Caesalpinia sappan

Caesalpinia sappan
	Caesalpinia sappan
Systematics
Order :	Fabales (Fabales)
Family :	Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily :	Carob family (Caesalpinioideae)
Tribe :	Caesalpinieae
Genre :	Caesalpinias ( Caesalpinia )
Type :	Caesalpinia sappan
Scientific name
	Caesalpinia sappan
	L.

Caesalpinia sappan is a species of plant in the subfamily of the carob family (Caesalpinioideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae). It is common in tropical Asia . It was an important dye plant , was used in many other ways and is a medicinal plant used in many ways.

Description and phenology

Bark with thorns

Bi-pinnate foliage

Illustration from Blanco

Terminal, branched inflorescence

Section of an inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers

Ripe to ripe lignified legumes

Terminal infructescence with unripe legumes

Appearance, root system, bark and leaf

Caesalpinia sappan initially grows as a shrub , later often as a shrub-shaped, small to medium-sized tree that usually reaches heights of 4 to 8, rarely up to 10 meters and trunk diameters of up to 14 centimeters. The dark, wiry fiber roots do not have any nodules . The growth occurs all year round. The aboveground parts of the plant are, except for the bark and the legumes, hairy for a short period of time ( indument ). The grayish-brown bark is clearly furrowed. The brown bark of the twigs is initially hairy and there are densely arranged, clearly recognizable lenticels . Its trunks and branches have many thorns . The buds are hairy.

The leaves are arranged alternately and in a spiral on the points . The leaf blade, which is usually 30 to 45 (20 to 50) centimeters long and 10 to 20 centimeters wide, is double-pinnate. The mostly 7 to 13 (8 to 16) opposing pairs of first-order leaflets are 8 to 12, sometimes up to 20 centimeters long and have thorns at their base. Per leaflet of the first order there are 10 to 17, sometimes up to 20 pairs of leaflets , which stand close together at an oblique angle on the rhachis leaf . The almost sessile, more or less leathery to parchment-like leaflets are elongated to more or less rhombic with a length of 10 to 20 millimeters and a width of usually 5 to 7 (6 to 10) millimeters with a clearly oblique base and rounded to edged upper The End. Both leaf surfaces are bald or sparsely hairy and the upper surface of the leaf is shiny. There are stipules present. The thin lateral nerves are clearly visible on both sides of the leaf and almost reach the leaf edges.

Inflorescence and flower

The first inflorescences can be formed just one year after germination . The heyday is mostly in the rainy season ; in China it is between May and October. There are mostly terminal, sometimes axillary, on 30 to 40 centimeter long inflorescence shafts standing panicle total inflorescences , which contain racemose partial inflorescences on 9 to 15 centimeter long inflorescence shafts . The inflorescence rhachis is hairy downy. The early falling bracts are relatively large and lanceolate. They are egg-shaped and pointed at a length of about 6 millimeters. The short, downy, hairy flower stalk is about 1.5 centimeters long.

The fragrant, hermaphrodite and stalked flowers are weakly zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope at a height of 2 to 3 centimeters and a width of 2 to 2.5 centimeters . The flower axis (receptaculum) is flat, plate-shaped. The five somewhat unequal, bare sepals , the lowest being larger than the others, have grown together to form a cap-shaped, approximately 3 millimeter long calyx tube. The five free, short nailed petals are hairy and dotted with glands. The yellow petals are tinted pink at their base. The upper petals are wedge-shaped and the others obovate; the top is the smallest. The ten stamens are about as long as the petals or protrude slightly above them. The stamens are densely tomentose to downy hairy on the lower half. The stalked, single carpel is just above and downy to velvety hairy. The thin, hairy stylus ends in a capped and trimmed scar .

Fruit and seeds

The glabrous, initially yellowish-green legume is 7 to 10 centimeters long and 3 to 4 centimeters wide, relatively thick, strongly flattened, obliquely-oblong, cylindrical-obverse-shaped, with a narrowed base and an obliquely truncated upper end and it is clearly curved beaked. The fruits ripen about 6 months after fertilization . The fruits ripen during the dry season; in China they ripen between July and March. When ripe, the shiny reddish-brown, woody legume opens and usually contains two or three, rarely up to five seeds.

The (light) brown seeds are 18 to 20 millimeters long and 10 to 12 millimeters wide and ellipsoidal and somewhat flattened. The thousand grain mass is 375.63 g. The seeds fall out of the legumes and form a seed bank during the dry season. The germination takes place only once at the beginning of the rainy season, enough moisture in the soil is present.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 12; there is diploidy , i.e. 2n = 24.

Spread and endangerment

The exact original distribution is unknown.

