Chronicle of the Civil War in Syria 2012

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Flag of the Syrian Republic used by the opposition (1930–1963)

The Chronicle of the Syrian Civil War 2012 records the events of the Syrian civil war in 2012.

January

At the end of January 2012, after just over a month , the Arab League (AL) interrupted its observer mission in Syria, the stated aim of which was to end the violence in the country. Members of the mission gave mixed assessments of the situation in Syria, and some even ended their participation prematurely.

A few days before that, there had been mass demonstrations for Assad across the country. The participants expressed their rejection of the Arab League's plan, according to which the powers of the Syrian President should have been transferred to Vice-President Faruk al-Sharaa . The president's supporters saw it as a “gross violation of Syrian sovereignty”.

Some AL member states had also spoken out against it. Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki feared that the fall of Assad would result in an irreconcilable struggle. Members of his government had expressed concern that the Sunnis coming to power could lead to a renewed uprising in the western Anbar province of Iraq .

February

Burning house in Homs after the bombing by the Syrian army

Another attempt to pass a resolution in the UN Security Council condemning the violence in Syria failed in the vote on February 4 because of the veto by Russia and China. The draft resolution had previously been weakened to prevent a veto. Western states and the opposition Syrian National Council sharply condemned the behavior of the two veto powers.

February 4th also turned into a bloody day in Syria when the Syrian army bombed the city of Homs . According to various statements by activists, 55-200 people were killed. The city has been under continuous bombing since February 4th.

After the Arab League's first observer mission, its head General al-Dabi resigned on February 12. In his reports on the work of the observers in Syria, he had praised the successful cooperation of the Syrian authorities and pointed out that armed extremists and mercenaries were cracking down on the Syrian military.

On February 15, 2012, the Syrian government announced a constitutional referendum on February 26. The new constitution should simplify the establishment of parties. At the same time, according to opposition figures, the government bombed the city of Homs.

A large demonstration took place in Damascus on February 18, which developed from a funeral of the dead the previous day. It was one of the largest demonstrations in Damascus since the beginning of the uprising. This demonstration was also shot at by security forces, at least one person was killed.

Two members of the US Republican Party , John McCain and Lindsey Graham , called for weapons for the opposition to defend themselves.

On February 21, the International Committee of the Red Cross announced that it was seeking a cease-fire in Homs so that aid could be brought to Homs and the injured and sick could be removed from the city. On February 22nd, Homs u. a. the journalists Rémi Ochlik and Marie Colvin killed; this prompted French President Nicolas Sarkozy to severely condemn the Assad government.

On February 24, the first meeting of the Friends of Syria , an international contact group close to the opposition, took place in Tunisia .

On February 24, it was announced that former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan had been appointed Special Envoy for Syria by the United Nations and the Arab League to mediate between the opposition and the government. On the same day, emergency aid workers of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent were given access to Homs for the first time, in order to care for and evacuate the injured, women and children. Rescue operations were suspended on February 26, 2012 - after unsuccessful negotiations about a safe corridor for evacuating the injured from Homs.

The referendum on a new constitution, announced just 10 days earlier, took place on February 26th. Pictures from state television showed full voting rooms, some of which were not equipped with voting booths. Criticism came from both the Syrian opposition and from abroad: the new constitution is meaningless as long as the government is in power. The opposition had previously called for a boycott of the referendum.

March

On March 1, the army again invaded Homs and recaptured the Baba Amr district in the rebel stronghold. The Free Syrian Army (FSA) confirmed that it had withdrawn from the neighborhood.

On March 6, the deputy oil minister Abdo Hussameddin - and with him the highest-ranking functionary (his position is roughly comparable to a German state secretary) - renounced the government.

On March 14, some members, including Haitham Maleh , left the opposition SNC and, according to their own statements, protested against its organizational structures.

A report by Amnesty International based on interviews conducted in February tells of torture by government forces. Opposition groups are also accused of murder and kidnapping in the same report.

On March 16, all members of the Gulf Cooperation Council closed their messages. The Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan also called on all Turkish citizens to leave Syria.

On March 21, the UN Security Council agreed on a joint declaration, including Russia and China. It reminds us to keep Kofi Annan's peace plan. The six-point proposal provided for a ceasefire and the start of dialogue between the two sides. The next day, the ceasefire was violated as Syrian forces continued to fire in several areas. Syria accepted the peace plan on March 25th. Representatives of the Syrian National Council expressed suspicion that the government will comply with the conditions.

April

Participants in the Istanbul Conference on April 1, 2012

On April 1st, the second meeting of the “ Friends of Syria ” took place in Istanbul .

