Archery
The sporty Archery is a sport shooting with arrow and bow . Today , the most widespread archery is shooting at standardized targets with recurve bows , to which sights and stabilizers are attached. The bow used, which is often referred to as the "Olympic bow", is a technologically highly developed piece of sports equipment with which precise hits can be achieved at great distances. Archery is one of the precision sports .
Archery has been an Olympic sport since 1972 . It was previously featured in the program of the Olympic Games in 1900, 1904, 1908 and 1920 . In 1904 , it was the only sport in these games in which women were also eligible.
In addition to sporting archery, the bow is used in meditative and therapeutic archery as a means of personal development.
history
Archery is originally one of the oldest forms of hunting known to man and for a long time played an important role as a long-range weapon in armed conflicts.
Bows and arrows have been used for at least 14,000 years (the end of the Upper Paleolithic ), which is proven above all by the corresponding arrowheads made of flint . The oldest arch depiction is as an engraving on a limestone slab of the Grotte des Fadets , Dept. Vienne, France applied. It dates to the late Magdalenian period . The oldest secured archaeological evidence for the use of bows are completely preserved arrows from the Stellmoor near Hamburg (around 10,000 BC, Ahrensburg culture ). They are made from pine and have flint handle tips. The oldest undoubted arch finds are two 8000 year old flat arches from Holmegård (Denmark). They come from the Congemose culture of the Nordic Mesolithic .
Development of sporty archery
The oldest European school of archery dates from 1545 by the English author Roger Ascham and bears the name "Toxophilus". Toxophilus , the friend of shooting, conducts a dialogue with Philosophos , the friend of wisdom.
An anecdote about the exotic status of archery in the early 19th century has come down to us from Johann Peter Eckermann in conversations with Goethe . At the same time, archery in Brabant (Belgium) had the status of a popular popular sport, as Eckermann observed in 1814. There, young men shot at 60 to 80 paces - with apparently impressive results - at a paper disc attached to a wet clay wall. In his own words, Eckermann tried in vain for a few years to popularize archery in Germany. This remark is interesting insofar as it was the time of the introduction of the “German gymnastics movement” by gymnastics father Jahn , but archery could not achieve status as a sport at that time.
In Great Britain, on the other hand, archery became an extremely popular sport for women. Victorian medical professionals strongly advised girls not to exercise too actively. They feared that too much exercise would damage the developing bodies of girls and young women so much that they could no longer have children. Even the daily gymnastic exercises that Victorian men increasingly devoted themselves to were considered too dangerous for women. For the female population, walks and calisthenics , in which only the arms and shoulder area were moved, croquet and finally archery were considered acceptable . Archery made it possible to wear clothing that was considered appropriate for women in contemporary ideas. Nevertheless, it was predominantly unmarried women who practiced these two sports. For most married women, exercising was incompatible with the image of appropriate behavior. Nevertheless, significantly more women than men practiced this sport around the middle of the 19th century. The equipment necessary to practice the sport cost between £ 2 and £ 5, significantly more than was available to most middle-class women at the time. It was therefore almost exclusively women of the upper class who practiced this sport. Contemporary reports also make it clear that the archer was also expected to dress appropriately. Occasionally they devoted more lines to the clothing of the athletes than to the actual results. Alice Legh was the British archer with an extraordinary number of successes. Sports history writes that she is sometimes referred to as the most outstanding British archer of all time, or, without limitation, as the person who dominated this sport like no other in Great Britain. Legh refused, among other things, to participate in the 1908 Olympic Games because she wanted to prepare for the British championship. One week after the Olympic fights, which the British Queenie Newall won, Legh outclassed her compatriot.
A booklet with the double title “Archery / Throwing with the Boomerang” , published in 1920, was for a long time the authoritative guide for archery in German. The book by Eugen Herrigel with the title “Zen in the Art of Archery” , published in 1948, also achieved high editions . This book also influenced many active sport shooters in their mental attitudes towards shooting, as John Williams (1972 Olympic champion) shared about himself and Richard McKinney .
