potential]], which includes special corrections for when the velocity is close to the speed of light; known as [[special relativity|relativistic]] velocities.


==External links==
[[Image:Lorentz force.svg|right|thumb|A charged particle ''q'' (at left) is moving with velocity ''v'' through a magnetic field ''B'' that is oriented perpendicular to the display. For an electron, ''q'' is negative so it follows a curved trajectory toward the top.]]
{{commons}}
When an electron is moving through a magnetic field, it is subject to the [[Lorentz force]] that exerts an influence in a direction perpendicular to the plane defined by the magnetic field and the electron velocity. This causes the electron to follow a [[helical]] trajectory through the field at a radius equal to the [[Gyroradius]]. Accelerating an electron also causes it to radiate energy, so the [[centripetal force]] from the curving motion will result in a steady reduction of the particle's velocity.<ref>Munowitz (2005:160).</ref> At relatively low velocities this energy emission is called [[cyclotron radiation]], while for electrons moving at relativistic velocities it is termed [[synchrotron radiation]].
* [http://www.trapmuzik.com/ T.I. official site]
* {{MySpace|trapmuzik}}
* {{imdb name|id=1939267|name=T.I.}}
* {{amg|id=11:j1rp288u055a|label=T.I.}}


{{T.I.}}
When a test particle is forced to approach an electron, we measure changes in its properties of charge and mass. This effect is common to all elementary particles. Current theory suggests that this effect is due to the influence of [[vacuum fluctuation]]s in its local space, so that the properties measured from a significant distance are considered to be the sum of the bare properties and the vacuum effects (see [[renormalization]]).


{{Persondata
In the theory of [[electroweak interaction]], the electron forms a [[weak isospin]] doublet with the [[electron neutrino]]. This means that during [[weak interaction]]s, electron neutrinos behave like electrons. Either member of this doublet can undergo a [[charged current]] interaction by emitting or absorbing a [[W boson]] and be converted into the other member. Charge is conserved during this reaction because the W boson also carries a charge, cancelling out any net change during the transmutation. Charged current interactions are responsible for the phenomenon of [[beta decay]] in a [[radioactive]] atom. Both the electron and electron neutrino can also undergo a [[neutral current]] interaction via a [[W and Z bosons|Z<sup>0</sup> boson]] exchange, and this is responsible for neutrino-electron [[elastic scattering]].<ref name=quigg/>
|NAME=Harris, Tip

|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=T.I./T.I.P/T.I.P Harris (stage name)
When electrons and [[positron]]s collide, they [[electron-positron annihilation|annihilate]] each other, giving rise to two [[Gamma ray|gamma-ray]] photons emitted at roughly 180° to each other. If the electron and positron had negligible momentum, each gamma ray will have an energy of 0.511 [[MeV]].<ref>{{cite journal
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=rapper/actor/producer/songwriter
| last=Beringer | first=Robert
|DATE OF BIRTH=September 25, 1980
| coauthors=Montgomery, C. G.
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Atlanta, Georgia]]
| title=The Angular Distribution of Positron Annihilation Radiation
|HEIGHT=5'9
| journal=Physical Review | year=1942
|DATE OF DEATH=
| volume=61 | issue=5&ndash;6 | pages=222–224
|PLACE OF DEATH=
| doi=10.1103/PhysRev.61.222 }}</ref> On the other hand, high-energy photons may transform into an electron and a positron by a process called [[pair production]], but only in the presence of a nearby charged particle, such as a nucleus.
}}
<ref>{{cite journal
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ti}}
| last=Eichler | first=Jörg
[[Category:1980 births]]
| title=Electron–positron pair production in relativistic ion–atom collisions
[[Category:American actors]]
| journal=Physics Letters A | date=2005-11-14
[[Category:American musicians]]
| volume=347 | issue=1&ndash;3 | pages=67–72
[[Category:American songwriters]]
| doi=10.1016/j.physleta.2005.06.105 }}</ref>
[[Category:American rappers]]

[[Category:American record producers]]
===Atoms and conductivity===
[[Category:Atlanta, Georgia rappers]]

[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Image:Hydrogen Density Plots.png|right|thumb|280px|Probability densities for the first few [[hydrogen]] atom orbitals, seen in cross-section. The energy level of a bound electron determines the orbital it occupies, and the color shows the probability that the electron will be seen near a position.]]
[[Category:Living people]]
The [[atomic orbital|orbital]] of each electron in an atom can be described by a wavefunction.
[[Category:People from Atlanta, Georgia]]

[[Category:People from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
Electrons in an atom are ''bound'' to that atom, while electrons moving freely in vacuum, space or certain media are ''free'' electrons that can be focused into an [[electron beam]]. When free electrons move, there is a [[net flow]] of charge, and this flow is called an [[electric current]]. The [[drift velocity]] of electrons in metal wires is on the order of millimetres per second. However, the speed at which a current at one point in a wire causes a current in other parts of the wire, the [[velocity of propagation]], is typically 75% of light speed.
[[Category:Southern rappers]]

[[Category:Warner Music Group artists]]
A body has an [[electric charge]] when that body has more or fewer electrons than are required to balance the positive charge of the nuclei. When there is an excess of electrons, the object is said to be negatively charged. When there are fewer electrons than [[proton]]s, the object is said to be positively charged. When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, their charges cancel each other and the object is said to be electrically neutral. A [[macroscopic]] body can develop an electric charge through rubbing, by the [[phenomenon]] of [[triboelectricity]].

