Carl Menger

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Carl Menger

Carl Menger von Wolfensgrün (born February 23, 1840 in Neu-Sandez , Galicia , † February 26, 1921 in Vienna ) was an Austrian economist . He is considered to be the head of the Austrian School of Economics and the founder of the Austrian marginal utility school and revolutionized value and price theory . The economic theory based on his oeuvre was later systematically expanded by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk , Friedrich von Wieser (in the technical and social field), Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich August von Hayek .

Life

Origin and family

Carl Menger's ancestors were of German-Bohemian descent on both his mother's and father's side. Some of the ancestors moved further east to eventually settle in Galicia . His grandfather, Anton Menger, and his grandmother, Anna Müller, were born there. Carl Menger's father, whose first name is also Anton, carried the nobility predicate "Edler von Wolfersgrün", the lowest of the five Austrian nobility predicates, whereby the time and reason for the ennoblement are still in the dark; both Carl Menger and his two brothers later gave up this title because of their commitment to the bourgeoisie . In 1833 the trained lawyer Anton Menger married Caroline Gerzabek. Anton Menger ran the private business law firm in Bielitz , which was founded in the early 1940s, until his death in 1848, despite the existing legal ordinances and his Catholic denomination , which permanently restricted his sphere of activity and clients in the predominantly Protestant Bielitz.

The early death of the father led to a precarious economic situation for the family. Caroline, who not only had to cope with the loss of her husband, but also the death of four children, was nevertheless able to provide for the six remaining siblings - probably with the help of a fortune that she could fall back on as the daughter of wealthy merchants - and moreover enable the three brothers Max, Carl and Anton to study at university. Like their father, Max, Carl and Anton embarked on a legal career. The life of the other three siblings is largely unknown.

Carl's brother, who was two years older than him, made a name for himself as a business and finance lawyer, was a member of the Progress Club and received mandates on the Vienna City Council , the District Council and the Reichsrat. He was regarded as a proven expert on tax policy and the nationality problem in Austria and played a key role in reforming legal training.

Carl's brother, Anton , who was one and a half years his junior , was successful as a university professor (o. Univ.-Prof. At the University of Vienna in 1877), particularly in the area of ​​Austrian civil law proceedings, and as a councilor and avowed socialist was committed to the concerns and rights of the working class . The Austrian Code of Civil Procedure of 1895, the German Civil Code of 1896 and the preliminary draft of a Swiss Civil Code of 1900 were significantly influenced by it.

Childhood and youth

Although few details are known about Carl Menger's childhood and adolescence, it is documented that he spent the first few years on his grandfather's estate and became familiar with the works of Montesquieu , Adam Smith , Jean-Baptiste Say , Louis Auguste Say , David at an early age Ricardo , Hufeland and Lauderdale argued.

Studies, teaching and employment

Bronze plaque in honor of Carl Menger in the arcade courtyard of the University of Vienna

In 1859 Menger began studying law and political science in Vienna and continued this in Prague from 1860 to 1863 . After completing his studies, he became editor of the official Lemberger newspaper . From 1865 to 1866 he was co-editor of the newly founded Neue Wiener Tagesblatt and at the same time prepared his doctorate , which he successfully completed in 1867 at the University of Krakow . In 1871 he continued his journalistic career as the editorial secretary of the Imperial Wiener Zeitung , the official government paper . His main task was the systematic observation and analysis of the market situation. In 1872 Menger completed his habilitation in Vienna with Lorenz von Stein and in the same year became a private lecturer in political economy in Vienna. He rejects calls to universities in Karlsruhe, Basel and Zurich. As a habilitation thesis he presented his principles of the Volkwirthschaftslehre , a work that he had published in 1871. It is not known when exactly Menger entered the ministerial service. What is certain is that in August 1873 he was appointed the “real” (pensionable) Ministerial Secretary in the Imperial and Royal Ministerial Presidium. In September of the same year, 33-year-old Menger was appointed associate professor at the University of Vienna. In 1875 he voluntarily returned his ministerial office in order to devote himself entirely to his research and teaching activities. The Chair of Political Economy at the University of Vienna, created for the first time in 1878, was finally offered to Menger. In 1879 he was appointed full professor. Up to this point in time, Austrian economics was dominated and shaped by German professors.

In 1883 he published the investigations on the method of the social sciences and political economy in particular , a work that sparked the so-called dispute between political economy and the historical school . Menger was supported by his students Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk and Friedrich von Wieser. This is considered to be the actual hour of birth of the Austrian School. In the same year an exchange of letters with Léon Walras began and intensified , with whom he shared the common goal of overcoming the problems of classical economics through a subjectivist approach. Methodologically, however, Menger distinguished himself from Walras, which is also expressed in his work The Errors of Historicism , published in 1884 . The errors , by and large, represent a letter-form polemic against Schmoller's objections.

Since 1886 Menger campaigned for a study reform at the law and political science faculties, but could not find a majority among the professors for his efforts. From 1893 onwards, some suggestions for innovation were implemented, but most of Menger's demands were not taken into account.

