Chronicle of the civil war in Syria 2016

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Outline map of the civil war in Syria

The 2016 Chronicle of the Syrian Civil War records the events of the Syrian civil war in 2016.

January

Kurdish fighters and other US-backed rebels from a group that have been described as the Democratic Forces of Syria claimed to have captured the village of Tanab near Aʿzāz from Islamist fighters on January 1st . There had been heavy fighting with the al-Nusra front and the Ahrar al-Sham .

According to SOHR activists , Russian fighter planes attacked targets in Maarat an-Numan on January 9 . At least 57 people died, around half of the victims were fighters from the al-Nusra front. Through the mediation of the United Nations, food deliveries to two insurgent villages under regime control and the city of Madaya under insurgent control, besieged by government forces , were arranged for January 11th.

On January 11, the agreed relief supplies were delivered to Madaya and the Shiite villages of Foua and Kfarya.

Supported by Russian air strikes, government soldiers and allied militias occupied the city of Salma near the Turkish border in the Latakia governorate on January 12th . The city had previously been in the hands of insurgents for three years.

On January 17, IS fighters attacked Deir ez-Zor, trapped and held by government forces . According to SOHR, the fighters infiltrated the northern part of the city and murdered at least 60 people.

On January 26, troops of the Syrian army , Hezbollah and allied militias captured the city of al-Sheikh Miskin, which has been controlled by the Free Syrian Army and other rebel groups since the beginning of 2014, on the strategically important road connecting Damascus and the Jordanian border.

On January 29, negotiations between the conflicting parties began again in Geneva under the auspices of the UN Special Envoy Staffan de Mistura . Which groups should take part in the talks has been the subject of much controversy.

On January 31st, Brett McGurk - special envoy of the US-led International Alliance against the Islamic State (IS) and successor to General John R. Allen - visited the Syrian Kurdish city of Kobani . McGurk's visit was the first visit by a US official since Ambassador Robert Stephen Ford left in 2012. McGurk was accompanied by British and French advisors to coordinate further action against ISIS with the Kurds. On the same day in Damascus near the Sayyida Zainab mosque there were several bomb attacks by the Islamic State . At least 58 people were killed and around 110 injured.

February

A government T-90 tank on February 3, 2016 after the Nubl and az-Zahra ' fighting

Government troops and militias loyal to the regime continued their advance with Russian air support on the enclaves of Nubl and az-Zahra ' north of Aleppo , which had previously been enclosed by rebel groups . On February 2, they reported that they had fought their way within six kilometers of the villages. Opposition representatives used the fighting and the air strikes as an opportunity to withdraw from peace talks in Geneva for the time being.

On February 3, the UN envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura, announced that the peace talks in Geneva had been suspended until the end of the month in order to clarify open questions. Syrian state television also reported on February 3 that government troops and allied militias had reached the previously enclosed Shiite villages of Nubl and az-Zahra 'in Aleppo governorate and that the siege had broken through. This was confirmed by insurgent circles; the siege was broken after hundreds of Russian air raids.

The increasing territorial gains of the government troops and the resulting encirclement of the parts of Aleppo held by rebels led to massive refugee movements with the goal of Turkey. At the Bab as-Salama / Öncüpinar border crossing , located between the cities of Aʿzāz and Kilis , a five-digit number of refugees was jammed, according to the UN Office for Emergency Aid Coordination on February 5, 20,000 directly at the crossing and another 10,000 in the immediate vicinity. By February 7, the number had already grown to around 50,000. The Turkish government temporarily closed the border crossing, but began to provide those waiting on the Syrian side with food, blankets and tents.

On February 5, Turkish President Erdoğan called on the United States and the European Union to classify the Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) and its military wing, the People's Defense Units (YPG), as a terrorist organization . At the same time, he demanded that the USA should choose between the PYD or Turkey as a partner. This was preceded by a visit by the US envoy to the International Alliance against the Islamic State , Brett McGurk, in the city of Kobanê , which is in the de facto autonomous Kurdish area of Rojava, which is largely controlled by the PYD . Turkey had previously stationed more troops and tanks on the Rojavas border and repeatedly threatened to invade. A spokesman for the US State Department made it clear on February 8 that the United States, unlike Turkey, did not regard the PYD as a terrorist organization.

On February 8, observers reported that government forces continued their advance northward. After conquering the village of Kafin, they are currently five kilometers from the village of Tal Rifaat, which is considered a rebel stronghold, and thus only about 25 kilometers from the Syrian-Turkish border. On the same day, a United Nations commission published an investigation into the situation in Syria, in which it accused both the government and several of its opponents to crimes against humanity .

On February 9, a car bomb detonated near a vegetable market in Damascus, killing several people. ISIS confessed to the act.