In some [[superconductor]]s, pairs of electrons move as [[Cooper pair]]s in which their motion is coupled to nearby matter via lattice vibrations called [[phonon]]s. The distance of separation between Cooper pairs is roughly 100 nm.

===Motion and energy===
Based on current theory, the speed of an electron can approach, but never reach the [[speed of light]] in a vacuum, ''c''. This limitation is attributed to Einstein's theory of [[special relativity]] which defines the speed of light as a constant within all [[inertial frames]]. However, when [[special relativity|relativistic]] electrons are injected into a [[dielectric]] medium such as water, where the local speed of light is significantly less than ''c'', the electrons temporarily travel faster than light in the medium. As they interact with the medium, they generate a faint bluish light called [[Cherenkov radiation]].<ref>{{cite web
| author=Staff | year=2008
| url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1958/
| title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958, for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
| publisher=The Nobel Foundation
| accessdate=2008-09-25 }}</ref>

[[Image:Lorentz factor.svg|thumb|right|Lorentz factor as a function of velocity. It starts at value 1 and goes to infinity as ''v'' approaches ''c''.]]
The effects of [[special relativity]] are based on a quantity known as the [[Lorentz factor]] [[gamma|γ]], which is a function of the velocity of the particle ''v'' compared to ''c''.<ref>It is defined as:
:<math>\begin{smallmatrix}\gamma\ =\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{1\ -\ \left( \frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}} \right)}}.\end{smallmatrix}</math></ref> The kinetic energy ''K<sub>e</sub>'' of an electron moving with velocity ''v'' is:

:<math>\begin{smallmatrix}K_e\ =\ \left(\gamma\ -\ 1\right)m_e c^2.\end{smallmatrix}</math>

where ''m<sub>e</sub>'' is the electron mass. For example, the [[Stanford Linear Accelerator Center|Stanford linear accelerator]] can [[accelerate]] an electron to roughly 51&nbsp;GeV.<ref>{{cite web
| author=Staff | date=2008-08-26
| url=http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/relativity.html
| title=Special Relativity
| publisher=Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
| accessdate=2008-09-25
}}</ref> This gives a value of 100,000 for ''&gamma;'', since the mass of an electron is 0.51 MeV/''c''². The [[Relativistic Momentum|relativistic momentum]] of this electron is 100,000 times the classical momentum of an electron at the same speed.<ref>Solving for the velocity of the electron, and using an approximation for large ''γ'', gives:

:<math>\begin{smallmatrix}v\ =\ c \sqrt{1\ -\ \frac{1}{\gamma^2}}\ \simeq\ \left(1\ -\ \frac{1}{2} \gamma ^{-2}\right)c\ =\ 0.999\,999\,999\,95\,c.\end{smallmatrix}</math></ref>

The [[De Broglie hypothesis|de Broglie]] wavelength of a particle is λ=h/p where h is [[Planck's constant]] and p is momentum. At low (e.g photoelectron) energies this determines the size of atoms, and at high (e.g. electron microscope) energies this makes the [[Bragg angle]]s for [[electron diffraction]] (co-discovered by [[J. J. Thomson]]'s son [[George Paget Thomson|G. P. Thomson]]) well under one degree. Since momentum is mass times [[proper velocity|proper-velocity]] w=γv, we have

:<math>\begin{smallmatrix}\lambda_e\ =\ \frac{h}{p}\ =\ \frac{h}{m_e \gamma v}\ =\ \frac {h c}{\sqrt{K^2\ +\ 2 K m_e c^2}}.\end{smallmatrix}</math>

For the 51 GeV electron above, proper-velocity is approximately γc, making the wavelength of those electrons small enough to explore structures well below the size of an atomic nucleus.

==Production==
Scientists believe that the number of electrons existing in the known [[universe]] is at least 10<sup>79</sup>. This number amounts to an average density of about one electron per [[cubic metre]] of space. Astronomers have estimated that 90% of the mass of atoms in the universe is [[hydrogen]], which is made of one electron and one proton.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}

<!-- Big bang theory with focus on the electron -->
The [[big bang]] theory is the current-accepted scientific theory to explain the early stages in the evolution of the Universe. For the first millisecond of the big bang, the temperatures were over 10&nbsp;billion&nbsp;K and photons had mean energies over a million electron volts. These photons were sufficiently energetic that they could react with each other to form pairs of electrons and positrons,