Building in Homs destroyed in the course of the war

On April 2, the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council transferred $ 100 million to the Free Syrian Army . Saudi Arabia , Qatar and the United Arab Emirates are said to have paid the largest share .

Bashar al-Assad announced that he would withdraw the soldiers from the residential areas on April 10, but many doubted this statement because he had failed to keep many promises. According to its own statements, the government began to withdraw troops from the cities of Dar'a , Idlib and Sabadani . UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon spoke of further attacks on civilians. The protest strongholds continued to be attacked on April 10, because Assad demanded a treaty to disarm the opposition. For the first time, refugees were also killed by Syrian soldiers on Turkish soil near the border between Turkey and Syria . The Syrian opposition then accused the PKK of collaborating with the Syrian government. According to information from tagesschau.de, 22,000 people from Syria had fled to Turkey by April 6. Despite the ceasefire, the city of Homs continued to be shelled , according to the opposition . However, according to Kofi Annan, the ceasefire was broken by the opposition.

According to Kofi Annan's assessment, there appeared to be a ceasefire on April 12th. Two days later, on April 14, the Security Council resolved in resolution 2042 to prepare a mission to monitor the six-point plan and to deploy a 30-person advance team.

On April 21, the United Nations Security Council voted unanimously in resolution 2043 to increase the number of observers from 30 to 300. However, they will not travel to Syria until UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon assesses the ceasefire as sufficiently stable. The observers working for the United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS) are all unarmed soldiers who are supposed to monitor the ceasefire between Assad's troops and the opposition. International observers had previously visited the city of Homs during the first ceasefire in several weeks. A ceasefire brokered by Kofi Annan from April 10th had not been observed.

On April 20, Abdel Ghani Jawhar accidentally blew himself up. Jawhar was an explosives expert and the commander of Fatah al-Islam . In Lebanon , he was wanted in connection with 200 murders, assassinations, attempted assassinations and explosives attacks.

On the night of April 28, rebels landed in rubber dinghies 35 km south of Turkey near the port of Latakia . There was a battle with the Syrian army.

According to the human rights organization Syrian Human Rights Network, it was an attempt to smuggle weapons and fighters into Syria.

On April 29, the Lebanese army confiscated three containers with weapons, some of which were heavy, from Libya and apparently intended for Syrian rebels on the container ship Lutfullah II . The Syrian ambassador to the UN interpreted the find as evidence that Libya and Turkey were cooperating with other states to supply “terrorist groups” with weapons.

May

Elections to the Syrian parliament were held on May 7 , with candidates from seven different parties running. Half of the seats were reserved before the election for the electoral group “Members of the Workers and Peasants”, whose unions are controlled by the Baath Party.

Despite the dispatch of UN observers, there were bombings in Aleppo and Damascus . In a double explosion in the capital Damascus on May 10, 70 people died. It was the worst attack since the protests broke out in March 2011. A group called Jabhat al-Nusra li Ahl al-Sham ("Support Front for the People of Syria"), which is attributed to al-Qaida , claimed responsibility for the attack .

The US stated that the Annan plan had already failed. Kofi Annan contradicted this representation and spoke of progress; a crisis that has lasted for more than a year cannot be resolved “in a day or a week”. The Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov spoke of "gross" violations of the agreed ceasefire by the opposition, the aim of which was to bring about the failure of Kofi Annan's peace plan. He said that Russia is demanding that the Syrian government strictly adhere to Kofi Annan's plan “on a daily basis”. It is inadmissible not to hold back the opposition, but even to call for further armed provocations.

On May 29, 2012, several states, including Germany , France , Great Britain , Italy , Spain and the United States, expelled the highest-ranking Syrian diplomat.

Cancellation of the peace plan by the Free Syrian Army
After an exchange of fire between government troops and insurgents there on May 25, the government troops fired artillery at the Taldo settlementnear al-Hula in the Homs province . UN observers confirmed the deaths of 116 people, including at least 32 children, and around 300 injured. Syria's government denied allegations that the massacre was carried out by the army. Russia called for a closer investigation into the incidents. Russian diplomats spoke on May 27 of criminological evidence that suggested that the people were not killed by the shell fire, but were killed from a very short distance. On CNN , an FSA spokesman unceremoniously declared the UN peace plan “dead” and called on the FSA fighters to “take revenge” for the massacre. The Syrian Foreign Ministry said "hundreds of fighters" attacked using "heavy weapons such as grenade launchers, machine guns and anti-tank missiles that have recently been used in confrontations with state security forces".