In the 1890s Menger concentrated on the field of monetary theory , which is based on a metallistic view . In 1892 Menger became a member of the Currency Enquête Commission formed in March . Menger advocated the introduction of a gold currency . For his commitment he received from the Minister of Education, Paul Freiherr Gautsch von Frankenthurn , a personnel allowance of 1200 guilders . The inquiry on the reform of the building tax in 1903 was initiated by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, who was now finance minister, and determined by the expertise of the already established Austrian school, in which Menger was the outstanding figure.

Menger and the Crown Prince Rudolf

At the suggestion of the crown prince's liberal educator, Josef Latour , Menger became the private tutor of Rudolfs, then eighteen, from 1876 to 1878 . The guiding principle of empowering students to think and judge independently also shaped this special teaching relationship. The result was a profound examination of the Crown Prince's economic and social issues. He accompanied him on numerous study trips. Inspired by a trip to England, in 1878 they wrote the so-called nobility spamphlet, an anonymous pamphlet that dealt extremely critically with the aristocracy in Austria.

Menger's influence on Rudolf was certainly considerable, especially when it came to Rudolf's economic and social liberalism and his socio-political commitment. The Crown Prince remained unaffected by the anti-Semitism of his time and rejected state dirigism . The economic part of the so-called Kronprinzenwerk (1886–1902) is also evidence of Menger's relevance. However, an overestimation of this influence in 1886 probably led to the end of the contacts, as accusations (especially on the part of Archduke Albrecht ) of excessive liberal influence increased.

Retirement and last years

From 1899 Menger worked intensively on his social work. At the turn of the century he devoted himself increasingly to the study of Wilhelm Wundt and the Austrian school of psychology around Franz Brentano , Christian von Ehrenfels and Oskar Kraus as well as research results in the fields of biology and physiology . The primary purpose of these efforts was to base his theory of value on a theory of human needs.

Carl Menger Grave of Honor Central Cemetery Vienna

In the winter semester of 1902/3, the 62-year-old Menger applied for the exemption from his compulsory lectures and in the spring of 1903 for his retirement because his health deteriorated noticeably - he suffered from neurasthenia and an ear disease. It is very likely that the birth of his son Karl Menger in 1902 also contributed to the fact that he withdrew more and more from professional and teaching activities. In 1911 he got to know Ludwig von Mises , who continued his work and whom he held in high regard.

The family circumstances are largely unclear. Although he was registered as "single" in the registry , he lived with Hermina Andermann. He also bequeathed his fortune to her, which was based primarily on his library of around 25,000 volumes. Due to a better price offer, Hermina sold these holdings to Japan, where a large part can be found today at Hitotsubashi University in Tokyo.

Shortly after his 81st birthday, Carl Menger died on February 26, 1921 in Vienna and was buried in a grave of honor in Vienna's central cemetery (group 0, row 1, number 88).

honors and awards

Numerous other scientific societies accepted Menger into their ranks ( Reale Accademia dei Lincei , American Academy of Political and Social Sciences , Austrian Academy of Sciences ) and he received several honorary doctorates (Budapest 1896, Prague 1899), including the title “First Doctor of Political Science “At the University of Vienna on the occasion of his eightieth birthday.

Philosophical Influences

Opinions differ about the philosophical influences. A rudimentary discussion between Menger and Plato and an extremely meticulous one with Aristotle , especially with his ethics, is undisputed .

"Plato thinks that money is" an agreed sign for the exchange ", and Aristotle says that money came about through agreement, not through nature, but through the law."

- (Investigations, p. 173)

Even Kant's influence is evident. Some authors also emphasize the role of rationalism and idealism , as it is e.g. B. is represented by the philosophy of Christian Wolff . Looking at the literature, the majority of people assume that Menger takes an Aristotelian-essentialist position, a position that, on closer inspection, is in gross contradiction with his theory of subjective evaluation and the position of methodological individualism. Another approach is the orientation towards the question of whether Menger considers the inference technique of deduction or induction to be more appropriate for his economic theory and methodological position. On the basis of his price theory it can be shown that Menger not only has a nominalist approach, but an explicitly anti-essentialist one.

Economic theory

Before Menger ushered in the phase of the Austrian School of Economics at the University of Vienna in 1871, it was the so-called cameralists who shaped the development of economics at the University of Vienna. Characteristic of the camera science , as z. B. was represented by Joseph Freiherr von Sonnenfels and Josef von Kudler , is the position of methodological essentialism . Methodological essentialism is e.g. B. based on the organic view that (social) institutions such as B. the state, prices and money (in the narrower, historical sense also language and the people) have a being or an essence or are inherent (cf. Emanatic Logic ).

Menger was one of the first to break with the essentialist tradition, which continues to exist in Germany within the framework of the historical school, by instead paradigmatically introducing an improved position of methodological individualism in combination with an improved theory of subjective evaluation in his principles of economics .

The individualistic paradigm goes back to the Scottish moral philosophy of the 18th century, which turned on the one hand against the rationalistic doctrine of natural law , on the other hand against a contractualism . Its most prominent representatives were David Hume and Adam Smith . Menger had dealt intensively with both of them, locating a one-sided “ pragmatic ” conception of society within Smith's social philosophy , whom he honored as an “excellent thinker” .