According to the activists of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights on February 11, Kurdish fighters of the YPG succeeded in conquering the former military airfield Menagh , located between Aleppo and the Turkish border, from fighters of the alliance "Levante Front". The activists said the Kurds received direct support in their attack from the Russian Air Force, which is said to have carried out around 30 attacks on the defenders before the facility was captured.

In the run-up to the Munich Security Conference , representatives of the Syria Contact Group, which consists of 17 countries and three international organizations, agreed on further measures to end the civil war in the Bavarian capital on the night of February 11th to 12th. They provide for three points: a number of specifically named locations are to be immediately supplied with humanitarian aid by a task force headed by the UN; A ceasefire should be agreed between the conflicting parties within a few days, although this does not apply to the fight against the Islamic State or the al-Nusra Front ; its implementation should be the basis for the resumption of the currently suspended peace negotiations in Geneva.

On February 13, the Turkish army fired artillery forces of the YPG at the Menagh military airfield, which they had captured on February 11 with the help of the Russian air force from opposition forces of the "Levante Front" alliance.

SOHR activists reported on February 14th that an alliance of Kurdish fighters was fighting members of unspecified rebel groups near Tall Rifaat and Aʿzāz north of Aleppo. The Kurds would have occupied the road between the two rebel bases. Turkish Prime Minister Davutoğlu defended his country's artillery attacks on Kurdish formations in Syria and declared attacks on forces that threatened Azāz and its surroundings to be justified.

On February 15, attacks in various locations in rebel areas in Syria severely damaged five medical facilities and two schools, killing around 50 people. Turkish Prime Minister Davutoğlu accused Russia of being responsible for one of the attacks on a hospital in Aʿzāz . Russia's Prime Minister Medvedev rejected the allegations. According to the operating aid organization Doctors Without Borders, 25 people were killed in one of the attacks on a facility in Maarat an-Numan . The organization suspected the Syrian regime or its allies were behind the attack, but admitted that it had not previously given the hospital's coordinates to the Syrian authorities at the request of the employees.

In a suburb of Damascus, two IS suicide bombers attacked targets near a Shiite mosque on February 21, killing around 80 people with bombs, according to government figures. IS attackers also attacked in Homs, killing between 32 and 60 people in an Alawite district .

On February 27, the negotiated ceasefire began at midnight, which should serve to bring the peace talks closer in March. The ceasefire was observed in most areas, with the exception of a few incidents in Aleppo and Homs. The Nusra Front and IS are excluded from the ceasefire.

On February 27, the terrorist organization IS attacked the Syrian border town of Tall Abyad with Turkey, held by the Kurdish YPG . US warplanes are helping the YPG defend as part of Operation Inherent Resolve . At least 45 IS militiamen and 20 YPG fighters and their allies were killed in the fighting.

March

The Russian president ordered his armed forces in Syria on March 14 to begin withdrawing most of the troops. The withdrawal was agreed with Assad. Putin saw the mission of his soldiers in Syria as largely accomplished and he wanted to advance the peace talks with the withdrawal.

Even after the partial withdrawal of the Russian armed forces, at least 18 fighters were killed in air strikes on IS positions near the Syrian city of Palmyra in support of the Syrian ground offensive on March 19.

According to the governor of Homs and SOHR activists, Syrian troops advanced to the edge of Palmyra on March 23 and occupied the mountain ranges near the ruined city.

The conquest of Palmyra was announced on March 27th.

April

On April 5, rebels from the al-Nusra Front shot down a Syrian military plane. According to government sources, the Islamists used a surface-to-air missile for this purpose.

On April 7, IS fighters abducted more than a hundred employees from a cement factory near ad-Dumair, 30 kilometers northeast of Damascus.

On April 15, according to relatives of refugees and human rights activists from the Human Rights Watch group, IS fighters broke into one of the refugee camps with around 30,000 residents on the Turkish border north of Aleppo and tried to force the residents to move to IS areas . As a result, those seeking protection tried to gain access to Turkish territory in the north, but were pushed back with gunfire by Turkish security forces. Turkish officials said the refugees had moved west along the border to another camp.

On April 16, insurgent areas of Aleppo were fired at government-controlled missiles while government forces airlifted insurgent areas in the city. Between six and ten people are said to have been killed according to contradicting information from various agencies.

On April 18, several rebel groups terminated the ceasefire with the government troops and announced that they would use force against government troops, who in turn used force against civilians. The Turkish city of Kilis was hit with rockets from an area controlled by ISIS. Four civilians were killed.

On April 19, an FSA representative and the SOHR group announced that two air strikes had been carried out on weekly markets in Maarat an-Numan and Kafr Nabl. Around 40 people were killed, the identity of the attacker was unknown. Opposition representatives of the High Negotiating Committee (HNC) then left Geneva and declared the peace talks that had started the week before to be suspended.