Basics
Archery is based on the principle of an elastic rod (bow) that is stretched with a bowstring . By tightening the string, the bow acts like a spring and potential energy is built up, which is released as kinetic energy of the arrow when the string is loosened . The stronger the biasing force of the sheet and the longer the extract is of the tendon, the faster, farther , straightforward and powerful flies the arrow. The tensile force of the bow is traditionally measured as the pull weight on the string in pounds (1 pound = 0.453 kg) at an extension of 28 inches (71.12 cm). The draw weight of bows varies from a few pounds for children's bows to over 60 pounds for trained archers.
With compound bows , which are equipped with a pulley-like mechanism, the bow has a much greater tension energy , because the pulling force applied by the shooter is almost evenly high from the beginning of the extension until shortly before the full extension and thus gives the arrow a much higher impulse becomes. The length of the extension depends on the shooter's arm length and the type of shooting technique. Shooting technique here means, above all, the choice of the anchor point where the pulling hand reaches the maximum extension of the string. Depending on the archery class and association in which the archer practices shooting, there are restrictions on the shooting speed (field and forest: 300 fps ( feet per second )) or draw weight of 60 pounds (World Archery, Target).
Organizations in archery
The only by the International Olympic Committee currently recognized international association for the archery is the World Archery Federation (WA). This is the world association known until 2010 as the Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc (FITA), the name of which was anglicized with the renaming. Germany is represented in the World Archery Federation exclusively by the German Schützenbund (DSB). Qualification for European championships, WA world championships and the Olympic Games is only possible through the DSB . 3D championships are not provided in the DSB due to the rejection of 3D field archery , which means that the WA 3D World Championship has taken place without German participation in recent years.
Archery is organized in other associations within Germany. The largest members are the DSB and the German Archery Association (DBSV). Another archery association in Germany is the German Field Arch Association (DFBV). This is internationally linked to the International Field Archery Association (IFAA), which organizes qualification-free World and European Championships of the incorporated national associations every year. Because of the popularity of field archery as a popular sport, there has recently been cooperation between the DFBV and the DSB.
The Archery Association of Europe (AAE) was founded in 1968 by members of the US and Canadian armed forces, initially as a non-competitive niche association in Germany and, as a supranational association, is also a member association of the IFAA and entitled to participate in its World and European Championships. Members of the AAE come from many European countries, but most of them are German. The AAE competitions and championships are always held in Germany.
Switzerland is organized in the Swiss Archery Association ( SBV for short ; French and Italian for short: ASTA) and the Field Archery Association Switzerland (FAAS). In Austria archery people are represented by the Austrian Archery Association (ÖBSV) and the respective regional associations.
Archery was an Olympic discipline from 1900 to 1920 , after an interruption it has been an Olympic discipline since 1972 until the present day. Only the recurve bow with a visor is permitted as an Olympic bow. World archery championships have been held since 1931.
Shoot at targets
Shot sequence
A special feature of archery is to achieve a constant shooting sequence through calm and concentration. The shooters shoot here on target faces with ring scoring. Neurofeedback is therefore also used in competitive sports in order to be able to score reliably in sports with high balance components and steady hands (e.g. shooting , archery, biathlon ).
Recurve shooting has become an increasingly popular sport in recent years. Korea, China and many other Far Eastern countries in particular are recording increases. In contrast to the bare bow , stabilizers, aiming aids ( sights ) and pull-out markings ( clickers ) are allowed.
The shooting sequence is regulated by a traffic light (traffic light control). A distinction is made between one-row and two-row shooting. The length of the shooting time depends on the competition and is specified in the relevant regulations (e.g. SpO).
