Barefoot Monastery (Frankfurt am Main)

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The Barefoot Church with the former monastery buildings on the Merian map from 1628

The Barfüßerkloster , a Franciscan monastery in Frankfurt am Main , existed from the 1230s until the Reformation . The Frankfurt convent of the Franciscan Order ( ordo fratrum minorum , "Order of Friars Minor", also called Barefoot , Discalceaten ("Discalced") or Minorites ) belonged to the Upper German (Strasbourg) order province, the Provincia Argentina .

After the abolition of the monastery in 1529, the Gothic Barefoot Church became the main Protestant church in the course of the Reformation in Frankfurt. In 1786/87 it was demolished due to its dilapidation and from 1789 onwards it was replaced by a classicist new building, which since its inauguration in 1833 has been named Paulskirche after the apostle Paul . Paulskirche was the first seat of the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848/49 and is used today as an exhibition, memorial and meeting place.

History of the monastery

Foundation and development up to the division of the order

The Frankfurt Barfüßer or Franciscan monastery was first mentioned in a document in 1270. However, it may have been a few decades older. The Frankfurt patrician Achilles Augustus von Lersner reported in his chronicle published in 1706 that the Barefoot Church must have existed as early as 1238, as a (not preserved) funerary inscription by the founder Henrich Knoblauch on the church revealed. The information seems plausible, since from 1221 numerous branches of the Franciscan Order, founded in 1210, emerged in all important German cities. In 1255, the Franciscan Guardian of Frankfurt certified a document together with the prior of the Dominican monastery . However, the monuments mentioned by Lersner probably only came from the 15th century.

In 1293 the provincial chapter of the Strasbourg order province Argentina met in Frankfurt, so that the monastery must already have had a certain size.

The barefooters took on numerous pastoral tasks in Frankfurt, whose population grew rapidly in the 13th century. The parish rights for the entire city population remained exclusively with the imperial monastery of St. Bartholomew . The friars were popular with the citizenry, and foundations and bequests were repeatedly sent to them . Since many citizens wanted to be buried with the Franciscans, at the beginning of the 14th century - as in other cities - there was a conflict between the mendicant orders and the diocesan priests , who saw their rights and income as a result; Pastor Siegfried even turned to the Pope several times . The Franciscans and Dominicans retained the right to bury, but had to cede part of the remuneration to the pastor.

In 1314, the election of Ludwig IV as king triggered a conflict with the Pope, in the course of which the city of Frankfurt was temporarily occupied with the interdict . During this time, the Frankfurt clergy split into imperial and papal. The historian Johann Georg Battonn reported in his local description of the city of Frankfurt am Main (1866) that the monastery was closed between September 3, 1330 and October 30, 1350; nevertheless, services took place at least occasionally during the interdict, which were probably held by friars loyal to the emperor. In 1339 King Ludwig thanked the city council for the fact that the Franciscans - namely Guardian Niclaus - continued to hold services. In 1350 the Frankfurt lector Hertwig von Babenhausen was commissioned to absolve the dean, the pastor and other clergy of the Bartholomew community from the church punishments that they had incurred through their partisanship for the king.

During the Magdalen flood on July 22, 1342, the water of the Main stood four feet high in the church. On July 22, 1349 the plague broke out in Frankfurt . According to the Lersner Chronicle, over 2000 people died of the disease within 72 days, including 35 priests. It is not known how many brothers of the Frankfurt Convention died of the plague; However, the Strasbourg Franciscan Province lost 800 of its 1200 brothers to the epidemic. In April 1352 a fire destroyed the refectory and the monastery cells of the Franciscans, while the church was not affected. As early as 1354, however, a provincial chapter of the Provincia Argentina was able to meet again in Frankfurt, which indicates a quick reconstruction of the monastery.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Franciscan monastery enjoyed a high reputation among the citizens and patricians of the city. Several brotherhoods contributed to the furnishing of the church, which were named after the altars at which they celebrated their services. The first to be founded in 1418 was the St. Jodocus Brotherhood of Merchants and Shopkeepers. The Nikolaus Brotherhood, founded in 1445 , even had its own chapel and a grave in the church. Later, the brotherhood of miners or barch weavers , first mentioned in 1502, was added. Elegant families in the city, including the Inckus, Rohrbach, and Steffan donated chapels and altars for the church. His wife Katharina von Heringen was buried there in 1486 in the hereditary funeral donated by Ort zum Junge in 1477 for his family in the chapel of Our Lady, and he himself was buried there in 1519. Persecuted criminals repeatedly made use of the monastery’s right to asylum .