:<math>\begin{smallmatrix}\gamma\ +\ \gamma\ \leftrightharpoons\ e^{+}\ +\ e^{-}\end{smallmatrix}</math>

where ''γ'' is a photon, ''e''<sup>+</sup> is a positron and ''e''<sup>-</sup> is an electron. Likewise, positron-electron pairs annihilated each other, emitting photons of [[gamma ray]]s with energies of 511&nbsp;keV. An equilibrium between electrons, positrons and protons was maintained during this creation and destruction cycle. After 15 seconds had passed, however, the temperature of the universe dropped below the threshold where electron-positron formation could occur. Most of the surviving electrons and positrons annihilated each other, releasing gamma radiation that briefly reheated the universe.<ref>{{cite book
| first=Joseph | last=Silk | year=2000
| title=The Big Bang: The Creation and Evolution of the Universe
| publisher=Macmillan | isbn=080507256X }}</ref>

For reasons that remain uncertain, there was a slight excess in the number of electrons over positrons; a problem known as [[baryon asymmetry]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Christianto | first=Vic
| coauthors=Smarandache, Florentin
| title=Thirty Unsolved Problems in the Physics of Elementary Particles
| journal=Progress in Physics | date=October 2007
| volume=4 | pages=112-114
| url=http://www.ptep-online.com/index_files/2007/PP-11-16.PDF
| format=PDF | accessdate=2008-09-04
}}</ref> Hence a few electrons survived the annihilation process. This excess also matched the excess of [[proton]]s over anti-protons, resulting in a net charge of zero for the universe. The surviving protons and [[neutron]]s begin to undergo nucleosynthesis, forming isotopes of [[hydrogen]] and [[helium]], with trace amounts of [[lithium]]. This process peaked after a few hundred seconds, and any leftover neutrons thereafter underwent negative [[beta decay]] with a half-life of about a thousand seconds, releasing a proton and electron in the process,

:<math>\begin{smallmatrix}n\ \Rightarrow\ p\ +\ e^{-}\ +\ \bar{\nu}_e\end{smallmatrix}</math>

where ''n'' is a neutron, ''p'' is a proton, ''e''<sup>-</sup> is an electron and <math>\begin{smallmatrix}\bar{\nu}_e\end{smallmatrix}</math> is an [[electron antineutrino]]. For the next million years, the excess electrons remained too energetic to bind with [[atomic nuclei]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Boesgaard | first=A. M. | coauthors=Steigman, G.
| title=Big bang nucleosynthesis - Theories and observations
| journal=Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics
| year=1985 | volume=23 | issue=2 | pages=319–378
| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?1985ARA%26A..23..319B
| accessdate=2008-08-28 }}</ref> Once atoms were formed, the universe became transparent to radiation and it continued to cool and expand.

<!-- Stellar -->
The concentrations of mass in the universe allow [[star]]s to form. Within a star, [[stellar nucleosynthesis]] results in the production of positrons from the fusion of atomic nuclei. These antimatter particles immediately annihilate with electrons, releasing gamma rays. The net result is a steady reduction in the number of electrons, and a matching increase in the number of neutrons. However, the process of [[stellar evolution]] can also result in the synthesis of radioactive isotopes. Some of these isotopes can subsequently undergo negative beta decay, emitting an electron and antineutrino from the nucleus.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Burbidge | first=E. Margaret
| coauthors=Burbidge, G. R.; Fowler, William A.; Hoyle, F.
| title=Synthesis of Elements in Stars
| journal=Reviews of Modern Physics | year=1957
| volume=29 | issue=4 | pages=548–647
| doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547 }}</ref> An example is the [[cobalt-60]] (<sup>60</sup>Co) isotope, which decays to form [[nickel-60]] (<sup>60</sup>Ni).<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Rodberg | first=L. S.
| coauthors=Weisskopf, V. F.
| title=Fall of Parity: Recent Discoveries Related to Symmetry of Laws of Nature
| journal=Science | year=1957 | volume=125
| issue=3249 | pages=627–633
| doi=10.1126/science.125.3249.627
}}</ref>

Electrons (and positrons) are also thought to be created at the [[event horizon]] of a [[black hole]]. According to [[classical physics]], these massive stellar objects exert a [[gravitational attraction]] that is strong enough to prevent anything, including [[radiation]], from escaping past the [[Schwarzschild radius]]. However, it is believed that quantum mechanical effects may allow [[Hawking radiation]] to be emitted at this distance.

When pairs of virtual particles (such as an electron and positron) are created just inside the event horizon, the random spacial distribution of these particles may permit one of them to appear on the exterior; a process called [[quantum tunneling]]. The [[gravitational potential]] of the black hole can then supply the energy that transforms this virtual particle into a real particle, allowing it to radiate away into space.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Parikh | first=Maulik K.
| coauthors=Wilczek, Frank
| title=Hawking Radiation As Tunneling
| journal=Physical Review Letters | year=2000
| volume=85 | issue=24 | pages=5042–5045
| doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.5042 }}</ref> In exchange, the other member of the pair is given negative energy, which results in a net loss of mass-energy by the black hole. The rate of Hawking radiation increases with decreasing mass, eventually causing the black hole to evaporate away until, finally, it explodes.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Hawking | first=S. W.
| title=Black hole explosions?
| journal=Nature | date=1974-03-01
| volume=248 | pages=30–31
| doi=10.1038/248030a0 }}</ref>