The most famous competitions in archery are:
- WA outdoors (formerly FITA outdoors)
- (Championships and Olympic Games): 2 times 36 arrows at a distance of 70 m, then continue in the knockout procedure, 1st against 32nd, 2nd against 31st, etc. until the final. (→ see list of Olympic champions in archery )
- FITA round or large FITA
- A total of 144 arrows are shot at different distances and face sizes (targets). Furthermore, different distances are shot in the different competition classes (differentiated according to age / gender). For men, 36 arrows at 90 m and 70 m (on supports with 122 cm diameter) and 50 m and 30 m (on supports with 80 cm diameter). For women, 70 m and 60 m (122 cm Ø) and 50 m and 30 m (80 cm Ø) are shot. At the 30 m distance, the 80 cm Ø support can also be replaced by four so-called spots (one for each shooter on the target). This has a diameter of 40 cm and consists of the middle of the 80 cm support. Lower hits are counted as a miss (M miss ). Before a scoring (get arrows and write down the number of hits ), 6 arrows are shot for the two long distances and 3 arrows for the shorter ones . For schoolchildren and youth classes, there are sometimes different regulations regarding distances and print runs. A FITA round is usually shot in one day. In the so-called double FITA, two FITA rounds are shot on two consecutive days.
- small or half FITA
- 50 m and 30 m, 36 arrows each on a face size of 80 cm
- 900 round
- 30 arrows each at 60 m, 50 m and 40 m on a 122 cm support
- FITA hall
- 2 passes of 30 arrows at a distance of 18 m. The shooting takes place at 60 cm supports (traditional bows and student class A recurve), 40 cm supports (blank bows and youth class recurve) or on 3-spot supports (the five inner rings of the normal 40 cm support, three of which form a " Traffic light ”) (Olympic recurve and compound bow, the 10 is 4 cm for recurve and 2 cm for compound).
- Archery league hall
- See also: 1. Bundesliga Bogen (DSB) : In the league operations of the German Shooting Federation, eight teams shoot against each other in a league. Each team shoots on a day of competition against the other seven teams take one match . The team consists of three shooters per match. A match consists of three to five ends of six arrows each (two per competitor). Since the sporting year 2015, shooting has been based on the set system. The arrows must be shot in 2 minutes on two vertically arranged triple faces at 18 m. The composition of the team can be changed after each match.
- A league season consists of 4 days of competition, which usually take place from November to February. The four best teams from the 1st Bundesliga North and the four best teams from the 1st Bundesliga South will score a final at the end of February in which the German team champion Halle will be determined. The current Bundesliga regulations are passed every sporting year by the entire board of the German Shooting Federation.
- Outdoor archery league
- Here, too, teams with three shooters each shoot against each other. Each shooter shoots 3 arrows at 50 m on 80 cm faces. All archers must have shot their arrows within 3 minutes. Each shooter shoots 3 arrows 3 times in each competition, i.e. 27 arrows per team. Each team shoots against each other team, the winner receives 2 points each, in the event of a tie, each 1 point. The points are added up; in the event of a tie, the number of rings also count.
- The DBSV and its regional associations carry out a league operation outdoors, here a team consists of four shooters and it is shot at 70 m.
The targets are divided into colors from the inside out, with each color divided into 2 "rings". Yellow (only called gold) = 10 or 9 "points" (rings); Red = 8/7 points; Blue = 6/5 points; Black = 4/3 points and white = 2/1 point (s) (the number of rings ranges from 10 to 1). If the condition is not met, it will be rated as an "M" (miss) . The tens area for compound shooters in the hall (18 m) is smaller than that for recurve shooters and is shown separately. This marking (called X) is also available outdoors, but is counted as an inner tens there. In the event of a tie, the archer with the most inner tens wins. Rings 1 and 2 are completely omitted. A hit counts when the black stripe surrounding the ring is touched by the arrow shaft.
After the shooting, the hits are recorded by the shooters of a target. The results are recorded separately by two people on so-called shooting slips. The value of each individual arrow and the sum of all rings reached after a pass are written on this.
Blind and visually impaired archers
Archery is also a sport for the blind and visually impaired. It is currently fighting for recognition as a Paralympic sport .