Thomas Murner, poet and controversial theologian, was a lecturer in the barefoot monastery from 1510 to 1513. Ambrosius Holbein (1519)

In 1454 the Italian Franciscan Johannes Capistranus preached in Frankfurt and called for a crusade against the Turks. The poverty struggle in the Franciscan order had an impact in the Frankfurt monastery in the 15th century. Contrary to the rule of the order of St. Francis , the brothers accumulated considerable possessions over time. On the instructions of Pope Paul II , Archbishop Adolf reformed the monasteries of the Mendicants in the Archdiocese of Mainz , including the Frankfurt monasteries. In 1469 the Franciscans agreed to introduce the Martinian statutes with their moderate interpretation of the vow of poverty for their convent, in order to prevent the monastery from being taken over by the brothers of the strict observance . According to these statutes, the individual brothers and the convent as a whole were not allowed to own property, so that all monastery property was handed over to the city council of Frankfurt and administered by it; the income continued to benefit the monastery. It turned out, however, that not all brothers were willing or able to live in the spirit of the reform, so that up to the 16th century the Order Province repeated new brothers at the request of the council "for the preservation of its good nature" sent to the local monastery, which led to tension within the convent. The city council was interested in good preachers and educated brothers who brought a lively audience to the Barefoot Church; In 1498, in a letter to the provincial chapter in Hagenau, the council asked for a good successor to the late Guardian Peter Fischer.

In 1482, all 43 councilors and clergymen of the city took part in the plague procession, including 35 Dominicans , 22 barefooted and 30 Carmelites . The barefoot monastery was thus the smallest of the three mendicant monasteries in Frankfurt. Among the members of the Frankfurt Convention, Thomas Murner deserves special mention, who was lecturer there from 1510 to 1513 ; he was a poet , satirist and humanist and appeared in the early Reformation as a controversial theologian . During his time in Frankfurt he published the two satirical verses fools conjuration and rogue guild .

Leonhard Mertz , also known as Magister Leonhardus , who was elected Guardian of the Barefoot Convent in 1470, was one of the most important organ builders of his time and has demonstrably also created several instruments in Frankfurt, such as for St. Bartholomew, the Church of Our Lady and the Church of Our Lady .

When the Franciscan order was divided by Pope Leo X into the (stricter) Franciscans and the Minorites or Conventuals (who were very moderate in terms of poverty) in 1517 , the Frankfurt Convention became part of the Minorite Order and belonged to the Strasbourg Minorite Province.

Reformation and abolition of the monastery

Barefoot church and monastery on the Faberian siege plan of 1552

In 1522, the Marburg Franciscan Hartmann Ibach gave the first Reformation sermon in Frankfurt in the Katharinenkirche . After the Frankfurt guild uprising in April 1525, the Reformation began to prevail among the Frankfurt citizens . The imminent closure of the monastery was announced by an inventory of the monastery, which a council commission led by the clerk Johann Eichart carried out on April 24, 1525. The Catholic pastor Peter Meyer left the city, in his place the council appointed the two evangelical preachers Dionysius Melander and Johann Bernhard against the resistance of the Archbishop of Mainz Albrecht von Brandenburg . The townspeople whistled the new pastor Friedrich Nausea , appointed by him, at his inaugural sermon on February 26, 1526 in the Bartholomäuskirche ; on the same day Melander gave the first evangelical sermon in the Barfüßerkirche. The archbishop then ultimately called on the council to suppress the Reformation and threatened to withdraw fair privileges . In order to calm the conflict, the council ordered that in the Bartholomäuskirche and the Barfüßerkirche only preaching in the nave according to the Protestant doctrine and in German, while the choir should continue to be reserved for the Catholic mass in Latin. On March 18, 1528, Sunday Reminiscere , the Lord's Supper was served for the first time in both forms .