At the center of Menger's subjective theory of values ​​is the thesis that the value of a good is determined by the subjective appreciation of its last unit (“ boundary unit”) ( marginal utility consideration ). The aim of his nominalistic and anti-organicistic approach is the hitherto failed development of a unified price theory which is supposed to provide a satisfactory explanation of exchange and price formation. According to Menger, the value of a good depends on its individual benefit. He

“[...] is therefore nothing that adheres to goods, is not a property of them, just as little is an independent thing that exists for itself. The same is a judgment which the economic people make about the importance of the goods at their disposal for the maintenance of their life and their welfare, and therefore does not exist outside their consciousness. "

- (Principles, p. 86)

The behavioral conception of the subjective evaluation of the utility of goods forms the uniform point of reference in his price theory. The pricing is based on the marginal utility of the customer and takes place in the exchange of the subjectively valued goods on the market. The utility function shows here that the utility increases with each unit consumed, but this additional growth becomes smaller and smaller. This can be traced back to the saturation of the satisfaction of needs: the interest in consumption decreases with the saturation and the consumer is willing to pay less for each additional unit of this good. This also explains the paradox that vital goods in excess (water) are only of low value compared to less important luxury goods (diamonds) (cf. water-diamond paradox). David Ricardo's classical doctrine of cost values, which derives the price formation from the production costs of goods, is being replaced by Menger's marginal principle and the transition from classic to neoclassical is finally complete.

Menger was an advocate of competitive markets and free trade, and a moderate protagonist of liberalism and capitalism .

Social and Epistemology

Studies on the method of social sciences and political economy in particular , 1933

"The establishment of a methodology of the social sciences is the most important task of the present in the field of epistemology."

- (Basics of a classification of economics, p. 25)

Classical economics or political economy , generally understood as the theory of action and economics, tries to clarify those questions that arise from ( macroeconomic ) phenomena of social life, especially social coexistence: How can exchange be explained? How can relative prices be explained? How can social institutions be explained? The method of social science is therefore always up for grabs.

In his second major work, Studies on the Method of Social Science and Political Economy, in particular , Carl Menger transfers the foundation of theoretical social science to that of political economy. The justification is identified by two positions - first: the empirical-realistic direction; second: the exact direction. A problem clearly emerges here, which Karl Popper , who, despite his rejection of subjectivism in connection with a theory of valuation, shares many views with the “Austrian subjectivists”, will later discuss in all clarity: the induction problem . Because empirical-realistic always means a “(finite) class of singular observational sentences ”; and "exact" refers to the strict generality, which, however, can in no way be empirically-realistically founded, as the Fries and Münchhausen trilemma shows.

“The world of appearances can be viewed from two essentially different perspectives. Either it is the concrete phenomena and their position in space and time and in their concrete relationships to one another, or else the alternating manifestations of these latter, the knowledge of which forms the object of our scientific interest. The first direction of research is directed towards the knowledge of the concrete, more correctly the individual, the latter towards that of the general of phenomena [...]. "

- (Investigations, p. 3)

Menger himself is very aware of this problem, as he for his part shows the historical school that it pays no attention to this dichotomy , here in the form of an inductivist essentialism. So how is social science possible as a science? What is its method and what distinguishes it from other sciences? The first question leads to the problem of demarcation , the second culminates in the so-called method dispute in the social sciences .

Menger's methodology aims to clarify the "structure of satisfactory explanations in the theoretical social sciences". According to Menger, "social events, facts , processes and institutions are to be explained as the unplanned result of the interaction of the intended behavior of individuals and thus as a structural phenomenon ".

criticism

Menger's attempt to overcome the traditional dichotomy of a priorism and empiricism through a synthesis based on “an immanent and specifically epistemological criticism of the alternative attempts at constitution of the theoretical sciences” and to justify the theoretical social sciences must be viewed as failed. Although he opposes the naive empiricism of the historical school with a strict positivism in that he constitutes the “empirical-realistic research direction”, he cannot justify the induction principle with which he justifies the “exact research direction”. His attempt to integrate the empirical-realistic into the exact research direction must “ transcendentally fail in view of the strict generality of the statements about reality ”.

Carl Menger Prize

Since 2014 the Verein für Socialpolitik has awarded the “Carl Menger Prize” for innovative, international research in the fields of monetary macroeconomics, monetary policy and currency policy , which is jointly donated by the Deutsche Bundesbank , the Austrian National Bank and the Swiss National Bank and is endowed with 20,000 euros. The first award winner is Hélène Rey , professor at the London Business School . In a contribution for peculiarly free , the former member of the Bundestag, Frank Schäffler, welcomed the award as recognition of Menger's “merits in monetary theory ”.