Other disciplines
Field arch
The term field archery (short: field shooting ) often summarizes different archery disciplines. Field archery is largely based on traditional archery , but it is also shot with sights or other additional equipment.
In field archery in the narrower sense, targets are set up in the field along a circular course. In contrast to the FITA target, the special targets are black with a yellow inner circle. On a field course, similar to the golf course and unlike target shooting according to the FITA rules, the distances are not known for at least half of the targets and you can shoot both uphill and downhill up to a firing angle of 45 ° .
3D archery
Shooting at animal figures made of foam, usually on an archery course , is called 3D shooting. "3D" because the targets are three-dimensional, but the shots are not only made in a flat field, but also up and down. 3D shooting is based on hunting, but no animal is harmed. The situation is based as closely as possible on the hunting model. The archer must try to hit the target through forks of branches, up slopes or down from raised stands while standing, kneeling or even lying down. The aim is to place the arrow in the kill of the stylized animal, i.e. the area where the heart and lungs would be. A course typically includes around 28 targets, each of which can be shot at a maximum of 3 arrows. If there is a hit, the remaining arrows are not shot. In addition, there are individual targets or, in the case of small courses, the possibility of a so-called “hunter” rating, in which only a single arrow is shot. It is shot down from a stake. The shooter must be behind this stake when shooting and touch it in order to create equal conditions for all shooters. Often there are stakes at different distances for young people, archers with bows with and without sighting devices.
The evaluation is carried out, for example, according to the following scheme (but there are other evaluation systems):
|
|
|
| 3D according to WA or FITA | ||
|---|---|---|
| arrow | Hit | Points |
| 1 | CenterKill | 11 |
| Kill | 10 | |
| Life | 8th | |
| body | 5 |
4D archery
In 4D archery, large screens are used that are illuminated with a projector. This enables training with moving targets. A special sensor system is used here, which registers the arrow flight or its impact on the screen. The target is designed in such a way that the shot arrow is slowed down slowly and not damaged. Special polymer foams are used for this. Thus, the arrows can be reused as required.
There are mainly two disciplines: Hunting-4D and 4D. With the Jagdlichen 4D, nature scenes or animated content are used. The challenge is to guess exactly where the so-called kill is. In contrast to this discipline, the actual goal is clearly marked with the 4D.
Clout shooting, roving and flight shooting
With clout shooting ( English clout , lobes ), a flag (the clout ) attached to the ground is aimed. The shooting distance varies depending on the rules as well as the gender and age group of the shooter, but is usually more than 100 m, so that a relatively steep shooting angle is necessary to reach the target.
With roving , the checkered flags stand at different unknown distances in contrast to clout shooting. All hits in certain areas are scored with different points. The cam or point in the circle is counted.
When Flight shooting or wide shooting is the goal, as far as possible to shoot.
Traditional archery
For some years now, traditional archery with bows to which no technical accessories are attached has been gaining popularity. In addition to the recurve bow in its form as a bare bow , the long bow , the rider bow and the primitive bow are shot here. Self-made arches are also used. In this sport, hunting is often simulated on a course in the forest and dummies are shot at.
In traditional archery, only bare bows are used without technical aids such as aiming devices or stabilizers. This type of shooting was rediscovered in the culture of the "western world" at the beginning of the 20th century in the USA and gained great popularity through public screenings and filming by archery legends such as Saxton Pope , Arthur Young and Howard Hill .
This traditional archery, also known as instinctive or intuitive archery , has been gaining popularity in German-speaking countries since the 1980s. Even professionals who hit their target with almost 100% certainty and are looking for a new challenge or change often switch to intuitive archery. With good practice, the accuracy can be practically the same as that of an archer aiming with a closed eye and technical aids. A multiple world champion in "technical shooting" on the FITA lap, Darrell Pace , laid the foundation for his success with hunting shooting without a sight.
Mounted archery
In mounted archery , short rider bows are used from horseback, usually at a gallop. The shooting technique is similar to that of traditional instinctive archery. This form of archery was used by the soldiers of the Mongolian ruler Temüdschin, known as Genghis Khan , who were excellent archers and riders and who conquered large parts of Eurasia with their revolutionary war strategy.