June

On June 3, Bashar al-Assad spoke to the Syrian parliament for the first time after the Hula massacre . He said Syria was in a real war and he would continue the "battle against terrorists". In response to the expulsion of Syrian diplomats from numerous states at the end of May, numerous Western diplomats were expelled from the country on June 6th.

On June 7, opposition groups reported a massacre in the village of Masraat-al-Kabir , in the Hama governorate . According to reports, 80 people were murdered there by the pro -government Shabiha militia. The Syrian government blamed “terrorists” for the massacre. UN observers who were on their way to al-Kabir were forbidden to continue their journey by government troops. They reportedly came under fire. The observers were finally able to reach the village on June 8th.

In early June 2012, testimony by regional opposition members about the Hula massacre cast doubt on the government's guilt. The victims were almost exclusively members of the Alawite minority who were considered loyal to the government.

On June 10, 2012, the British Foreign Minister William Hague no longer completely ruled out military intervention by the West; the situation was similar to Bosnia in the 1990s. Israel’s Vice Prime Minister Shaul Mofas said that, like in Libya, the international community should intervene militarily to overthrow President Bashar al-Assad’s government. In the worst case, Russia would have to put up with the charge of complicity in the massacres in Syria because it was supplying Damascus with weapons. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu accused Iran and the Lebanese militia Hezbollah of supporting the Syrian government in its atrocities.

Because of the violence against children by the regular units of the Syrian army and the pro-government Shabiha militias, as well as the recruitment of minors by the FSA, Syria was placed on the UN's list of shame on June 12, 2012 .

Due to the continuing violence, the UN observer mission was suspended on June 16.

Turkey declared a five-mile zone within Syrian airspace to be its security zone, in which flight movements would be viewed as hostile and would be combated without warning.

July

Free Syrian Army rebel in a conquered district of Aleppo

The third meeting of the “ Friends of Syria ” took place in Paris at the beginning of July .

On July 3, the human rights organization Human Rights Watch reported systematic torture of prisoners for crimes against humanity . The organization called for sanctions from the UN Security Council. There are said to be 27 torture prisons with more than 20 torture methods. These range from beatings to burns and sexual assault to mock executions.

In the village of Tremseh in the province of Hama , 220 people are said to have been killed on July 12, according to activists, but later only 68 victims were identified by name. The opposition blamed the government for the civilian casualties in the attack on Tremseh , while the government blamed "terrorist gangs". According to SOHR, dozens of armed insurgents are among the dead. UN observers believe the attack was against rebels and that a variety of weapons were used, including mortar shells. The International Committee of the Red Cross now classifies the conflict as a civil war.

In the capital Damascus there was now fighting between the government and the Free Syrian Army. The rebels moved closer to the seat of government. The government is using tanks and attack helicopters and there are fears that chemical weapons will be used.

In an attack in Damascus on July 18, the Syrian Defense Minister Daud Radschha and his deputy Assef Shawkat , a brother-in-law of Assad, were killed. The Syrian secret service chief Hischam al-Ichtiyar also died after the consequences of the attack on July 20. The Liwa al-Islam group claims that the attack began.

In Aleppo fighting broke out again. The Syrian government is said to have used rocket launchers, helicopters and fighter jets.

August

Areas of Syria conquered by rebels in pink

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, three journalists from Syrian state television were kidnapped by opposition members on August 10. On August 16, they were liberated by the Syrian Army, according to state television.

According to the human rights organization Human Rights Watch, an emergency hospital in Aleppo in the Schaar district has been attacked several times by fighter jets with S-5 air-to-surface missiles since August 12 . Four civilians were killed outside the hospital when one of the missiles missed its target.

A video that emerged on August 13 is said to show Free Syrian Army rebels cutting a man's throat and government fighters being thrown from the roof of a building.

On August 15, the OIC decided to suspend Syria. On the same day, the Free Syrian Army apparently carried out a car bomb attack in Damascus in front of a Syrian army command center. Meanwhile, the Syrian air force has attacked the rebel stronghold of Azaz near Aleppo.

In a preliminary version of its report to the United Nations Human Rights Council , which it set up on August 15, the independent commission of inquiry into Syria came to the conclusion that government troops and Shabiha militias allied with the government were responsible for a large part of the war crimes committed during the course of the conflict and gross human rights violations are responsible. For the separately investigated individual case of the Hula massacre , the commission reports that government troops and Shabiha were responsible for the killing of over 100 civilians, more than half of them children. Government opponents are also responsible for war crimes, but not to the same extent or with the same frequency and severity as the government side.

On August 16, 2012, the United Nations Security Council ordered the end of the UNSMIS observer mission because the conditions for a continuation were not met. The mandate for the UN peacekeeping mission ended at midnight on August 19, 2012. On August 17th, the former Algerian Foreign Minister Lakhdar Brahimi was appointed UN Special Envoy for Syria to succeed Kofi Annan.