On June 3, 1529, six of the remaining eight members of the Franciscan Convention turned to the council with a petition. In it they asked for the council to take over the monastery and for the suspension of an annuity to support the friars. In their justification they spoke of religious life as "blindness" and asked for redemption "from this Babylonian prison and from the throat and mouth of the infernal enemy". On objections of the descendants of founders (eg from the patrician family garlic) for misappropriation of money from foundations and goals they stated "the money of Knoblauche and others had long through the many masses for the dead , etc., which were held for abverdient" and they felt driven by the Gospel to “hand over the monastery to the authorities for the general benefit”. A council commission under Hamman von Holzhausen negotiated with the petitioners. On June 9, 1529 the monastery was handed over to the city. Soon after, several of the former Franciscans married. Her last Guardian, Peter Pfeiffer, called Comberger, was the leading head of the convent and promoted the approach to the new faith. He preached in secular clothing on July 12, 1529 and publicly renounced his old faith. Soon after, he was hired by the council as the third evangelical preacher. However, because of his insufficient theological knowledge, he only received 40 guilders a year from the city coffers, while the other two received 100 guilders.

A seventh member of the convent, Jakob von Kelsterbach, subsequently gave his approval for the handover. The eighth, Brother Werner Sartoris, protested against the contract and pointed out that the six were by no means the legal owners of the monastery, but that it belonged to the Strasbourg order province and not without their consent and the approval of the order leadership in Rome and the Holy See could be alienated. The Archbishop of Mainz also protested. However, this did not prevent the city of Frankfurt from secularizing and using the monastery buildings .

The Barfüßerkirche became a Protestant church. In 1530, the general alms box, the box office and the city library were housed in the western inner courtyard of the monastery buildings. The modest income from the secularized monastery assets flowed into the alms box in future. The caste office was also responsible for the so-called church factory , the maintenance of the Protestant churches, and the management of the church records , which began on June 1, 1533 . It was not until 1851, with the introduction of civil marriage in Frankfurt, that the books were handed over to the registry office .

During trade fairs , the rooms could be rented from traders, while the council refused the book printer Christian Egenolff's request to move his workshop to the monastery. In 1542, the city's Latin school occupied additional rooms in the former monastery, where it remained until it was demolished in 1839.

After an iconoclasm in the cathedral at Easter 1533, the council suspended the Catholic mass on April 23, 1533 until a future council , which de facto meant its abolition. Until further notice there were no more Catholic services. As the largest and most important church, the Bartholomäuskirche remained the center of evangelical church life, especially since the council left the previous ecclesiastical constitution of the city untouched. All citizens of the city continued to belong to one parish, as they had done since the Middle Ages. In order to counteract a further radicalization of the preachers and the citizenry, the council sought to join the Lutheran wing of the Reformation. In 1535 Melander was relieved of his office and on January 2, 1536 Frankfurt joined the Schmalkaldic League . Bernhard signed the Wittenberg Agreement on May 29, 1536 in Wittenberg in the presence of Luther , a compromise formula for the Lord's Supper dispute between Lutherans and Reformed people. Soon afterwards he too left the city. From then on, only Lutheran preachers were called in Frankfurt.

After the Schmalkaldic War , the council was forced to accept the Augsburg Interim in order to secure the city's important privileges, especially the fair and the election of the emperor . On October 14, 1548, he returned six Catholic collegiate and religious churches, including the St. Bartholomew Church, to their orders or collegiate clergy. The Protestant Christians of the city, now around 98% of the citizenry, were left with the Barefoot, Katharinen, Weißfrauen, Peters, Dreikönigskirche and the Church of the Hospital of the Holy Spirit , which have been gradually abandoned by their previous orders and clergy since 1525 had been.