On the night of April 27-28, the fighting in Aleppo escalated with gunfire on government areas and air strikes on rebel areas in the city. In addition to other targets, two air strikes destroyed a hospital supported by the aid organization Doctors Without Borders in the rebel area. A total of around 200 people are said to have been killed on both sides during the fighting. Russian forces denied being responsible for the air strikes. The US and opposition officials blamed President Assad's army for the destruction of the hospital, but the regime’s representatives also denied responsibility. UN Emergency Relief Coordinator Stephen O'Brien presented his report on Syria to the Security Council . In addition to attacks on hospitals and a lack of access to civilians as a result of the fighting activities of various warring parties, he denounced that government troops would forbid the transport of medical supplies with aid supplies to certain areas under opposition control.

May

On May 2, insurgents shot at government-controlled residential areas in Aleppo. Rockets hit a hospital and killed up to 20 people.

On May 5, rebel units from the al-Nusra Front and allied groups penetrated and occupied Khan Tuman, 5 kilometers southwest of Aleppo. SOHR activists reported that 30 members of the government forces and 45 rebel fighters were killed. The representative of Russia on the UN Security Council prevented a resolution tabled by the United Kingdom condemning violence against civilians in Aleppo.

On May 6, a refugee camp near the Turkish border near Sarmada, west of Aleppo, was attacked, killing around 30 people, according to UN information. Activists claimed the Syrian regime's air strikes caused the destruction, which its officials denied. Major General Igor Konashenkov , spokesman for the Russian Defense Ministry, denied Russian involvement and accused the Islamist al-Nusra Front, active there, of having shot at the tent camp with a multiple rocket launcher. The UN emergency aid coordinator Stephen O'Brien called for an independent investigation into the incident.

According to official information from Iran on May 8, 2016, 13 soldiers of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard were killed and 21 others injured in the fighting against the al-Nusra Front in the village of Chan Tuman, 5 km southeast of Aleppo .

On May 8, the Turkish armed forces said they had attacked positions of the terrorist organization Islamic State (IS) in northern Syria through artillery shelling, killing 55 IS fighters. Turkish authorities blame IS for several rocket attacks on the Turkish border town of Kilis .

On May 10, an explosion occurred at an air force base near Damascus, in which the Lebanese Hezbollah commander Mustafa Badr ad-Din was killed. According to initial information on a television station close to Hezbolla, an Israeli air strike should have caused the explosion. Days later, the organization cited an artillery attack by a rebel group as the cause.

On May 14, 2016, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), at least 35 government soldiers and 24 IS fighters were killed in the fighting between the Syrian armed forces and the terrorist organization Islamic State (IS) over the hospital in the eastern Syrian city of Deir ez-Zor . According to their own statements, IS fighters destroyed four attack helicopters and around 20 Russian Federation trucks in an explosion on an airfield in Tiyas near Palmyra that had previously been taken from IS by government troops. American analysts confirmed the destruction with the help of aerial photographs, but representatives of the Federation denied losses.

On May 22, almost 40 rebel groups issued a statement calling for a new government offensive to be ended within the next 48 hours, which has been directed against rebel strongholds in the Damascus region since May 19, otherwise the ceasefire would be over.

In several terrorist attacks by the Islamic State (IS) in Jabla and Tartus on May 23, according to SOHR , seven explosions; two car bombs and five suicide bombings killed at least 153 people and injured more than 200. The Syrian news agency SANA initially reported at least 78 deaths. Many Alawis and supporters of President Bashar al-Assad live in both cities .

On May 28, IS fighters penetrated the rebel-held city of Mare ', 25 km north of Aleppo.

On May 30, the chief negotiator of the Syrian opposition in Geneva, Mohammad Alloush, declared the talks a failure and resigned from his post. In particular, he cited the stance of the Assad government and the inability of the international community to implement its own resolutions as reasons. In a series of air strikes, which are attributed to forces loyal to the regime, several rockets hit a hospital and its surroundings in Idlib , killing around 30 people.

On May 31, the SDF launched its offensive on Manbij with several thousand men , which has been held by IS since 2014. Manbij is an important junction on the IS supply route from Raqqa to Turkey. The SDF had already taken the Tischrin Dam in December 2015 and had been ready for months, but the sensitive political situation in northern Aleppo and Turkey's objection, which the YPG sees as a terrorist organization within the SDF, delayed the offensive. The SDF used the Tischrin Dam and the blown bridge at Qara Qozak further north to move heavy equipment and fighters across the Euphrates .