The wide Asian distribution area of Caesalpinia sappan extends from Sri Lanka and India via Myanmar , Laos , Cambodia , the People's Republic of China , Vietnam , Malaysia to the Philippines . It is cultivated in the Chinese provinces of Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Sichuan , Yunnan .

In 1998, the IUCN classified Caesalpinia sappan , apart from the "Critically Endangered" populations in Vietnam , the Asian occurrences as "least concern" = "not endangered". A new data collection is urgently required.

Caesalpinia sappan is a neophyte in many tropical areas: in Africa in Nigeria , South Africa , Tanzania , Uganda and Zaire ; in the USA; on the islands of Mauritius , Réunion , the Bismarck Archipelago , Fiji and Taiwan.

Taxonomy

Caesalpinia sappan was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 381. Synonyms for Caesalpinia sappan L. are Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. , Caesalpinia angustifolia Salisb. , Caesalpinia sapang Noronha .

use

In many tropical countries, especially in India, Caesalpinia sappan is used and cultivated in many ways as a natural product. It is planted as hedge plants in India, Southeast Asia and on the Guimaras. It is cultivated as a medicinal plant in China and Korea.

Chemical raw material supplier

A resin is obtained from the trunk . An orange fatty oil is obtained from the seeds by extraction with petroleum ether . There is the sappan wood test to determine the purity of or the content of Lambanog .

Dye plant

The heartwood for dyeing for example, wine, meat and textiles (wool, cotton, silk) to use is widespread. The pigment from the heartwood is initially yellow or deep orange and later turns dark red through oxidation. Caesalpinia sappan was an important supplier of dyes . The heartwood contains high concentrations of the natural pigment Brazilin . Brazil can be produced synthetically . The roots provide a yellow dye. A black dye was obtained from the bark in combination with iron. Printing ink was obtained from the pulses and the bark. Multi-color printing is possible with these dyes.

Wood supplier

Caesalpinia sappan is also called the sappan wood tree. The heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan was under the name Sappanholz , East Indian redwood or Japan wood to colonial times is a valuable commodity. Sappan wood was one of the most important export goods of Sumbawa and Dutch traders had already from 1669 trade agreements with the Sultan of Sumbawa for sappan wood. The red heartwood, the sappan wood, was already an important commodity during the Middle Ages. Trade names for the wood are brazilin, sappan lignum, sappanwood. The sapwood is white. As timber , for example, it was used as construction timber .

Medicinal plant

Medicines can be obtained from Caesalpinia sappan . From the heartwood , the drug is called Sappan lignum, a thirst-quenching medicinal drink is made in Kerala , which for example has blood purifying effects or is effective against diabetes . In many countries around the world, Caesalpinia sappan is widely used in traditional medicine. The pharmacological studies confirm, for example, possible uses in chemotherapy as well as immunotherapy and antimicrobial and antiviral effects. For example, some tri terpenoids , flavonoids and oxygen-containing heterocycles have been isolated as bioactive ingredients . The Brazilian is the main plant ingredient responsible for some biological effects. For example in Ayurveda there is an application. Caesalpinia sappan is used in Chinese medicine to relieve pain. In the Philippines, Caesalpinia sappan is widely used in medicine.

There have been reports of the use of Caesalpinia sappan as an antiseptic , emmenagogue , astringent , sedative and hemostatic . Caesalpinia sappan is used for hematemesis , mastodynia , syphilis , bruises , wounds, bleeding, diarrhea , dysentery , metrorrhagia and orchitis .

The leaves are also used medicinally.

ingredients

Many parts of the plant contain tannins, 19% in the leaves, 44% in the bark and in the fruit flaps, 40% in the whole legumes. From the leaves, 0.16 to 0.25% essential oils can be obtained, which particularly contain (+) - α- phellandrene , terpenes and methyl alcohol .

The following ingredients were isolated: Neocaesalpine ; the three Brazilian derivatives: Brasilein , Brasilin , Brasilid ; the dibenzoxocin: protosappanin ; the two lignans : (±) -lyoniresinol, (-) - syringaresinol; the two chalcones : 3-deoxysappanchalcon, sappanchalcon; the homoisoflavonoid 3-deoxysappanone; the two flavonoids : rhamnetine , 3,8-dihydroxy-4,10-dimethoxy-7-oxo- [2] benzopyrano [4,3- b ] benzopyran; the stilbene : ( E ) -3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-dihydroxystilbene; the chroman 3,7-dihydroxy-chroman-4-one; the three sterols : stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, daucosterol ; the two fatty acids : diethyl adipate, stearic acid .