However, the provincial of the Strasbourg Minorite Province, Heinrich Stollysen, demanded the barefoot monastery for his order province back. The council invited him to a meeting in Frankfurt, which took place on October 15, 1550 and in which the council refused to accept the request; the former Franciscan Peter Comberger advised the councilors and cited as arguments the poverty of the brothers and their inability to run the monastery properly at the time. The Provincial then declared on November 21, 1550 that he would take legal action. The city of Frankfurt commissioned the lawyers Johann Fichard and Lucas Landsrass to negotiate with the papal nuncio Sebastian Pighinus in Augsburg. He confirmed the deed of handover of the monastery to the city on the condition that the city preserve the structural condition of the church and that a holy mass is read on Sundays and public holidays . Since the city, in consideration of the expected resistance from the Protestant citizens, did not fulfill the requirement to ensure that the fair was read, the confirmation from the nuncio was in fact not legally binding. The Augsburg religious peace of 1555, however, secured the status quo and made the lack of legal confirmation be forgotten. The monastery and the church were lost to the order province and the Catholics.

The Barfüßerkirche as the main Protestant church

The barefoot monastery around 1830
Nave (1718)

With its policy of mediating on all sides, the council had pushed through the Reformation in Frankfurt and at the same time secured the political independence of the city and its most important privileges, especially the trade fairs and the imperial elections. This wise step paid off: since 1562, almost all emperors were not only elected in Frankfurt, but also crowned .

The Barfüßerkirche, the largest of the remaining Protestant churches, became the main church from 1548. From 1599 to 1604 a new organ was installed and a gallery for the men in the aisle. With the capacity increased in this way, the church has long met the demands of the citizens. The twelve evangelical clergy of the city formed the evangelical ministry of preachers , whose chairman, the senior , was also the first preacher of the Barfüßerkirche and had his apartment in the former monastery rooms. According to the Lersner Chronicle, in addition to the daily church services (once on weekdays, twice on Sundays and public holidays, including once with a communion celebration ), weddings as well as baptisms on Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday afternoons took place in the Barfüßerkirche on Mondays and Tuesdays .

From 1666 to 1686, Philipp Jakob Spener Senior was in Frankfurt. He founded in 1670 together with Johann Jakob Schütz the first collegium pietatis ( home group ) and wrote in 1675 his most important work, a short manifesto called Pia Desideria or Warm desire for godly improvement of the true Evangelical Church (1675), whose appearance as a founding date of pietism viewed becomes.

With Spener's departure from Frankfurt, the time of Pietism in Frankfurt ended first; strict Lutheran orthodoxy prevailed again under his successors . But even in the 18th century there were pietistic pastors in Frankfurt. The most important of them was Johann Friedrich Starck , from 1723 to 1756 pastor at the Barfüßerkirche. With his pietistic edification he was the most widely read writer of his time.

In February the council appointed Georg Philipp Telemann to be the city's music director and bandmaster of the Barfüßerkirche. During his time in Frankfurt until 1721, Telemann composed five years of cantatas, as well as oratorios , orchestral and chamber music , most of which have been published. Even under his successors Johann Christoph Bodinus and Johann Balthasar König , the Barfüßerkirche was an important center of church music. The students and teachers of the municipal grammar school were responsible for the choir singing.

From 1736 to 1740 the council had the church extensively renovated again. In the second half of the 18th century, however, the dilapidation of the old barefoot church gradually became noticeable. Above all, however, the cramped location of the church increasingly took offense. Heinrich Sebastian Hüsgen compared the dark chapels on the south wall of the church with the cells of Egyptian anchorites , and the city deputy Hieronymus Maxmilian von Glauburg complained in a report to the council that the three church entrances are only accessible via angled, sometimes only seven shoe- wide alleys through which no carriage could drive. Inside this “prison of the Evangelical Lutheran community” there was a lack of light and air that could not be brought in without tearing down entire streets. On February 21, 1782, the last service took place in the Barfüßerkirche. Because cracks appeared in the vault, the council ordered the church to be closed. Its demolition began in August 1786 and was completed in early 1787.