<!-- Other sources -->
[[Image:AirShower.svg|right|thumb|280px|An extended air shower generated by an energetic cosmic ray striking the Earth's atmosphere.]]
[[Cosmic ray]]s are particles travelling through space with high energies. Energy events as high as 3.0{{Esp|20}}&nbsp;eV have been recorded.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Halzen | first=F. | coauthors=Hooper, D.
| title=High-energy neutrino astronomy: the cosmic ray connection
| journal=Reports on Progress in Physics | year=2002
| volume=66 | pages=1025–1078
| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002astro.ph..4527H
| accessdate=2008-08-28 }}</ref> When these particles collide with nucleons in the [[Earth]]'s atmosphere, a shower of particles is generated, including [[pion]]s.<ref>{{cite book
| last=Longair | first=Malcolm S. | year=1994
| title=High Energy Astrophysics: Stars, the Galaxy and the Interstellar Medium
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| isbn=0521435846 }}</ref> More than half of the cosmic radiation observed from the Earth's surface consists of [[muon]]s. This particle is a lepton which is produced in the upper atmosphere by the decay of pions. Muons in turn can decay to form an electron or positron by means of the [[weak force]]. Thus, for the negatively charged pion <math>\pi^{-}</math>,<ref>{{cite news
| last=Sutton | first=Christine | date=1990-08-04
| title=Muons, pions and other strange particles
| publisher=New Scientist
| url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717284.700-muons-pions-and-other-strange-particles-.html
| accessdate=2008-08-28 }}</ref>

:<math>\begin{smallmatrix}
\pi^{-}\ \Rightarrow\ \mu^{-}\ +\ \nu_{\mu}\end{smallmatrix}</math>
:<math>\begin{smallmatrix}\mu^{-}\ \Rightarrow\ e^{-}\ +\ \bar{\nu}_e\ +\ \nu_{\mu}\end{smallmatrix}</math>

where <math>\mu^{-}</math> is a muon, <math>\nu_{\mu}</math> is a muon neutrino and <math>\begin{smallmatrix}\bar{\nu}_e\end{smallmatrix}</math> is an electron [[antineutrino]].

==Observation==
The development of the [[quadrupole ion trap|Paul trap]] and [[Penning trap]] allows charged particles to be contained within a small region for long durations. This allows very precise measurements to be made of the particle properties. For example, in one instance the Penning trap was used to contain a single electron for a period of 10 months.<ref>{{cite web
| author=Staff | year=2008
| url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1989/illpres/
| title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989
| publisher=The Nobel Foundation
| accessdate=2008-09-24 }}</ref> Measurements allowed the dimensionless [[g-factor]] of the electron to be measured to a precision of eleven digits, which, in 1980, was a greater accuracy than for any other physical constant.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Ekstrom | first=Philip
| coauthors=Wineland, David
| title=The isolated Electron
| journal=Scientific American | year=1980
| volume=243 | issue=2 | pages=91–101
| url=http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/166.pdf
| accessdate=2008-09-24 }}</ref>

The first video images of an electron were captured by a team at [[Lund University]] in Sweden, February 2008. To capture this event, the scientists used extremely short flashes of light. To produce this light, newly developed technology for generating short pulses from intense laser light, called [[attosecond]] pulses, allowed the team at the university’s Faculty of Engineering to capture the electron's motion for the first time.

"It takes about 150 attoseconds for an electron to circle the nucleus of an atom. An attosecond is related to a second as a second is related to the age of the universe," explained Johan Mauritsson, an assistant professor in atomic physics at the Faculty of Engineering, Lund University.<ref>{{cite web
| last=Mauritsson | first=Johan
| url=http://www.atto.fysik.lth.se/video/pressrelen.pdf
| title=Electron filmed for the first time ever
| format=PDF | publisher=Lunds Universitet
| accessdate=2009-09-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| author=Staff | date=2008-02-25
| url=http://www.atto.fysik.lth.se/
| title=Research Highlight
| work=Attosecond Physics & High-Order Harmonic Generation
| publisher=Lund Institute of Technology
| accessdate=2009-09-17
}}</ref>

The distribution of the electrons in the [[reciprocal space]] of [[solids]] can be visualized by [[angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy]].

==Applications==
At some level, virtually every developed technology depends upon electrons. The chemical industry is based upon the chemical properties of atoms, which in turn depend on the interaction of bound electrons. Thus the thermodynamic properties for the solid, liquid and gaseous phases of matter are all decided by the interactions of electrons in atoms. In the electronics industry, electrical devices rely on the flow of electrons. Even technology that generates electromagnetic radiation, such as lasers, depend upon the electron.<ref>{{cite web
| last=Freudenrich | first=Craig | year=2000
| url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/atom.htm
| title=How Atoms Work
| publisher=How Stuff Works
| accessdate=2008-09-17 }} See also the related categories on that web site.</ref> There are also certain specialized applications that primarily use free electrons.