Works and writings in chronological order

  • 1. Principles of economics. First, general part, Vienna 1871, GW, Volume 1
  • 2. The dichotomy among the German Volkswirthen, in: Wiener Abendpost, January 2nd and 3rd, 1873.
  • 3. Review of: Muther, Theodor, The reform of legal teaching. An inaugural academic lecture, Weimar 1873, in: Wiener Abendpost, March 5, 1873, p. 420.
  • 4. Review of: Herrmann, Emanuel, Principien der Wirthschaft, Vienna 1873, in: Wiener Abendpost, March 8, 1873.
  • 5. Review of: Cairnes, JE, Essays in Political Economy theoretical and applied, London 1873, in: Wiener Abendpost, April 10, 1873.
  • 6. Review by: Dumreicher; Armand Freiherr v., The administration of universities since the present ministry took office, Vienna 1873, in: Wiener Abendpost, May 5, 1873.
  • 7. John Stuart Mill (Nekrolog), in: Wiener Abendpost, May 15, 1873.
  • 8th World Exhibition 1873. The pavilion of the kk agriculture ministry, in: Wiener Abendpost, May 24th 1873.
  • 9. The Austrian mining industry. Review of: Denkbuch des Österreiches Bergwesens, Verlag des kk Ackerbauministeriums, Vienna 1873, in: Wiener Abendpost, June 6, 1873.
  • 10. Review by: Dumreicher, Armand Freiherr von., The maintenance of commercial advanced training and secondary schools by the Austrian state in 1872, Vienna 1873, in: Wiener Abendpost, June 17, 1873.
  • 11. On the gold question. Review of: Cairnes, JE, Essay in Political Economy theoretical and applied, London 1873, in: Wiener Abendpost, June 19, 1873.
  • 12. Recent advances in meteorology. Review of: Communications from the field of the sea. Ed. Vkk hydrographic office. 1st year, Vienna 1873, in: Wiener Abendpost, July 30, 1873.
  • 13. Consolidation of the estates. Review of: Peyrer, Karl, The amalgamation of the plots of land, the regulation of common land and the replacement of the forest servants in Austria and Germany, Vienna 1873, in: Wiener Abendpost, September 30, 1873.
  • 14. Review of: Neumann, Franz Xaver, Volkswirthschaftslehre with special application to the army and military administration, Vienna 1873, in: Wiener Abendpost, October 4, 1873.
  • 15. Review of: Mill, John Stuart, Autobiography, London 1873, in: Wiener Abendpost, November 10, 1873.
  • 16. Review of: Journal for Private and Public Law of the Present, in: Wiener Abendpost, November 17, 1873.
  • 17. Review of: Old and New: The Political Decision-Making Question. From the portfolio of a Viennese bureaucrat, Leipzig 1874, in: Wiener Abendpost, September 12, 1874.
  • 18. Review by: Maurer, Konrad, Iceland from its first discovery to the fall of the Free State, Munich 1874, in: Wiener Abendpost, October 3, 1874.
  • 19. Review of: Fröbel, Julius, The economy of the human race from the standpoint of the unity of ideal and real interests, 2 parts, Leipzig 1870–1874, in: Wiener Abendpost, October 20, 1874.
  • 20. Review of: Rubinstein, Susanna, Die sensorielle und sensitivensens, Leipzig 1871, in: Wiener Abendpost, October 21, 1874.
  • 21. Review of: Roscher, Wilhelm, Geschichte der deutschen Nationalökonomik, 1874, in: Wiener Abendpost, January 26, 1875.
  • 22. Review of: Le Comte de Mülinen, Les finances de l'Autriche. Etude historique et statistique sur les finances de l'Autriche cisleithanienne comparé avec celles de la France, Vienna 1875, in: Wiener Abendpost, May 3, 1875.
  • 23. Review of: Fischer, Kuno, Francis Bacon and his successors, History of the Development of the Philosophy of Experience, Leipzig 1875 in: Wiener Abendpost, September 14, 1875.
  • 24. Review of: Scheel, Hv, Die Erbschaftssteuer, Jena 1875, in: Wiener Abendpost, October 6, 1875.
  • 25. Review of: Rau, Karl Heinrich, textbook of political economy, complete revision by Adolf Wagner and Erwin Nasse, Leipzig / Heidelberg 1872 in: Wiener Abendpost, November 23, 1875.
  • 26. Exposé on the lectures on political economy and statistics, Vienna, September 30, 1875, in: Nachlass Kronprinz Rudolf, House, Court and State Archives, Vienna, box 2
  • 27. Report on lessons in political economy, Vienna July 25, 1876, in: Nachlass Kronprinz Rudolf, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna, box 2
  • 28. Report on teaching in general European and Austro-Hungarian statistics, Vienna December 20, 1876, in: Nachlass Kronprinz Rudolf, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna, box 2
  • 29. Studies on the method of social sciences and political economy in particular, Vienna 1883, GW, Volume 2
  • 30. Letter to Léon Walras v. June 28, 1883, in: Jaffé, William (Ed.), Correspondence of Léon Walras and Related Papers, Amsterdam 1965, Volume 1, p. 768.
  • 31. Review of: Schönberg, Gustav (Ed.), Handbook of Political Economy, 2 Vols., Tübingen 1882, in: Journal for Contemporary Private and Public Law, Volume 10, 1883, pp. 742/3.