The Barefoot Church and the monastery buildings

location

The church and monastery were located on the vicus dividens , the “dividing street” that divided the old town into an eastern (“upper town”) and a western (“lower town”) half; It was therefore popularly known as the Arbitration Lane since the 14th century . In the 16th century the current name Neue Kräme came up. The narrow Barfüßergasse ( vicus minorum or vicus fratrum minorum , "Minderbrüdergasse") ran along its north side between Neuer Kräme in the east and the Barfüßerplatz in front of the church . About 100 meters long, it was initially only five meters wide. Along the north facade of the nave, which protruded slightly to the north, it even narrowed to 7 shoes, just under two meters. The narrow Barfüßergäßchen that ran from the north from the Große Sandgasse to the church was not wider either. In front of the west facade of the church, the alley widened to a small square, the barefoot place. On its southern edge was the senior citizen's house with the senior's apartment , which was directly adjacent to the church , and next to it was the bakery for the alms box. From here, Barfüßergasse continued west to the Kornmarkt . None of the streets around the church was wide enough for a carriage.

Monastery and monastery church

The interior of the Barefoot Church, 1653

Architecturally, the monastery church of the Barfüßerkloster corresponded to the type of an initially single-nave, from 1350 two-aisled mendicant order church in Gothic style, which was eastered ; around the year 1300 it probably received the first roof turret with a small bell instead of a church tower . The convent buildings were attached to the south of the church and enclosed several inner courtyards in the course of the building's history.

A generous renovation of the monastery began in the 15th century. The Franciscans received foundations and donations from the population for this, and they sold several properties. The city council had to repeatedly support the brothers in admonishing defaulting payers. In 1482 they obtained the approval of Pope Sixtus IV to enlarge the monastery, which he granted in a bull : indulget fratribus Minoribus conventus Francofordiae, ut possint alienare quamdam petiam terrae “he grants the Friars Minor of the convent in Frankfurt that they give away a piece of land can". In 1477 the Pope, who himself came from the Franciscan order, granted the Frankfurt brothers an indulgence with which they could more easily reach alms . In 1478 the cloister was built south of the choir. After 1542 the high school was located in the rooms above, the buildings to the west of the cloister served as apartments for the rector and vice rector of the school as well as the city library.

On June 10, 1485, the foundation stone was laid for the complete renovation of the church, which mainly affected the rood screen and the five vaulted yokes of the nave. The buttresses drawn inwards supported the roof structure , which was additionally secured with tie rods in 1669 . The vaults were decorated with the coats of arms of the Frankfurt patrician families Steffan, Eck, Bromm, Ergersheim, Brun zum Brunfels, Glauburg, Holzhausen, Schwanau, Stalburg, Uffsteiner, Frosch and Martorff, who contributed to the financing of the renovation. A Frankfurt eagle was also attached, which probably indicated a donation from the city. In total, the renovation cost over 2,400 guilders. The pulpit dates from 1489 . It was decorated with the coats of arms of the Monis and Winsperg families.

In 1491 the city council approved the construction of an underground drainage system in the moat. After the renovation of the nave and rood screen, the choir was rebuilt from 1501 to 1510, including a small roof turret. The choir and nave were separated by a narrow passage that connected Barfüßergasse with the cloister. The choir also received a vault with five bays, plus a five-eighth closure . Shortly before the completion of the choir, the newly built vault collapsed in the spring of 1510, but no one was injured or killed. Master builder Arnold Hirt fled, and the brothers commissioned Hans von Bingen to complete the building. The damage was repaired quickly and the new building was completed by the end of 1510. Because of the construction there were conflicts and border disputes with the neighbors.

It is not known when the first organ in the Barfüßerkirche was built. One or more organ builders have always been based in Frankfurt since the 14th century . In 1466 two organs are mentioned in the Barfüßerkirche; it can be assumed that at least one of them existed for a long time. The second probably came from the Frankfurt organ builder and Franciscan Leonhard Mertz.

Evangelical main church in Frankfurt

Barfüßerkirche and former monastery around 1770, after the renovation in 1685

From 1599 to 1604 a new organ with 10 registers was installed by the Grorock brothers. At that time there had been no organist at the church for a long time, so that probably none of the older organs had been in use. The new work, decorated by the painter Philipp Uffenbach , cost 1000 guilders and was considered a wonderfully good work . On the woodcut from 1653 you can see it on the right as a " swallow's nest organ" on the south wall of the nave at the height of the gallery. The Grorock organ existed for over 100 years and was renewed again and again, for example in 1624 by Nikolaus Grünwald from Nuremberg and in 1671.