Common names

Common names in different languages are for example:

English: Brazilwood, false sandalwood, Indian brazilwood, Japan wood tree, sappan, sappan wood tree, sappan wood tree, sappanwood, Indian redwood, Sappan tree
French: bois de sappan, bois sappan, brésillet des Indes, campêche sappan
Portuguese: gango, Pau de sapan, pau de sapao, pau-Brasil, sapao
Burmese: teing-nyet
Filipino: sapang, sibukao
Hindi: bakan, bokmo, पतङ्ग patunga, patungam, vakam, vakum, बाकम bakam, पतङ्ग् pataṅg
Sanskrit: पतङ्ग् patang, पतङ्ग pataṅga, pattaranjaka
Indonesian: kayu cang, kayu sekang, secang, soga jawa
Javanese: soga jawa
Lao = Sino-Tibetan: faang, fang deeng
Malay: sepang
Thai: faang, fang som, ngaai
Vietnamese: hang nhuôm, tô môc, cây gô vang, Cây vang, Gỗ vang, Mạy vang, Tô phượng, Vang, Vang nhuộm
Chinese: su fang, 苏木 sū mù
Korean: sobangmog
Japanese: スオウ Suō (Suou), 蘇芳 Suō, 蘇方 Suō, 蘇枋 Suō
Arabic: بَقّمْ هندى Baqqam hindī
Tamil: பதிமுகம் Patimukam, பதிமுகம்அ Patimukama, பதாங்கம் Patāṅkam
in the Sunda Islands: sěchang

swell

Dezhao Chen, Dianxiang Zhang , Ding Hou: Caesalpinia. : Caesalpinia sappan , p. 45 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 10: Fabaceae. , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 (Description and Distribution Sections)
Data sheet at PROTA4U .
Data sheet at PROSEA .
C. Orwa, A. Mutua, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, S. Anthony, 2009: Caesalpinia sappan - full text PDF at Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide, Version 4.0.
RK Brummitt, AC Chikuni, JM Lock, RM Polhill: Leguminosae. In: Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 3, 2007: Caesalpinia sappan .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Data sheet at LegumeWeb from ILDIS the World Database of Legumes , Version 10.01 with data from 2005.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ data sheet at Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crop , data from 2001.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g R. K. Brummitt, AC Chikuni, JM Lock, RM Polhill: Leguminosae. In: Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 3, 2007: Caesalpinia sappan .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag Dezhao Chen, Dianxiang Zhang , Ding Hou: Caesalpinia. : Caesalpinia sappan , p. 45 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 10: Fabaceae. , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t data sheet at PROTA4U . ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m data sheet at PROSEA .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j C. Orwa, A. Mutua, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, S. Anthony, 2009: Caesalpinia sappan - full text PDF at Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide, Version 4.0.

↑ ^a ^b Data sheet Caesalpinia sappan from Ecocrop of the FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN .

^ Seed Information Database by Kew.

^ Caesalpinia sappan at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

↑ ^a ^b Biancaea sappan in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2014 Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Accessed June 23, 2014.

^ ^A ^b Caesalpinia sappan in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 24, 2014.

^ Linnaeus scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1753 .

^ Caesalpinia sappan at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 24, 2014.

↑ ^a ^b ^c data sheet at Multilingual Multiscripted Plant Name Database = MMPND, with data from 2013.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Shrishailappa Badami, Sudheer Moorkoth, B. Suresh: Caesalpinia sappan - A medicinal and dye yielding plant. In: Natural Product Radiance , Volume 3, Issue 2, 2004, pp. 75–82: full text PDF.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h data sheet at StuartXchange : Philippine medicinal plants .

↑ ^a ^b Robert Hegnauer: Caesalpinioideae and Mimosoideae . In: Chemotaxonomy of plants: An overview of the distribution and the systematic importance of plant substances . tape 1 , part 2. Birkhäuser, 1985, ISBN 978-3-7643-0723-3 , pp. 48 ( Caesalpinia from page 48 in the Google book search).

↑ ^a ^b Caesalpinia . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 3, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 837.

^ Theodor Wilhelm Christian Martius: Grundriß der Pharmakognosie des Pflanzenreiches , 1832, p. 86 u. a.

^ The EDEN historical research project - Environmental History of the Island of Sumbawa (Indonesia) of the International Institute for Asian Studies, Bernice de Jong-Boers. Retrieved June 24, 2014

↑ Data sheet for plants of Ayurveda

↑ ^a ^b James A. Duke: data sheet from Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.ars-grin.gov

Web links

Commons : Caesalpinia sappan / Biancaea sappan - collection of images, videos and audio files

Illustration in the Flora of China : Caesalpinia sappan Figure 8-11.