  • 32. The errors of historicism in the German National Economy, Vienna 1884, GW, Volume 3, pp. 1-97.
  • 33. Letter to Léon Walras v. February 1884, reprinted, in: Jaffé, William (Ed.), Correspondence of Léon Walras and Related Papers, Amsterdam 1965, Volume 2, pp. 2-6.
  • 34. Review of: Cossa, Luigi, Primi Elementi di Economia Politica, Milano 1883, in: Journal for contemporary private and public law, Volume 11, 1884, pp. 451–454.
  • 35. Review by: Schnapper-Arndt, Gottlieb, five village communities on the high Taunus. A social statistical study on small-scale farming, domestic industry and folk life, Leipzig 1883, in: Journal for the private and public law of the present, Volume 11, 1884, pp. 455–457.
  • 36. Review of: Felix, Ludwig, The Influence of Nature on the Development of Property, Leipzig 1883, Journal for Contemporary Private and Public Law, Volume 11, 1884, pp. 454/5.
  • 37. Review by: Heinrich Vincenz Pospischil, Die Heimstätte, with special consideration for the conditions of rural property in Austria, in: Zeitschrift für das Privat- und Public Law of the Present, Volume 11, 1884, p. 457.
  • 38. Counterstatement by C. Mengers to: readers, E., review by: Karl Menger, investigations on the method of the social sciences and political economy in particular, in: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, NF Volume 7, 1883, pp. 273-276 ; printed In: Dietzel, Heinrich, C. Menger, studies on the method of social sciences and political economy in particular. A contribution to the methodology of theoretical economics, in: Yearbooks for Economics and Statistics. NF Volume 8, 1884, pp. 111-114.
  • 39. Letter from Carl Menger to Eugen v. Böhm-Bawerk, On the theory of capital interest, v. November 13, 1884, in: Ekonomisk Tidskrift (The Swedish Journal of Economics), Uppsala 1921, pp. 87/88.
  • 40th Review of: Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, Capital and Capitalzins, First Section: History and Critique of Capital Interest Theory, Innsbruck 1884, in: Journal for Contemporary Private and Public Law, Volume 12, 1885, p. 631– 639.
  • 41. Review of: Kleinwächter, Friedrich, The foundations and goals of so-called scientific socialism, Innsbruck 1885, in: Journal for contemporary private and public law, Volume 12, 1885, pp. 639–644.
  • 42. Political economic literature. Review of the writings of: Schönberg, Marlo, Neurath, Kuefstein, Neumann-Spallart, Scherzer, Brachelli, Lang, Vienna Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Zapf), in. Wiener Zeitung, January 14th and 15th, 1886.
  • 43. Discussion of: Philippovich, Eugen v., On the task and method of political economy. Academic inaugural speech, Freiburg 1886, in: Journal for contemporary private and public law, Volume 14, Vienna 1886, pp. 212–215.
  • 44. Report by Professors Dr. Exner and Dr. Karl Menger on the study reform in general and the separate vote of Professor Karl Menger on the position of national economic policy, statistics and public accounting in the curriculum, in: Reports and proposals for the reform of legal studies, submitted by the law and political science faculties of the Austrian universities, Pp. 3–4 and pp. 55–60, Vienna 1887
  • 45th review of: Schönberg, Gustav (Ed.), Handbuch der Politik Oekonomie, 2nd greatly increased edition. 2 Bde., Tübingen 1885/86, in: Journal for contemporary private and public law, Volume 14, 1887, pp. 555-585. GW, Volume 3, pp. 99-131 ("On the Critique of Political Economy")
  • 46. ​​Letter to Léon Walras v. January 27, 1887, in: Jaffé, William (Ed.), Correspondence of Léon Walras and Related Papers, Amsterdam 1965, Volume 2, p. 176.
  • 47. Review of: Neurath, W., Elements der Volkswirthschaftslehre, Vienna 1887, in: Journal for contemporary private and public law, Volume 14, 1887, pp. 655/6.
  • 48. Review of: Elster Ludwig (ed.), Staatswissenschaftliche Studien, Jena 1887 ff., In: Journal for contemporary private and public law, Volume 14, 1887, pp. 656/7.
  • 49. Review of: Sax, Emil, Foundation of Theoretical Political Science, Vienna 1887, in: Neue Freie Presse, December 20, 1887.
  • 50. On the theory of capital, in: Yearbooks for Economics and Statistics, Volume 17, 1888, pp. 1-49, GW, Volume 3, pp. 135-183.
  • 51. Contributation à la Théorie du Capital, in: Revue d'Economie Politique, Volume 2, 1888, pp. 577-594.
  • 52. New forms of worker remuneration. Review of: Munro, JE, Sliding Scales in the Coal Industry, London 1885, Sliding Scales in the Coal Industry, London 1886, On the Regulation of Wages by means of lists in the Cotton Industry. Weaving, London 1887, Spinning ibid. 1887, in: Neue Freie Presse, March 28, 1888.