===Industry===
[[Electron beam]]s are used in [[electron beam welding|welding]], [[electron beam lithography|lithography]], [[scanning electron microscope]]s and [[transmission electron microscope]]s. [[Low-energy electron diffraction|LEED]] and [[RHEED]] are surface-imaging techniques that use electrons.

Electrons are also at the heart of [[cathode ray tube]]s, which are used extensively as display devices in laboratory instruments, [[computer monitor]]s and [[television set]]s. In a [[photomultiplier]] tube, one photon strikes the photocathode, initiating an avalanche of electrons that produces a detectable current.

===Laboratory===
The uniquely high charge-to-mass ratio of electrons means that they interact strongly with atoms, and are easy to accelerate and focus with electric and magnetic fields. Hence some of today's [[Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope|aberration-corrected]] transmission [[electron microscope]]s use 300keV electrons with velocities greater than the speed light travels in water (approximagely 1/2 to 2/3 of c), wavelengths below 2 picometers, transverse coherence-widths over a nanometer, and longitudinal coherence-widths 100 times that. This allows such microscopes to image scattering from individual atomic-nuclei ([[Annular dark-field imaging|HAADF]]) as well as interference-contrast from solid-specimen exit-surface deBroglie-phase ([[HRTEM]]) with lateral [[Image resolution|point-resolutions]] down to 60 picometers. Magnifications approaching 100 million are needed to make the resulting image detail comfortably visible to the naked eye.

Quantum effects of electrons are also used in the [[scanning tunneling microscope]] to study features on solid surfaces with lateral-resolution at the atomic scale (around 200 picometers) and vertical-resolutions much better than that. In such microscopes, the [[quantum tunneling]] is strongly dependent on tip-specimen separation, and, precise control of the separation (vertical sensitivity) is made possible with a [[piezoelectric]] scanner.

===Medicine===
In [[radiation therapy]], electron beams are used for treatment of [[superficial]] tumours.

{{QED}}

==Notes and references==
<div class="references-small">
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
<references/>
</div>

== See also ==

* [[Atom]]
* [[Covalent bonding]]
* [[Electron bubble]]
* [[Elementary charge]]
* [[Exoelectron]]
* [[One-electron universe]]
* [[Pair production]]
* [[Positron]]
* [[Proton]]
* [[Neutron]]

==External links==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Electron}}
* [http://www.aip.org/history/electron/ The Discovery of the Electron] from the American Institute of Physics History Center
* [http://pdg.lbl.gov/ Particle Data Group]
* Eric Weisstein's World of Physics: [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Electron.html Electron]
* [http://www.educatedearth.net/video.php?id=3573 Researchers Catch Motion of a Single Electron on Video]

{{Particles}}


[[Category:Electron| ]]
[[Category:Leptons]]
[[Category:Fundamental physics concepts]]
[[Category:Quantum electrodynamics]]
[[Category:Spintronics]]


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[[zh:电子]]

Revision as of 07:21, 10 October 2008

This article is about the rapper. For other uses, see TI.
T.I.

Clifford Joseph Harris Jr., (born September 25, 1980),[1][2] better known by his stage name T.I., and also by his alter ego T.I.P., is an American rapper, songwriter, producer, actor, philanthropist and co-CEO of Grand Hustle Records.[3]

Early life

T.I. is from Bankhead, Atlanta, Georgia. He was nicknamed "Tip" after his paternal great-grandfather.[4] Upon signing with Arista Records subsidiary LaFace Records in 2001, he shortened his name to T.I. out of respect for label mate Q-Tip.[5]

Music career

I'm Serious

His debut album I'm Serious was released on October 9, 2001 through Arista Records, which spawned the single of the same title which featured reggae vocalist Beenie Man. His debut album included Pharrell of The Neptunes (who named him the Jay-Z of the south),[6] Jazze Pha, and Youngbloodz. Production was by The Neptunes, DJ Toomp, Madvac, and The Grand Hustle Team. However, the album did not sell very well, and he was dropped from the label.

T.I. released the first single "I'm Serious" with Beenie Man. The single had little airplay and failed to chart. The label would not release another single or video for the album, so T.I. created a video for "Dope Boyz", which had not a video nor single released, but can be seen on YouTube.

He released several mixtapes with the assistance of DJ Drama, which created an underground buzz. He resurfaced in the summer of 2003 on Bone Crusher's song "Neva Scared".

Trap Muzik

T.I. released Trap Muzik in the summer 2003 through Grand Hustle Records and debuted at number four and sold 109,000 copies in its first week.[7] It spawned the singles "24s", "Be Easy", "Rubberband Man", and "Let's Get Away". The album featured guest appearances by Eightball & MJG, Jazze Pha, Bun B and Macboney and producers include Jazze Pha, Kanye West, David Banner, Madvac and DJ Toomp. The success of the album was followed by some controversy; while on tour, T.I. was charged with violating his probation over a 2003 drug charge, and turned himself in. He was sentenced to three years in prison. While there, he was granted rights to film the music video for "Let's Get Away". It sold over 1 million copies in the U.S. and was certified Platinum by the RIAA.[8]

Urban Legend

T.I. released his third album Urban Legend in late 2004.