June

On June 4th, the SOHR reported fighting between government troops and IS fighters southwest of Raqqa . Government troops had started an offensive and would advance with the support of Russian air strikes to retake the city. Observers suspect that this offensive is intended to prevent rebels allied with the United States from seizing the city, whose fighters had previously gained ground along the Turkish-Syrian border in battles with IS.

On June 10th, SDF fighters completely enclosed the city of Manbij. In addition to about 2,000 IS fighters, several thousand civilians were arrested.

On June 11, there were two attacks by IS attackers in Shiite areas near Damascus, in which 20 people were killed.

On 12 June, several goals, including a market in Maarat an-Numan in the province of Idlib , taken after SOHR figures of air strikes. According to the activists, 27 civilians were killed.

On June 20, Russian fighter planes attacked a New Syrian Army (NSA) base near at-Tanf in Deir ez-Zor governorate . The US then launched two F / A-18 fighter-bombers that drove away the Russian planes. When the Americans turned to refuel, the Russian bombers attacked the base again. According to the NSA, two fighters were killed and 18 others were wounded by cluster bombs dropped by the 30-man garrison. The Russian side later stated that the location of their bombing was 300 kilometers from the position previously communicated by the Americans as the location of the moderate rebels.

According to reports from both sides, IS fighters crushed an advance by Syrian rebels of the New Syrian Army near al-Bukamal on June 29 . The IS reported that the attackers had 40 dead and 15 prisoners.

July

On July 1, a Syrian Air Force plane crashed near Jairud in the Rif Dimashq governorate . According to local Jaish al-Islam fighters, fighters from the Nusra Front captured the pilot who had previously parachuted himself and later murdered him. On July 2, according to SOHR, Syrian fighter planes attacked the area, killing around 30 civilians. According to an FSA commander, the attack is said to have been an act of revenge for the pilot's murder.

On July 8, government troops advanced north of Aleppo to cut the last supply route into the rebel areas of the city. According to SOHR activists, 23 people were killed in Darkusch on the border with Turkey in air strikes by Syrian or Russian planes.

On July 9, a Russian Mi-25 helicopter supporting the Syrian troops was shot down during fighting between Syrian government troops and IS fighters near Palmyra . Rebel groups shelled parts of Aleppo that are under government control, killing 38 civilians, according to SOHR.

On July 17, Syrian government troops captured the so-called "Castello Route" north of Sheikh Maksud , the last remaining supply route to the eastern half of Aleppo.

On July 19, 2016, it became known that the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) had captured the IS headquarters in Manbij . According to SOHR, an attack by the US Air Force on July 19 erroneously killed around 60 civilians who had tried to flee the town. IS fighters continued to hold parts of Manbij. In the village of Tuchar, between Manbij and Jarabulus, the US Air Force attacked alleged IS deployments that had been deployed to attack Manbij. B-52 bombers and A-10 fighter planes attacked the site, dropping GBU-54 and GBU-31 laser-guided bombs. At least 95 people were killed, the majority of whom were civilians, according to activists.

On July 28, Russia's Defense Minister Shoigu announced plans to open corridors out of besieged Aleppo so civilians could leave the city. He described the action as a "large-scale humanitarian operation". Through the state news agency SANA , President Assad reported that rebel fighters who would surrender within the next three months would receive a state amnesty . According to the decree, civil actions should still be possible.

On July 29, fighters from various rebel groups tried to break through the siege ring around Aleppo with an offensive. While troops loyal to the regime increased in the north of the city and prepared to advance south, the fighters of the groups "Jabhat Fatah asch-Scham", the "Nusra Front" and the "Ahrar asch-Scham" concentrated their attack on the southwest of the city City where they managed to invade neighborhoods under government control.

August

On August 2, rebels and government troops accused each other of using chemical weapons: According to rebel information, chlorine gas was used by the government troops near Saraqib, 40 km southwest of Aleppo ; In the old town of Aleppo, however, according to government reports, rebels fired projectiles with war gas, killing five people and injuring others.

On August 3, the Syrian state media reported that the rebel attack in Aleppo on the district of ar-Ramusa had been halted. According to SOHR, 40 civilians have died since the offensive began three days ago.

On August 5th, the fighting over ar-Ramusa dragged on. Islamist rebel groups continued to try to push in the siege ring around Aleppo from outside. Fighting was reported above all in the area of ​​an artillery position of the government troops, to which the Sunni fighters, led by the al-Nusra Front, said they had blown their way with suicide bombers. The contested position is just over a kilometer from the besieged part of Aleppo.