Kyūdō
Kyūdō is the name of the traditional Japanese archery, which is based on the old war technique of the samurai and developed into an art form under the influence of Zen Buddhism . Both the construction of the bow and the technique of shooting differ fundamentally from western forms of archery.
Yabusame is an older traditional Japanese style of archery that is practiced from the horse.
Therapeutic archery
Since the mid-1990s, traditional archery began to attract the interest of body therapists and psychotherapists . In many psychosomatic clinics, in therapy for children and adolescents and in rehabilitation , archery is offered as part of the treatment. The inherent opposites in archery between tension and relaxation, between concentration and letting go and between discipline and play are used therapeutically.
Equipment for archery
In addition to the bow with or without an arrow rest and arrows, the archer's equipment includes a quiver that is worn on the back or side or attached to the bow, an arm guard , a finger guard in the form of a "tab", shooting gloves or releases for the hand that pulls the tendon and, if necessary, a chest protector and tight-fitting clothing, as the tendon snaps along the body. A bow stand is often used to hold the bow.
Traditional longbow with arrow mount
In "Olympic" archery, an arrow rest is used to shoot
Leather arm protection
Missing arm protection can lead to painful injuries ( bruises ) if the bow arm is held incorrectly .
Finger protection "Tab"
Archery glove
Side quiver
Bow quiver attached to the bow
Extended bow equipment
Depending on the type of shooting, the bow equipment can be expanded with various technical additions to the bow and string. There are different designs of arrow rests , bow sights , clickers , overdraws, peepsights, stabilizers for limbs and bows and accessories for the bowstring , such as noise dampers , kisser buttons and nocking point aids (made of metal or " D-loops ")
Safety rules
Bows are weapons that do not come under gun law . Therefore, archery ranges are not shooting ranges that require approval and no weapons law permit is required to operate a shooting range according to Section 27 (1) WaffG. However, arcs can be dangerous. In the case of archery areas in the open air, in particular, if the shooting is not carried out properly, there is a possibility that people or property and thus public safety are endangered by the arrows fired. The guarantee of public safety is assigned to different authorities depending on national law .
The German Field Bow Sports Association and the German Schützenbund have published the "Safety and Construction Rules for Archery Fields" to ensure public safety and the safe implementation of archery . It contains explanations of the structural design of archery lanes and field courses, defines hazard, safety and harmless areas and specifies behavior. The safety and construction rules represent state-of-the-art safety rules. The German Archery Association also applies these rules. The archery associations recommend that you consult the responsible authorities when setting up archery areas.
See also
literature
- Fred G. Asbell: Instinctive Shooting 1. A Guide to Better Archery. 6th edition. Verlag Angelika Hörnig , Ludwigshafen 2007. ISBN 978-3-9805877-2-3 .
- Fred G. Asbell: Instinctive shooting 2nd 3rd edition. Verlag Angelika Hörnig , Ludwigshafen 2002. ISBN 978-3-9805877-9-2 .
- Hilary Greenland: Practical Guide for Traditional Archers. 2nd Edition. Verlag Angelika Hörnig , Ludwigshafen 2007. ISBN 978-3-938921-06-7 .
- Oliver Haidn, Jürgen Weineck , Veronika Haidn-Tschalova: Archery - training and movement science basics. Spitta Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-938509-74-6 .
- Leo Duncan (ed.): Mental fitness in archery - 40 exercises , educatium.de .
- Ekkehard Höhn, Karl-Heinz Hörnig: Traditional tuning - fine tuning of longbows and recurve. Verlag Angelika Hörnig , Ludwigshafen 2000. ISBN 978-3-9805877-1-6 .
- Ekkehard Höhn: The liberated shot. From panic on targets to harmonious archery . Verlag Angelika Hörnig , Ludwigshafen 2008. ISBN 978-3-938921-09-8 .