His first single is "Bring 'Em Out", having much success. His second single is "U Don't Know Me". His third single "A.S.A.P." reached #75 on the U.S. charts,[citation needed] #18 on the U.S. R&B charts,[citation needed] #14 on the Rap charts, and #35 on the U.K. singles chart.[citation needed] T.I. created a video for "ASAP"/"Motivation". However, "Motivation" appeared on the U.S. R&B singles chart, but not on the other charts like "A.S.A.P.".

In 2006, T.I. received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Song Collaboration ("Soldier" w/ Destiny's Child & Lil Wayne) and Best Rap Solo Performance for "U Don't Know Me" at The 48th Grammy Awards.

King

His fourth album, King debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart in the first half of 2006, selling 522,000 copies in its first week.[9] T.I. released his promo-singles "Front Back" and "Ride with Me" before the album's release date. The singles had small attention, but it helped promote the album and his debut movie ATL. The album also included other singles, "What You Know", "Why You Wanna", "Live in the Sky", and a remix of "Top Back". King has earned numerous awards and nominations including a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Album.

"What You Know" won for "Best Rap Solo Performance" and was nominated for Best Rap Song at the 49th Grammy Awards.

T.I. collaborated with Justin Timberlake for "My Love", which proved to be a worldwide hit. It earned him a Grammy Award for Best Collaboration with Justin Timberlake at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards.

T.I. vs. T.I.P.

T.I. released his fifth album T.I. vs. T.I.P. on July 2007.

The first single from the album was "Big Things Poppin' (Do It)" which was produced by Mannie Fresh. The single was released to radio stations on April 17. T.I. released a second single "You Know What It Is" featuring Wyclef Jean on June 12, 2007.

T.I. vs. T.I.P. sold 468,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The Grand Hustle/Atlantic set is T.I.'s second chart-topper in the past year-and-a-half; King opened at number one on the Billboard 200 with 522,000 copies in late March 2006.[10] The album included guests by Jay-Z, Busta Rhymes, Wyclef Jean, Nelly, and Eminem with productions by Eminem, Jeff Bass, Mannie Fresh, Grand Hustle, The Runners, Just Blaze, Wyclef Jean and Danja. This is his first album without production by long time producer DJ Toomp.

On October 3, 2007, T.I. released his third single, "Hurt", featuring Busta Rhymes.

Paper Trail

T.I. released his sixth album Paper Trail on September 30, 2008. The title of the album refers to the lyrics he had written down on paper. Like many other rappers, T.I. abandoned this style of rapping after his debut album I'm Serious by just memorizing lyrics. "He wanted to take more time to really put something down (this time)," explains his rep.[11] The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 selling 568,000 copies in the United States.[12]

The first promo single off of the album, "No Matter What", was released on April 29, 2008. The music video was released on June 27 on MTV's FN Premieres. The second promo single is "Swing Ya Rag" which is produced and featuring Swizz Beatz.[13] The first main single off the album "Whatever You Like", was released on July 29, and became his most successful single of his career so far, breaking the record for the highest jump to number one on the Billboard Hot 100, jumping from #71 to #1. It is T.I.'s first solo number one on the chart. With the subsequent single "Live Your Life" featuring Rihanna, T.I. broke his own record on the Billboard Hot 100 when it jumped from #80 to the #1 spot.[12]

Other ventures

Acting career

In Spring 2006, T.I. starred in his first film, ATL. The other cast members included Lauren London, Antoine Patton, Evan Ross, Mykelti Williamson, Jason Weaver, and Keith David. The movie was written by Tina Gordon Chism and Antwone Fisher, produced by Timothy M. Bourne, Tionne Watkins, and Will Smith, and directed by Christopher Robinson. T.I. played the character Rashad Swann, an orphaned 17-year-old senior in high school. In its opening weekend, the film grossed a total of $11.5 million, ranking third in the United States box office, and went on to gross $21.2. It grossed a million nationwide.[14]

T.I. also appeared in American Gangster with fellow rappers Common and RZA.[15] and was featured on the soundtrack.[16]

According to HHNLive.com T.I. revealed that he is launching Grand Hustle Films. The first project from the movie division of his Grand Hustle brand is titled Once Was Lost. T.I. will star in the film alongside veteran Hollywood actor Danny Glover, who will also act as producer. Filming is scheduled to begin in October 2008.[17]

In September 2008, T.I. appeared as himself in the Entourage episode "The All Out Fall Out" as one of Ari Gold's clients.

Producing

T.I was co-executive producer of B.G.'s upcoming album and making beats for artists like Mariah Carey, Cassidy, Rick Ross, Maino, B.o.B., Yung Joc, Young Dro, and himself.[18] He also executive produced the soundtrack to the film Hustle & Flow and released the collection through his record label.[19]

Television producing

Late 2007, T.I. linked up with Los Angeles based production company 828 Entertainment to executive produce a new reality show titled Life on Mars which chronicles the life of young prodigy music producer LaMar "MARS" Edwards.[20][21] T.I. partnered 828 Entertainment with his company Grand Hustle Records to produce a slate of both television and film projects.