The Islamist - Salafist rebel militias Ahrar al-Scham and Jabhat Fatah asch-Scham (formerly Al-Nusra Front ), as part of the Jaish al-Fatah , declared the ring of siege in the southwest of the city on August 6 after three weeks of fighting breaking through the Syrian armed forces . SOHR activists confirmed the report that a safe supply corridor to the previously besieged districts did not yet exist. The Russian Air Force then stepped up attacks on rebel- controlled locations in Idlib Province , where the offensive came from.

On August 13, Kurdish SDF fighters, with the support of US air strikes and special forces, drove IS from Manbij .

On August 14, a suicide bomber attacked a bus that was smuggling rebel fighters from Turkey near Atmeh into Idlib province. According to activists, 40 people are said to have been killed.

On August 15, an attempt by Islamist rebels to broaden their breakthrough with the siege near Aleppo failed. After a counterattack by government troops, the fighters gave up previously won territories. According to SOHR, 35 rebels were killed.

On August 18, American fighters pushed away two Syrian Air Force Su-24 bombers that had been flying near Kurdish YPG troops and US special forces.

On August 22, Turkish troops with artillery attacked targets near Manbij, which had previously been captured on August 13 by SDF units with US support from IS. Turkish media reported that the attacks were directed against Kurdish PYD fighters who are part of the SDF. IS positions near Jarabulus were also shot at. According to SOHR, there are rebel fighters on Turkish territory, while the SDF spoke of mercenaries that the Turkish government is gathering to occupy Jarabulus. A spokesman for the Sunni Islamist Levant Front said they wanted to conquer Jarabulus before SDF units had a chance.

A Turkish military offensive began in northern Syria on August 24th . At 4 a.m. the Turkish artillery began firing around 220 shells at Jarabulus, followed by air strikes by Turkish planes. Turkish special forces, followed by tanks, crossed the border at Jarabulus. Turkish media reported that Free Syrian Army fighters were taking part in the operation, but observers reported that fighters from the Sunni Islamist Faylaq Al-Sham militia and the Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki militia had announced their participation in the operation. After a meeting with Turkish representatives, US Vice President Joe Biden threatened the Kurdish fighters in Syria with withdrawal of support if they did not withdraw from the previously conquered Manbij and behind the Euphrates . The most important buildings in Jarabulus were occupied by the attackers a few hours after the offensive began without any significant resistance. The IS units had apparently withdrawn beforehand.

On August 25, the insurgents who had been trapped for four years in the city of Darayya near Damascus gave up and asked the government troops for a ceasefire. The fighters were assured safe passage after handing over their weapons. Advance rebel units working with Turkish troops encountered Kurdish SDF units while attempting to advance south of Jarabulus towards Manbij. Warning shots were fired.

On August 26th, according to Kurdish information, Turkish troops entered the Kurdish region with tanks and construction machinery at Kobanê , 30 km east of the Euphrates, across the border into Syria. According to SOHR, other Turkish units attacked Kurdish troops south of Jarabulus with artillery and fighter planes. Kurdish fighters and militias allied with Ankara fought with the support of Turkish tanks around eight kilometers south of Jarabulus.

On August 30, rebels reported the capture of Halfaya , 25 km northwest of Hama . The government did not confirm the loss, but spoke of air strikes in the region and dozens of rebels dead. SOHR activists named the number of 20 insurgents killed.

September

On September 4, SOHR activists reported that government troops had pushed back in the corridor that rebel reinforcements had previously cleared from the south-west to Aleppo. The rebel areas of the city are therefore included again.

On September 5th, rebels loyal to Turkey cut off the IS’s last land connection with Turkey by occupying the villages between ar-Raʿi in the west and Jarabulus in the east, which according to SOHR the IS had previously given up without a fight.

Foreign Ministers Lavrov and Kerry together with Staffan de Mistura at the press conference in Geneva on 9 September

Details of an agreement between the Russian and US foreign ministers were announced in Geneva on September 10th , according to which a ceasefire in Syria is to begin on Monday, September 12th . Aid deliveries are then to begin and both countries want to coordinate their attacks on targets of the terrorist groups IS and Al-Nusra in Syria. Syrian government troops tried to gain the last of their terrain before the ceasefire went into effect and bombed the cities of Idlib and Aleppo . About 81 people are said to have been killed, according to SOHR.

On September 12, a ceasefire began for Syria at 7:00 p.m. local time (12:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time ), obliging key actors, including forces on the Assad government's side, to refrain from attacks on the ground and from the air . The government troops should also open a road into the enclosed parts of the metropolis of Aleppo for aid deliveries. The Al-Nusra Front , which are considered terrorist groups, and IS are excluded from the ceasefire.

At 1:00 a.m. local time on September 13, Israeli warplanes attacked Syrian positions near the border. According to Israeli sources, it was a retaliation for a failed mortar shell that had been fired on the Syrian side of the border during fighting in Syria the previous evening and hit Israel-occupied territory. Syrian troops then launched two surface-to-air missiles and reported the downing of an aircraft and a drone , which Israeli authorities denied.