  • 53. Fundamentals of a Classification of Economics, in: Yearbooks for Economics and Statistics, NF Volume 19, 1889, pp. 1–32, GW Volume 3, pp. 187–218.
  • 54. Obituary for Crown Prince Rudolf, in: Neue Freie Presse, January 31, 1889, p. 9.
  • 55. National economic literature in Austria. Review of the writings of: Wieser, Böhm-Bawerk, Sax, Mataja, Steinbach, Zuckerkandl, Groß, Auspitz / Lieben, in: Wiener Zeitung, March 7th and 8th, 1889.
  • 56. Friedrich List, in: Neuer Freie Presse, September 6, 1889, GW, Volume 3, pp. 247-257.
  • 57. On Friedrich List's centenary birthday, in: Allgemeine Juristen-Zeitung, Centralblatt für Verwaltung und Rechtspflege, 12th year, 10th August 1889, p. 265 f. and August 20, 1889, pp. 277 f.
  • 58. Correction (with regard to some comments on the Trade Act), in: Neues Wiener Tagesblatt, December 10, 1889, December 10, 1889.
  • 59. The purchasing power of the gulden of the Austrian currency, in: Neue Freie Presse, December 12, 1889, GW, Volume 4, pp. 117–124.
  • 60. Review of: Pierson, NG, Leerboek der Staatshuishoudkunde, 2nd volume, 1st part, Haarlem 1889, in: Rechtsgeleerd Magazijn, Volume 9, 1890, pp. 269-272.
  • 61. A portrait of the Crown Prince, in: Neues Wiener Tagesblatt, January 30, 1890.
  • 62. Review by: Block, Maurice, Les Progrés de la Science Economique depuis Adam Smith. Révision des doctrines économiques, Paris 1890, in: Neue Freie Presse, April 11, 1890.
  • 63. Review by: Conrad, J./L. Elster / E. Loening / W. Lexis (Ed.), Concise Dictionary of Political Sciences, Volume 1, Jena 1889/90, in: Neue Freie Presse, May 24, 1890.
  • 64. Lorenz von Stein + September 23, 1890, in: Yearbooks for Economics and Statistics, III. Episode, Volume 1, 1891, GW, Volume 3, pp. 259-271.
  • 65. The Social Theory of Classical National Economy and Modern Economic Policy, in: Neue Freie Presse, January 6 and 8, 1891, GW, Volume 3, pp. 219–245.
  • 66. From our currency. Lecture in the Vienna Legal Society on January 31, 1892, in: Allgemeine Juristen-Zeitung, Volume 15, No. 12 and 13, 20.1 and February 1, 1892, GW, Volume 4, pp. 287-307.
  • 67. The currency regulation in Austria-Hungary, in: Yearbooks for Economics and Statistics, III. Episode, Volume 3, 1892, pp. 496-515 and pp. 641-669; Volume 4, 1892, pp. 39-55. The separate reprint of an abridged version appeared in June 1892 and is contained in: GW, Volume 4, pp. 127–186.
  • 68. Stenographic minutes of the meetings of the Currency Enquête Commission convened in Vienna from March 8 to March 17, 1892, Vienna 1892 (Mengers ’statements, pp. 197–223, 238 f., 247, 269–271, 284 ), Main article: GW, Volume 4, pp. 225–286.
  • 69. The transition to the gold standard. Investigations into the value problems of the Austro-Hungarian currency reform, Vienna / Leipzig 1892, GW, Volume 4, pp. 189–224.
  • 70. Money, in: Concise Dictionary of Political Science, Volume 3, Jena 1892, pp. 730–757.
  • 71. On the Origin of Money, in: Economic Journal, Volume 2, 1892, p. 243 ff.
  • 72. La Monnaie Mesure de Valeur, in: Revue d'Economie Politique, Volume 6, 1892, pp. 159-175.
  • 73. Political economic literature. Discussion of: Concise Dictionary of Political Science a. Writings by A. Wagner, Philippovich, Böhm-Barwerk, Schullern-Schrattenhofen, Mensi, Zeitschrift für Volkswirthschaft, Socialpolitik and Verwaltung, in: Wiener Zeitung, November 30, 1892.
  • 74. Review of: Wagner, Adolph, Lehr- und Handbuch der Politik Oekonomie, in: Neue Freie Presse, December 21, 1892.
  • 75. Review of: Mahaim, Ernest, L'enseignement de l'économie politique à l'université de Berlin et de Vienne, in: Revue de Belgique, Volume 21, 1889, pp. 359–369; St.-Marc, Henri, Etude sur l´enseignement de l´économie politique dans les universités d´Allemagne et d´Autriche, in: Revue d´Economie Politique, Volume 6, 1892, pp. 217–249 and p. 423 -470, in: Zeitschrift für Volkswirthschaft, Socialpolitik und Verwaltung, Volume 2, 1893, pp. 359-364.
  • 76. Review by: Conrad, J., The German Universities. in: Wiener Zeitung, May 13, 1893.
  • 77. Foreword to: Lorini, Eteocle, La Question della Valuta in Austria-Ungeria, Turin 1893, pp. XV – XXXVII
  • 78. The Gold Agio and the current status of the currency reform, in: Bohemia, Prague, June 15 and 16, 1893, also as a special print, Prague 1893, GW, Volume 4, pp. 308-324.
  • 79. Wilhelm Roscher, in: Neue Freie Presse, June 16, 1894, GW, Volume 3, pp. 273-281.
  • 80. Review of: Schüller, Richard, Die classische National-Oekonomie and their opponents, Berlin 1895, in: Neue Freie Presse, February 23, 1895.
  • 81. Foreword to: Montemartini, Giovanni, Il Risparmio nella Economia Pura, Milano 1896, pp. XIII – XV (3 July 1895)
  • 82. Money and coinage since 1857, in: Austrian State Dictionary (edited by E. Mischler and J. Ulbrich), Volume 2, Vienna 1897.