Controversy

Lil' Flip

According to AllHipHop,[22] T.I. and Lil' Flip had an altercation in Lil' Flip's neighborhood, the Cloverland section of Houston. It has been said that T.I. went there to create a DVD exposing Lil' Flip to be a fraud. The same day T.I. went on a Houston, Texas radio station talking about the altercation. He revealed that he had the tape and he was going to release it with an upcoming mixtape, but that didn't happen due to the fact that J. Prince stopped him from distributing the tape. It is unknown whether T.I. still has the tape or not. The feud was squashed by Rap-A-Lot's J. Prince after having them sit down and resolve their feud. The feud was documented by the Houston Press.[23]

Chaka Zulu

On June 24, 2007 at the Sunset Tower Hotel in West Hollywood, California, T.I. was involved in a brawl. During a luncheon held by Kevin Liles of Warner Music Group (parent company of T.I.'s label, Atlantic Records), the MC got into a fight with Ludacris' manager Chaka Zulu. According to witnesses, T.I. punched Zulu in the face and choked him and a small, brief melee ensued.[24]

T.I. brought home the award for Best Hip-Hop Artist at the BET Awards, and took the opportunity to apologize for his scuffle with Disturbing tha Peace executive Chaka Zulu earlier in the week. While accepting his award, he expressed regret over the situation. "They say it's a fine line between brilliance and insanity," he said, in an apparent reference to his troublesome alter ego, T.I.P. During the broadcast, cameras showed his onetime rival Ludacris smiling in the audience. The audience stood up and clapped for T.I.[25]

Shawty Lo

Rapper and D4L member Shawty Lo released his second single Dunn Dunn which was directly aimed at T.I. In response, T.I. made a diss track called You Done It Now. In T.I.'s song No Matter What from Paper Trail, T.I. says "So you up and coming rappers wanna diss, just kill it. I'm officially the realest, point blank, period." which is directed to Shawty Lo. The album features a song called What Up, What's Happenin' that directly disses Shawty Lo with lines such as "Still I hear you loud and clear on ya lil' song go on get ya dissin' on while the king gone" "'Cause I yell Bankhead and you felt left out I ain't mention yo name thats what all this bout?

On May 16, 2008, Shawty Lo released a video asking anyone who knows T.I. to send him T.I.'s high school yearbook picture. Shawty Lo offered cash to anyone who would. Shawty Lo said that he wants to prove that T.I. isn't from Bankhead. Also Shawty Lo knew the people already.[26] T.I. continued to insult Shawty Lo, saying Shawty Lo only shows disrespect towards T.I. because he is successful.[27] On September 11, 2008, a audio clip was posted on World Star Hip-Hop of Lo ending the feud with T.I. as he said it was just a misunderstanding and Bankhead is a movement.

Legal issues

T.I. was on probation stemming from a 1998 conviction for violating a state controlled substances act and for giving false information. After being released on probation, he earned a litany of probation violations in several counties around Georgia for offenses ranging from possession of a firearm to possession of marijuana.[28] In 2006, after appearing in an Atlanta court on (May 10) and having charges that he threatened a man outside a strip club last year dropped for lack of evidence, T.I. was arrested on an outstanding probation violation warrant from Florida. The warrant claims that T.I. did not complete the required number of community service hours he was sentenced for a 2003 assault of a female sheriff deputy at University Mall in Tampa. T.I. was detained by several mall Security Guards at the time of the incident, among them, Jason Phillips (founder of Certified Protective Services), Larry Warner (founder of Tactical Response Services), and Arturo Ortiz, now a security manager in Florida. According to WBS-TV Atlanta, the rapper’s attorney has said that the problem was nothing more than a "technical matter" between Georgia and Florida. The confusion arose because T.I. was also sentenced to community service in Georgia for driving with a suspended license, for which he did complete 75 hours of community service in his home state. The rapper was released on bail shortly after being arrested, and was expected to surrender to Florida state authorities next week to resolve the matter.[29]

On October 13, 2007, federal authorities arrested T.I. four hours before the BET Hip-Hop Awards. He was charged with two felonies — possession of three unregistered machine guns and two silencers, and possession of firearms by a convicted felon. The arrest was made in the parking lot of a downtown shopping center, which a witness identified as the Walgreens drug store at the corner of North and Piedmont avenues. Harris was arrested after allegedly trying to purchase the guns from a "cooperating witness" with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. According to federal officials, the witness had been cooperating with authorities since Wednesday, when he was arrested on charges of trying to purchase guns from a federal agent. The witness has been working as Harris' bodyguard since July, authorities said.[30][31] T.I. walked out of the courthouse in downtown Atlanta on October 26 after posting a $3 million bond, $2 million in cash and $1 million in equity on property he owns. The rapper must remain at home except for medical appointments and court appearances. The only people allowed to live with him are his girlfriend and children. Visitors must be approved by the court. T.I.'s suppression hearing was originally stated for January 3, 2008, however, U.S. Magistrate Alan Baverman pushed back the suppression hearing until February 19, 2008. The performer has since pleaded guilty to US federal weapons charges. He will serve a year in jail after completing 1,000 hours of community service.[32]