Between 1599 and 1604 a gallery for the men was also built in the side aisle. With the capacity increased in this way, the church has long met the demands of the citizens. In 1669 cracks in the vault made extensive interior and exterior renovation of the church building necessary. The interior was also supplemented so that its style gradually changed from Gothic to Baroque . In 1671 the church received a new pulpit , a new altar and a second gallery with another organ. On January 17, 1682, an extraordinary flood occurred, the largest since 1342. The church was flooded for one day.

In the summer of 1685, the old, small turret was finally torn down and a larger roof turret was installed , in which there was space for three bells, which were supplied by the bell founder Benedict Schneidewind . The big bell was integrated into the new bells of the Paulskirche in 1830 as the "barefoot bell". After the Second World War it was considered lost until it was discovered in 1965 during the reconstruction in the tower of St. Peter's Church . In 1987 it was brought back to the Paulskirche, where it has its place in the Frankfurt city bell .

In 1669, cracks in the vault made extensive interior and exterior renovation necessary. The interior was also supplemented so that its style gradually changed from Gothic to Baroque . In 1671 the church received a new pulpit , a new altar and a second gallery with another organ. The altarpiece was created by Matthäus Merian the Elder. J. on behalf of the Council. It showed the resurrection of Christ in a way that offended the Lutheran clergy for appearing Calvinist . In Merian's depiction, for example, the women at the grave are missing, and the flag of Christ symbolizing victory over death does not carry a cross. The then senior Spener tried to mediate this conflict.

In 1736 the city council commissioned the Swiss organ builder Johann Conrad Wegmann to build a new organ, which was completed by Johann Christian Köhler in 1740 . The disposition of the very large work with 41 registers for the time is passed down through a description of the Alsatian organ master Johann Andreas Silbermann , who competed with Wegmann , in which he criticizes the work of his competitor and quotes his former journeyman Nicolaus Seitz with the following words: “First of all, she blows like the living devil and already howls and is sounded like when the dog puked. The Schien (= prospectus ) sees Bley's feet twisting, he can't have seen his day as a miserable life as that. ”The council seemed to be quite satisfied with the work, which after all had cost 16,000 guilders. In 1766 he had it extensively restored by Philipp Ernst Wegmann . When the Barefoot Church was demolished in 1786, the organ was dismantled and stored in the neighboring high school.

The successor building: The Frankfurt Paulskirche

Design by Johann Andreas Liebhardt for the new Barfüßerkirche, 1786

In 1789 the new building of the Barfüßerkirche began in the classical style on the place of the old one. Its construction dragged on for years because of the coalition wars and finally came to a standstill. The old Nikolaikirche on Römerberg served as an alternative quarter during the long construction period . Even after the restoration of the Free City of Frankfurt in 1813, it was further delayed because the Frankfurt church constitution and responsibility for church building were unclear. Only after the endowment contract had been signed in 1830 could the new Barfüßerkirche be resumed after an interruption of almost 30 years. On May 23, 1833, shortly before the inauguration on June 9, the Lutheran consistory of the city decided to name the new church after Paul , the apostle of sola fide , the name Paulskirche . The previous name was considered inappropriate, "because the barefoot monks themselves have disappeared from the Catholic Church, at least in Germany". Pastor Anton Kirchner gave the inauguration sermon in the Paulskirche , after which the new building was handed over to the parish council.

literature

  • Roman Fischer (Hrsg.): From the Barfüßerkirche to the Paulskirche  studies on Frankfurt history. Vol. 44. Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 2000. ISBN 3-7829-0502-4
  • Frankfurt Historical Commission (ed.): Frankfurt am Main - The history of the city in nine contributions. (=  Publications of the Frankfurt Historical Commission . Volume XVII ). Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, ISBN 3-7995-4158-6 .
  • Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Former Franciscan male and female monasteries in the Upper German or Strasbourg Franciscan Province. Volume VI, Komm.-Verlag August Späth, Ulm 1960, pp. 120–179.