  • 83. A law against cartels, in: Yearbooks for Economics and Statistics, III. Episode, Volume 14, 1897, pp. 113-115.
  • 84. Review of: Wagner, Adolf, Grundriß zu Vorlesungen über Finanzwissenschaft, Berlin 1898, in: Zeitschrift für das Privat- und Public-Recht der Gegenwart, Volume 25, 1898, pp. 467/8.
  • 85. Review of: Conrad, I., I Part: Nationalökonomie, Jena 1896, II. Part: Volkswirtschafthspektiven, Jena 1897, in: Zeitschrift für das Privat- und Public Law of the Present, Volume 25, 1898, p. 193.
  • 86. Review of: Philippovich, Ev, Volume I: Allgemeine Volkswirthschaftslehre, Second revised and enlarged edition. Freiburg 1897, in: Journal of Contemporary Private and Public Law, Volume 25, 1898, p. 194.
  • 87. Money, in: Concise Dictionary of Social Sciences, 2nd edition. Volume 4, Jena 1900, pp. 60-106.
  • 88. Review of: Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, The problem of capital interest. Some controversial questions of capital theory, Vienna / Leipzig 1900, in: Wiener Zeitung, March 30, 1900.
  • 89. Review of: Simmel, Georg, Philosophy of Money, Leipzig 1900, in: Literarisches Zentralblatt, January 26, 1901, pp. 160 ff.
  • 90. Review of: Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen v., History and Critique of the Theory of Capital Interest, 2nd edition. Innsbruck 1900, in: Literarisches Zentralblatt, February 9, 1901, p. 248 f.
  • 91. Economics encyclopedias. Review of: Concise Dictionary of Political Science, 2nd edition. 1900, in: Neue Freie Presse, February 14, 1901.
  • 92. Contribution to the Enquête “The Catholic University”, in: Neue Freie Presse, December 25, 1901.
  • 93. Review of: Wieser, Friedrich v., Results and Prospects of Personal Income Tax, Leipzig 1901, in: Literarisches Zentralblatt, January 4, 1902, p. 18.
  • 94. Review by: Roscher, Wilhelm, System des Finanzwissenschaft, 5th edition. edit v. Otto Gerlach, Stuttgart 1901, in: Literarisches Zentralblatt, May 17, 1902, p. 661 f.
  • 95. Review of: Espinas, G., Les finances de la commune de Dousi des origines au XVe siècle, Paris 1902, in: Literarisches Zentralblatt, January 17, 1903, p. 88.
  • 96. Review of: Petritsch, L., Theory of the so-called favorable and unfavorable trade balance, Graz 1902, in: Literarisches Zentralblatt, February 14, 1903, p. 249.
  • 97. Review of: Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen v., Positive Theory of Capital Interest, 2nd edition. Innsbruck 1902, in. Literarisches Zentralblatt, April 4, 1903, pp. 486/7.
  • 98. Review of: Lippert, G., Ueber the comparability of the values ​​of international commodity transfers, Vienna / Leipzig 1903, in: Literarisches Zentralblatt, December 19, 1903, p. 1762.
  • 99. Contribution as an expert in the Enquête on the reform of the building tax, shorthand protocol of the Enquête on the reform of the building tax, Vienna, November – December 1903, published: Vienna 1904.
  • 100. Review by: Conrad, J., Grundriß zum Studium der Politischen Ökonomie, Jena 1902; Philippovich, Eugen v., Outline of Political Economy, 1st volume, 5th edition. Tübingen 1904, 2nd volume, 1st part, 1st a. 2nd Edition. Tübingen 1899, in the journal for contemporary private and public law, Volume 31, 1904, pp. 438–440.
  • 101. Review of: Komorzynski, Johann v., The economic theory of credit, Innsbruck 1903, in: Journal for private and public law in the present, Volume 31, 1904, pp. 759–761.
  • 102. Friedrich Schiller, in: Supplement to “Die Zeit”, April 23, 1905.
  • 103. Review by: Schüller, Richard, Schutzzoll und Freihandel. The requirements and the limits of their entitlement, Vienna 1905, in: Neue Freie Presse, June 1, 1905.
  • 104. Foreword to: Ettinger, Markus, The regulation of competition in the modern economic system, Part I: The cartels in Austria, Vienna 1905, S, V-VIII
  • 105. John Stuart Mill, in: National-Zeitung, Berlin May 22, 1906, GW, Volume 3, pp. 283-291.
  • 106. The reform of the legal study regulations, in: Die Zeit, February 23, 1907.
  • 107. Emil Steinbach, in: Neue Freie Presse, May 28, 1907.
  • 108. Review of: Philippovich, E. v., Volkswirthschaftsppolitik, Volume 2, Part 2, 1. – 3. Edition, Tübingen 1908, in: Journal for contemporary private and public law, Volume 35, 1908, pp. 373-375.
  • 109. Money, in: Concise Dictionary of Political Science, 3rd edition. Volume 4, Jena 1909, GW, Volume 4, pp. 1–116.
  • 110. Letter to Ismar Feilbogen v. June 26, 1911, abr. in: Feilbogen, I., L´Ecole Autrichienne d´Economie Politique, in: Journal des Economistes, vol. 70, 6th episode, 1911, p. 56 f.
  • 111. Eugene v. Böhm-Bawerk, in: Almanach of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna, year 1915, GW, Volume 3, pp. 293–307.
  • 112. Menger, Karl (Ed.), Principles of Economics, 2nd edition. Vienna 1923.