On September 15, representatives of the United States and Russia agreed to extend the ceasefire by 48 hours. Russian media reported sixty individual violations during the first two days of the ceasefire, most of which were believed to have been committed by fighters of the Sunni Ahrar al-Shame . Aleppo has so far not been able to be reached with aid deliveries, as government troops do not want any deliveries into the city via the central “Castello Street” that are not coordinated by the United Nations or by themselves.

On September 16, the United States tried to bring a small special unit to coordinate air strikes in the Syrian border town of ar-Raʿi, which fighters controlled by Turkey had previously captured from IS. However, the local fighters insulted the US soldiers and finally forced them to retreat.

On September 17, fighting broke out in several places and government forces launched air strikes in the areas of Hama, Homs and Aleppo. Both sides shifted responsibility for the fighting to the other side. The trucks with aid deliveries for Aleppo were still stuck at the Turkish border. The Syrian government troops in Deir ez-Zor , which is besieged by the IS , were hit by four air strikes that killed around 80 Syrian soldiers. Immediately afterwards IS fighters took advantage of the situation and stormed the Syrian positions and announced the conquest of a district. The Syrian government and Russia blamed the US for the air strikes. Both the USA and Russia carried out air strikes against IS in the area on the 17th. American agencies admitted the air strikes a few hours later, but they were called off after Russian agencies warned that the US planes were attacking Syrian government troops. The air forces of the United Kingdom (involved with Reaper drones ) and Denmark (involved with two F-16s ) also subsequently admitted their involvement in the attack, which presumably hit the Syrian troops.

On September 19, the Syrian armed forces declared the ceasefire over the state media. A few hours later, according to activists in Urum al-Kubra, a place under rebel control, southwest of Aleppo, an air raid on a 31-vehicle aid convoy of the Red Crescent took place . 18 vehicles were hit according to UNO data, and 12 people were killed according to SOHR data. Two US officials later said two Russian Su-24s were over the convoy when it was attacked, but the White House and State Department did not confirm the statement. Russian authorities, on the other hand, stated that the convoy was accompanied by a rebel vehicle and that the 18 trucks " caught fire" afterwards . After an investigation by experts, the UN confirmed a statement by the USA that it was an air strike.

On September 22nd, after a long siege, rebel fighters capitulated in al-Waʿr, a district of Homs . Government troops assured them and their families safe passage to rebel areas in the north. This means that Homs is completely under the control of the government troops for the first time after the outbreak of war in 2011.

Shortly after the Syrian government announced its intention to launch a new offensive, SOHR observers counted 30 air strikes on the rebel areas in the metropolis of Aleppo within a few hours on September 23. Rebels reported that the central pumping station for the water supply was destroyed and around 20 people had been killed so far.

On the 24th, Syrian troops captured the Handarat refugee camp in the north of enclosed Aleppo. According to SOHR, 49 people were killed in the camp during continued air strikes.

On the morning of September 25, rebels announced that they had retaken Handarat.

On September 27, the Syrian state media announced the capture of an area near the citadel of Aleppo . SOHR activists confirmed that troops loyal to the government had advanced from the east into the old town, in the center of the rebel area. Oppositionists said on social media that they had stopped the advance. Air strikes on rebel-controlled neighborhoods continued.

UN Emergency Aid Co-ordinator Stephen O'Brien made grave allegations to all the warring parties in the battle for Aleppo on September 29 before the UN Security Council. He stated that the sieges in Syria were war crimes. 860,000 people were hit by sieges in various parts of Syria. O'Brian accused the rebels of carrying out attacks from the protection of the city. He addressed the helplessness of the Security Council by stating that it seemed that the only deterrent that remained was the judgment of the opinion and disgust of the world public, because nothing else could apparently end the slaughter.

October

On October 1, troops loyal to the government advanced south of the former Handarat refugee camp in Aleppo and occupied a hospital and parts of an industrial area. The Syrian army called on the remaining fighters of the rebels in Aleppo to surrender and assured them safe conduct and help in the event that they should.

On October 2, fighters supported by Turkey attempted to advance southward from the village of ar-Raʿi in the IS area towards Dabiq . According to various sources, the attackers had casualties between 15 and 21 dead and around two dozen wounded.

On October 3, more than 20 people were killed in an IS suicide attack on a wedding in the city of al-Hasakah , including the groom, a Kurdish fighter with the SDF.

According to SOHR, IS fighters started a counterattack on the rebels backed by Turkey on October 8 and retook several villages in the vicinity of Dabiq . SOHR activists also reported from Hama Governorate where troops loyal to the government are believed to have driven the rebel fighters from areas they had recently conquered.