Web links

Commons : Barfüßerkirche (Frankfurt)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Achilles August von Lersner, Florian Gebhard: The far-famous Freyen imperial, electoral and trading city of Franckfurt on Mayn Chronica […]. Second book, chap. XVII , p. 60, Franckfurt am Mayn 1706 ( online , PDF 27507 kB)
  2. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here p. 122.
  3. ^ Carl Wolff , Rudolf Jung : The architectural monuments in Frankfurt am Main. Bd. I. Church buildings. Frankfurt am Main 1896, pp. 274f. ( online , PDF 50273 kB)
  4. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here p. 123f.
  5. ^ Johann Georg Battonn, Ludwig Heinrich Euler: Local description of the city of Frankfurt am Main: Volume 4 - The description of the old town, namely the last part of the upper town and the beginning of the lower town , Frankfurt am Main 1866, p. 302 ( digitized version )
  6. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120–179, here p. 126.
  7. ↑ Lersner, Chronica. Second book, Cap. IX p. 37. Lersner's figures are not reliable, as Karl Bücher has shown in his social statistical studies on the Frankfurt population in the 14th and 15th centuries.
  8. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here p. 127.
  9. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here pp. 138-141.143f.
  10. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here pp. 149f.
  11. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here p. 132.
  12. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here pp. 134-138.140ff.
  13. ↑ Waldemar Kramer (Ed.), Frankfurt-Chronik , Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main, Third Edition 1987, ISBN 3-7829-0321-8 , p. 80.
  14. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120–179, here p. 152 (inventory) .157 (lay goblet).
  15. ^ Hermann Dechent : Church history of Frankfurt am Main since the Reformation. Volume I , Kesselringsche Hofbuchhandlung, Leipzig and Frankfurt 1913, p. 119
  16. ^ Dechent, Church History , p. 126
  17. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here p. 155.
  18. ^ Dechent, Church History , p. 129
  19. ^ Dechent, Church History , p. 134
  20. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here pp. 153ff. 156ff.
  21. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here pp. 158-164.
  22. ^ Carl Wolff, Rudolf Jung: The architectural monuments in Frankfurt am Main. Bd. I. Church buildings. Frankfurt am Main 1896, p. 284. ( online , PDF 50273 kB)
  23. ↑ Wolff, Jung: Baudenkmäler Vol. I, p. 284
  24. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here pp. 138-140.143.
  25. ^ Sigfrid Grän: Frankfurt am Main. Franciscan Conventuals. In: Alemania Franciscana Antiqua. Volume VI, Ulm 1960, pp. 120-179, here pp. 138-140.143.
  26. ^ Carl Wolff, Rudolf Jung: The architectural monuments in Frankfurt am Main. Bd. I. Church buildings. Frankfurt am Main 1896, p. 277. ( online , PDF 50273 kB)
  27. ^ Carl Wolff, Rudolf Jung: The architectural monuments in Frankfurt am Main. Bd. I. Church buildings. Frankfurt am Main 1896, p. 279. ( online , PDF 50273 kB)
  28. ↑ Altarpiece of the Resurrection of Christ ( Memento from July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) by Matthäus Merian d. J.
  29. ↑ Wolff, Jung: Baudenkmäler Vol. I, p. 277
  30. ↑ Andreas Priever, The 'causa' Merian. Controversy in the choir of the Frankfurt Barfüßerkirche , in: Andrea Bendlage, Andreas Priever, Peter Schuster (Eds.), Law and behavior in premodern societies. Festschrift for Neithard Bulst . Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 2008, pp. 233-253. After the Barfüßerkirche was demolished, the altarpiece was transferred to the Old City Library and is now in the depot of the Historical Museum .
  31. ↑ Marc Schaefer (Ed.): The Silbermann Archive. The handwritten estate of the organ maker Johann Andreas Silbermann (1712–1783) . Amadeus Verlag, Winterthur 1994. ISBN 3-905049-39-2

Coordinates: 50 ° 6 ′ 40 ″  N , 8 ° 40 ′ 51 ″  E