Community work

In addition to helping with Hurricane Katrina relief efforts, T.I. worked with troubled youths at Paulding Detention Center in Atlanta, provided scholarships for single parent families at Boys and Girls Clubs, and headlined the Boost Mobile Rockcorps concert at New York's Radio City Music Hall, which featured such performers as Fat Joe, Slim Thug, and Kanye West, and was held exclusively for community service volunteers. In June 2005, The Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes Foundation, named for the deceased member of multi-platinum female group TLC, and Atlanta's V-103 honored T.I. with the 2005 Lisa Lopes Award for groundbreaking achievements in music and community service which was court ordered. With this steady list of growing accomplishments T.I. is being recognized as the "Jay-Z of the South," according to Pharrell Williams of multi-platinum production team The Neptunes.[33]

T.I.'s night club, Club Crucial, where he and V-103 announcer Greg Street will give away 200 bicycles to neighborhood children in the Boys & Girls Club.[34]

Discography

Main article: T.I. discography

Filmography

Television
Films

Awards

Main article: List of T.I. awards

See also

References

  1. ^ Imani Cheers, Crystal Holmes (September 25, 2008). The Audacity Of Hip-Hop Newsweek. Accessed October 9, 2008.
  2. ^ Andy Kellman. T.I.: Biography on MSN MSN. Accessed October 9, 2008.
  3. ^ (October 13, 2007). ATF Agents Search Home of Atlanta Rapper T.I. During BET Awards Newsweek. Accessed October 9, 2008.
  4. ^ T.I.: Me, Myself & I Vibe. Accessed October 9, 2008.
  5. ^ Hillary Crosley (May 1, 2007). It's Summer Time With T.I., 'T.I.P.' Billboard. Accessed October 9, 2008.
  6. ^ (December 21, 2004). Vibe Cover Story: T.I. - King of the South? Vibe. Accessed October 9, 2008.
  7. ^ Katie Hasty (April 5, 2006). T.I. Rules As 'King' Of Album Chart Billboard. Accessed October 9, 2008.
  8. ^ Gold & Platinum - Search Results RIAA. Accessed October 9, 2008.
  9. ^ Katie Hasty (April 5, 2006). T.I. Rules As 'King' of Album Chart Billboard. Accessed October 9, 2008.
  10. ^ Hasty, Katy (2007-07-11). "T.I. Is Top Dog Again On The Billboard 200". Billboard magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-11.
  11. ^ XXLmag.com - T.I. recording new album while on house arrest (November 12, 2007)
  12. ^ a b Katie Hasty (October 8, 2008). T.I. Debuts Big Atop Billboard 200, Hot 100 Billboard. Accessed October 8, 2008.
  13. ^ "Swing Ya Rag" single cover. Accessed July 11, 2008.
  14. ^ "ATL Box Office"
  15. ^ "T.I. To Star With Oscar Favorites Denzel Washington, Russell Crowe"
  16. ^ "Common Exclusive: MC To Act Alongside Angelina Jolie In Ultra-Violent 'Wanted'"
  17. ^ "T.I. To Star With Danny Glover; Readies Grand Hustle Films"
  18. ^ "Tip Goes In"
  19. ^ "Hustle & Flow" Earns Oscar for Original Song for "It's Hard Out Here For A Pimp"
  20. ^ Life On Mars
  21. ^ T.I. to Produce New Reality Show
  22. ^ All Hip Hop. ""Sources Say Lil Flip And TI Have Physical Confrontation"". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Houston Press. ""Where's the Beef? Right here in H-town"". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Shaheem Reid (June 25, 2007). T.I., Ludacris' Manager Get Into Scuffle At Industry Event MTV. Accessed October 3, 2008.
  25. ^ T.I. Takes Home BET Award, Apologizes for Scuffle
  26. ^ Shawty Lo wants T.I.'s yearbook picture. Accessed May 14, 2008.
  27. ^ "HHWorlds.com" - T.I. gives Shawty Lo A Late Jab (August 2, 2008)
  28. ^ MTV News. ""T.I. Sentenced 3 Years in Prison"". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ XXL. ""T.I. Briefly Jailed for Probation Violation"". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ T.I. arrested in ATL on weapons charges
  31. ^ DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE PRESS RELEASE: On arrest of rapper T.I. for possession of illegal firearms
  32. ^ HHWorlds.com - Update: T.I.'s Suppression Hearing Pushed Postponed (January 3, 2008)
  33. ^ Hip Hop Game. ""T.I.'s Artist Page At Hip Hop Game"". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Access Atlanta. ""More Good Deeds by Atlanta's T.I."". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

External links

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