On October 15, another peace talks between the USA and Russia were concluded in Lausanne after four hours with no concrete result.

On October 16, Turkey-controlled rebels captured Dabiq after ISIS withdrew. The terrorist organization previously announced that the battle for Dabiq against the fighters allied with Turkey was not the battle referred to in the prophecy.

According to the military, Turkish fighter planes flew 28 attacks on Kurdish ground forces in northern Syria on October 20. It was said that the attacks were directed against targets that had been captured by fighters of the People's Defense Units . Between 160 and 200 fighters were killed in the air strikes. Syrian government troops declared a unilateral, eleven-hour ceasefire for Aleppo, during which rebel fighters and their families can go to assembly points, from which they are to be brought via two corridors into the rebel areas in north-west Syria.

On October 22, the three-day truce in Aleppo ended and fighting flared up again. Only a few, if any, people are said to have made use of the offer to leave the city. Only one injured person was evacuated from the besieged district during the ceasefire. UN emergency aid coordinator O'Brien blamed both parties for the failure of further evacuations and the lack of aid deliveries.

On October 26, according to the UNICEF children's aid organization , a school in Hass was hit in an air raid in the rebel-occupied part of Idlib Governorate . 22 children and six of their teachers are said to have been killed.

On October 28, rebels announced that they had launched another offensive to break the siege ring around Aleppo. Government agencies described an attack by insurgents coming from the west against the siege around Aleppo in the Asad district , the attackers were supported by artillery fire with 122-mm rockets . The SOHR described that the offensive started with a wave of car bombs, including one that was detonated by a suicide bomber from the Al-Nusra Front terrorist group . The insurgents had chosen a day with rain and poor visibility for the start of the offensive in order to make it more difficult for the enemy to use the air force. Artillery fire by the rebels in Aleppo killed 15 civilians and wounded around 100.

On October 29, fighters from various rebel groups captured parts of the Asad district of Aleppo. Government forces and allies announced a counter-offensive to reclaim lost land. The better weather allowed them to use warplanes again.

November

On November 6, the commanders of the Syrian Democratic Forces announced the start of an offensive to conquer the IS metropolis of ar-Raqqa , with air support from the US-dominated military coalition.

According to the Guardian , "not by chance" the day of the US presidential election on November 8, Russia attacked from the Mediterranean destinations in Syria with Cal -Marschflugkörpern on.

On November 10, it became known that President Obama had instructed his Department of Defense to step up operations against commanders of the Al-Nusra Front in Syria. These are combat drones and reconnaissance assets are also used on the rebel-held areas in the northwest of Syria, an area the US had been kept because of its proximity to Russian combat aircraft and air defense systems from the.

On November 13, government troops and allied militias rejected the relief attack on the ring of enclosure around Aleppo and recaptured all key positions that had been lost in the previous weeks. SOHR activists reported that 215 opposition fighters, 143 government soldiers and about 100 civilians were killed during the fighting. Russian authorities circulated an ultimatum addressed to the remaining residents in eastern Aleppo asking them to leave the district within 24 hours. The air strikes are then to be continued.

On November 20, SOHR activists published numbers of civilians killed in Aleppo over the past four days. They counted 64 dead in the eastern part of the city still held by rebels and 13 dead in the part held by government troops. A proposal by the UN envoy Staffan de Mistura for a ceasefire with the withdrawal of the rebel fighters and subsequent self-government of the eastern part with corresponding security guarantees was rejected by the Syrian government and individual fighters.

On November 24, Turkish authorities said that three of their soldiers had been killed in an air strike by Syrian government forces inside Syria. 10 more were wounded. The exact location of the attack remained unclear.

On November 26, Syrian government troops, coming from the east, occupied most of the Hananu district of Aleppo. Three Turkish soldiers were killed in the battle for al-Bab . On November 27, the government troops announced that they had also captured the Jabal Badru and Baʿdin districts in East Aleppo. On November 28, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that government fighters had gained control of the districts of al-Sakhar and al-Haidariya. This divided the area in east Aleppo held by anti-government troops in two. According to the Syrian Observatory, around 10,000 people fled the areas under rebel control in the course of the government offensive. A little later, the observatory reported that government troops had taken control of the district of al-Sheikh Chidr and Kurdish fighters had taken control of the district of al-Sheikh Faris.

December

On December 2, 2016, rebel fighters gave up in the beleaguered at Valley, a suburb 10 km north of Damascus. According to an agreement with the government, between 1,000 and 2,000 people, fighters and family members, are said to have been taken to rebel areas in the north by bus. Shortly before, fighters had withdrawn from the village of Khan el-Sheikh under a similar agreement.