literature

Primary

  • Carl Menger: Principles of economics. Braumüller, Vienna 1871 ( digitized version and full text in the German text archive )
  • Carl Menger: Studies on the method of social sciences and political economy in particular. In: FA Hayek (ed.): Carl Menger. Collected Works. Volume II, 2nd edition. JCB Mohr, Tuebingen 1969.
  • Carl Menger: The errors of historicism in German economics. Hölder, Vienna 1884. ( digitized and full text in the German text archive )
  • Carl Menger: Basics of a classification of economics. In: FA Hayek (ed.): Carl Menger. Collected Works. Volume III, 2nd edition. JCB Mohr, Tuebingen 1970.

Secondary

Web links

Commons : Carl Menger  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Graz 1986, ISBN 3-205-05044-4 , pp. 3-6.
  2. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, p. 7.
  3. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, pp. 7-25.
  4. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, pp. 39-46.
  5. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, p. 59f.
  6. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, pp. 69f.
  7. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, p. 83.
  8. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, pp. 25-37.
  9. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, pp. 86f.
  10. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, p. 88.
  11. ↑ wienwiki.wienerzeitung.at ( Memento from October 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, p. 89.
  13. ↑ viennatouristguide.at
  14. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, p. 195.
  15. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, pp. 88f.
  16. ^ Karl Milford: A Note on Menger's Problem Situation and Non-essentialist Approach to Economics. In: Harald Hagemann, Tamotsu Nishizawa, Yukihiro Ikeda (eds.): Austrian Economics in Transition. From Carl Menger to Friedrich Hayek. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke Hampshire 2010, pp. 154ff.
  17. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, pp. 183-187.
  18. ↑ Erich Streissler: Carl Menger, the German economist. In: Bertram Schefold: Studies on the development of economic theory X. Writings of the Verein für Socialpolitik Volume 115 / X, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990, p. 159f.
  19. ^ Karl Milford: A Note on Menger's Problem Situation and Non-essentialist Approach to Economics. In: Harald Hagemann, Tamotsu Nishizawa, Yukihiro Ikeda (eds.): Austrian Economics in Transition. From Carl Menger to Friedrich Hayek. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke Hampshire 2010, p. 168.
  20. ↑ cf. Principles, IXf
  21. ^ Karl Milford: Carl Menger. In: Heinz D. Kurz (Hrsg.): Classics of economic thinking. From Adam Smith to Alfred Marshall. Volume 1, Beck, Munich 2008, p. 309f.
  22. ↑ Vera Linß: The most important economic thinkers . 4th edition. Marix, Wiesbaden 2013, pp. 65f.
  23. ↑ Erich Streissler: Carl Menger, the German economist. In: Bertram Schefold: Studies on the Development of Economic Theory X. (= Writings of the Association for Socialpolitik. Volume 115 / X ). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990, pp. 159f.
  24. ↑ Yukihiro Ikeda: Carl Menger's Liberalism Revisited. In: Harald Hagemann, Tamotsu Nishizawa, Yukihiro Ikeda (eds.): Austrian Economics in Transition. From Carl Menger to Friedrich Hayek. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke Hampshire 2010, pp. 3ff.
  25. ↑ Jeremy Shearmur: Subjectivism, Explanation and the Austrian Tradition. In: Bruce J. Caldwell, Stephan Boehm (Eds.): Austrian Economics: Tension and New Directions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston / Dordrecht / London 1992, p. 103.
  26. ^ Karl Milford: Carl Menger (1840-1921). In: Heinz D. Kurz (Hrsg.): Classics of economic thinking. From Adam Smith to Alfred Marshall. Volume 1, Beck, Munich 2008, p. 319f.
  27. ^ Karl Milford: Carl Menger. In: Heinz D. Kurz (Hrsg.): Classics of economic thinking. From Adam Smith to Alfred Marshall. Volume 1, Beck, Munich 2008, p. 310.
  28. ^ Karl Milford: On the attempts at solving the induction problem and the delimitation problem in Carl Menger. (= Publications of the Commission for Social and Economic Sciences. Volume 27). Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1989, p. 89.
  29. ^ Karl Milford: On the attempts at solving the induction problem and the delimitation problem in Carl Menger. (= Publications of the Commission for Social and Economic Sciences. Volume 27). Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1989, p. 89.
  30. ↑ socialpolitik.org
  31. ↑ bundesbank.de
  32. ↑ london.edu
  33. ↑ ef-magazin.de
  34. ^ Margarete Boos: The philosophy of science Carl Mengers. Biographical and historical connections. 1986, pp. 196-226.
personal data
SURNAME Menger, Carl
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian economist
DATE OF BIRTH February 23, 1840
PLACE OF BIRTH New Sandez , Galicia
DATE OF DEATH February 26, 1921
Place of death Vienna