- Volkmar Hübschmann (Ed.): Archery - equipment and accessories made by yourself. Angelika Hörnig, Ludwigshafen 2007, ISBN 978-3-938921-03-6 .
- Manfred Korfmann : Slingshot and bow in Southwest Asia: from the earliest records to the beginning of the historic city-states. Antiquitas: series 3, treatises z. Before u. Early history, to the classical and provincial roman Archeology and history d. Altertums, Vol. 13. Habelt, Frankfurt 1972, ISBN 3-7749-1227-0 .
- Kisik Lee, Tyler Benner: Total Archery - The archer from within. Astra, Chula Vista 2009, ISBN 978-0-9824265-1-7 .
- Clemens Richter : Archery - The Occidental Way. Edition NATURE LIFE published by DSV-Verlag, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-88412-346-7 .
- John C. Williams : Textbook of Archery. Weinmann, 2010, ISBN 978-3-87892-050-2 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ L. Pericot Garcia: La cueva del Parpallo. Madrid 1957.
- ↑ Ulrich Stodiek, Harm Paulsen: With the arrow, the bow. Oldenburg (Isensee-Verlag), 1996, pp. 37-38.
- ↑ Roger Ascham: Toxophilus - The Schole of Shootinge. London, 1545 (German Toxophilus - The school of archery. Translated by Hendrik Wiethase.) Wiethase, Untergriesbach 2005, ISBN 3-937632-12-3 .
- ^ Johann Peter Eckermann: Conversations with Goethe (29) ( Memento from June 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Johann Peter Eckermann: Conversations with Goethe in the last years of his life. Volume 3, Leipzig, Reclam (facsimile edition), 1832, pp. 76–80.
- ^ Johann Peter Eckermann: Conversations with Goethe in the last years of his life. Volume 3, 1832, pp. 68-70.
- ^ Johann Peter Eckermann: Conversations with Goethe in the last years of his life. Volume 3, 1832, p. 70.
- ^ A b Ruth Goodman: How to be a Victorian. Penguin, London 2013, ISBN 978-0-241-95834-6 . P. 149.
- ^ Ruth Goodman: How to be a Victorian. Penguin, London 2013, ISBN 978-0-241-95834-6 . P. 338.
- ^ A b Ruth Goodman: How to be a Victorian. Penguin, London 2013, ISBN 978-0-241-95834-6 . P. 339.
- ^ A b Sybil Newall Biography and Olympic Results . In: Sports-Reference.com . USA Today Sports Media Group. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
- ^ Bill Mallon, Ian Buchanan: The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary . McFarland & Company, Jefferson, NC 2000, ISBN 0-7864-0598-8 , p. 42.
- ^ E. Mylius, Oswald Faber: archery / throwing with the boomerang. Facsimile edition. Verlag Angelika Hörnig, 2006, ISBN 3-938921-00-5 .
- ↑ Eugen Herrigel: Zen in the art of archery. 45th edition. Verlag OW Barth, 2003, ISBN 3-502-61115-7 .
- ^ Bernhard Scheid: Herrigel's Zen and archery. In: Religion in Japan. Retrieved September 20, 2010 .
- ↑ John Williams: Textbook of Archery. 15th edition. Verlag Weinmann, 2007, ISBN 978-3-87892-050-2 .
- ↑ DSB article on renaming. ( Memento of July 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved July 5, 2011.
- ↑ Arnd Krüger : Neurobiofeedback . In: Competitive Sports , Volume 48, No. 5, 2018, pp. 29–31.
- ↑ schuetzenbund.de ( Memento from June 28, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Explanation of the Bundesliga of the DBSV. Retrieved May 25, 2016 .
- ↑ Archery on the website of the International Blind Sport Federation.
- ↑ Safety and construction rules for archery areas. (pdf; 2.9 MB) Deutscher Feldbogen Sportverband and Deutscher Schützenbund, March 21, 2009, accessed on February 14, 2020 .