On December 4, government troops and allied militias had pushed back the rebel occupation in enclosed East Aleppo. According to SOHR, the districts of Tarik al-Bab, Karam al-Jasmati and Karam al-Tarrab were conquered. This meant that the rebels only had around 40 percent of the area they had originally kept in the city. 310 civilians have been killed in the rebel area of ​​Aleppo and 69 others in the west of the city since November 15.

On December 7, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that the entire old city of Aleppo had been recaptured by Syrian government troops. Since the start of the offensive by the government troops, the opposing government troops have thus lost more than 70 percent of their previously controlled territory in East Aleppo. According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, ISIS invaded Palmyra again on December 10, 2016. According to SOHR, however, they withdrew to the outskirts of Palmyra on the night of Sunday after they were attacked by the Russian air force. The head of SOHR, Osama Suleiman, announced on December 11, 2016 that ISIS had recaptured the city of Palmyra despite the ongoing air strikes. The IS propaganda spokesman Amaq also reported that IS had brought the city under its control. The Syrian army later announced that it was convinced that the US-led coalition in Iraq had allowed ISIS to withdraw fighters and vehicles from Mosul and allowed them to move to Palmyra, Syria, unmolested by attacks.

On December 8th and 9th, coalition fighter jets attacked a collection of IS tankers about 40 kilometers north of Palmyra and, according to American sources, destroyed around 188 vehicles that IS fighters had gathered there in recent weeks.

On December 13, Turkish and Russian officials announced that an agreement had been reached that would allow moderate fighters and families to withdraw from Aleppo. A ceasefire was in effect from 6:00 p.m. local time, the people should first be brought to the rebel areas of the Idlib governorate . According to reports, the fighting resumed after less than 24 hours.

The evacuation began on December 15th. The Syrian armed forces and their allies set up a 21-kilometer corridor for this. According to the Russian General Staff, around 5,000 fighters and their relatives have started to leave Aleppo. The SOHR activists reported that insurgents started destroying their headquarters, vehicles and weapons before the evacuation started.

The evacuation was suspended on December 16 after fighters from the Sunni Al-Nusra Front, according to press reports, prevented the wounded from being transported away from the government enclaves al-Fu'a and Kafriyya, which is actually being done in return for the evacuation of Rebel fighters from Aleppo had promised. According to SOHR reports, 8,500 people had left East Aleppo for the Idlib governorate by then.

According to SOHR, on December 18, Al-Nusra fighters attacked buses that were evacuating to al-Fu'a and Kafriyya and set five of the vehicles on fire. Other buses reached their destinations. Russia used its right as a UN veto power and blocked a request from France to send international observers to Aleppo because, according to Ambassador Churkin's statement, there were fears for the safety of the observers if they were to wander alone in the ruins of the city. The Russian counterproposal provided for a coordination of the observer missions with the warring parties. The French representative said that a compromise could not be made with Russia. After a three-hour discussion, an agreement was finally reached and the Secretary-General of the United Nations was commissioned to send an observer mission.

On December 22nd, troops loyal to the government announced victory in the battle for Aleppo. The evacuation of the last fighters of the insurgents has been completed. A total of 34,000 people are said to have been evacuated. According to the government, insurgents poisoned the water reservoirs and springs in Wadi Barada and ʿAin al-Fijah, from which the drinking water for the capital Damascus comes, with diesel fuel. The authorities then switched off the water supply.

On December 23, government forces and allied militias began an offensive to conquer the areas near Damascus, on which the capital's water supply is based. The insurgents had allowed the government to continue pumping water in recent years, but had occasionally cut off supplies to keep the regime from attacking.

On December 27, insurgents and local residents said that the Syrian air force had destroyed the pumping station in ʿAyn al-Fijah in an attack, so that no more water could be delivered to Damascus. Furthermore, 14 civilians were killed in air strikes.

At the end of December, the Syrian government and seven opposition groups agreed a ceasefire that came into force on December 30th. It was brokered by the governments of Russia and Turkey; both countries also act as guarantee powers . Groups classified as terrorist organizations, in particular the troops of the Islamic State, were excluded from the ceasefire. At first it was unclear whether Fatah al-Sham, as the successor organization to the Al-Nusra Front, and Kurdish groups, especially the YPG , fell under the agreement. Should the ceasefire hold, peace talks are planned for February 2017. They are to take place in the Kazakh capital Astana . The agreement initially seemed to hold, only northwest of Damascus, where the fighting for the water supply had raged near Wadi Barada in the days before, residents reported artillery fire and the use of the air force again from noon.

On December 31, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed the ceasefire negotiated by Russia and Turkey with UN Resolution 2336 (2016) .

Individual evidence

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