On August 16, rebels claimed to have captured a military research laboratory in Aleppo, which also housed three Iranian-made reconnaissance drones for repair. The Mohajer 4 and Ababil drones over Damascus, Homs and Hamazu are said to have been sighted on satellite images since February 2012 .

On August 17, rebels attacked the al-Mazzeh military airfield (أوتوستراد المزة) west of the capital Damascus. Government forces responded to the attacks with tanks and helicopters. On the same day, the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) announced that over 170,000 refugees from Syria had been registered in neighboring countries.

On August 21, it became known that the French government was paying the defectors of the Syrian government. According to the Times , European diplomats met in May and agreed that there should be “incentives” for defectors.

According to the Moscow daily Nezavisimaya Gazeta, the Russian Navy decided on August 24 to temporarily stop using the Tartus naval base .

A massacre in the Damascus suburb of Daraja was reported on August 26th . After the city had been under artillery fire for several days, army units and militias moved in on Friday, August 24 and searched the houses for armed insurgents. These had reportedly already withdrawn from the village to the surrounding areas. After the government troops withdrew the following day, the burned bodies of men were found in a mosque. The number of victims is said to be between 120 and 300. A New York Times reporter who was present reported several corpses lying on top of each other in long, thin graves.

On August 27, the rebels reported that an army helicopter had been shot down over the capital, Damascus. Video recordings showed the crash of the helicopter, which, according to rebel reports, had previously shot at the Dschobar district. Syrian state television also confirmed the crash, but did not provide any further details.

On August 30, the Free Syrian Army and the LCC reported the shooting down of a MiG-23 fighter jet east of Dahabie in Idlib. The pilot was able to save himself with the ejection seat and was captured.

September

According to video recordings that only became public in spring 2018, Austrian UN soldiers ( UNDOF ) on the Golan Heights drive Syrian secret police into an ambush in which all the police officers were apparently killed. From the soldiers' comments on the video, it appears that the Austrians knew a group of armed smugglers had set up. A short time later, the Austrians met the Syrian police patrol, talked to the police and let them drive on without warning. Nine Syrian police officers were killed according to a press report. The question of whether the Austrians were acting within the scope of their UN mandate when they withheld the information led to a discussion after it became known in April 2018.

According to the Syrian state news agency Sana, at least 15 people were killed in a car bomb attack in a suburb of Damascus near the Palestinian refugee camp in Al Sbeineh on September 1. Meanwhile, the Free Syrian Army announced that it had taken the headquarters of an anti-aircraft battalion in Abu Kamal on the border with Iraq. There is also fighting near the Abu Zohur air base in Idleb province. Meanwhile, Russia and China again blocked sanctions against Assad in the UN Security Council.

On September 14, the special envoy of the United Nations and the Arab League, Lakhdar Brahimi , held talks with opposition members in Syria and on September 15 with President Bashar al-Assad, describing the country's crisis as a global threat after the meeting. “The situation is getting worse and poses a threat to the Syrian people, the region and the whole world,” said Brahimi.

On September 16, Spiegel Online published a report that at the end of August 2012 the Syrian army, with the support of Iranian officers, tested delivery systems for poison gas grenades in Chanasir near as-Safira (east of Aleppo).

On September 27, the Free Syrian Army bombed the headquarters of the Syrian Army near Ommayaden Square in the center of the capital Damascus. Two homemade bombs exploded in the building and destroyed the first two floors. According to the FSA, at least eight people are said to have been killed.

During the fighting for Aleppo , the rebels launched a new offensive in the last week of September to take the city. During the fighting, the historic bazaar in the old town, which is a World Heritage Site, also caught fire.

October

The Sunni al-Nusra Front claimed responsibility for the suicide bombings in Aleppo in early October.

On October 3, the incident occurred in Akçakale , a Turkish village on the Syrian border. Syrian mortar shells struck a Turkish residential building, killing a family of five and injuring numerous people. Turkish armed forces then fired artillery installations of the Syrian government army in the neighboring Syrian town, killing up to 34 soldiers. While international politicians and NATO called on both sides to de-escalate, the Turkish parliament approved future military operations by the air force and ground forces in Syria and gave the government a free hand. Such a regulation already exists for Turkish deployments in northern Iraq in the fight against the PKK. The following day, the Damascus government apologized to Ankara's government for the attack. In Ankara, demonstrators protesting against a military operation in Syria were displaced with tear gas. The opposition ( CHP ) criticized the parliamentary decision as too broad.

On October 3, four car bombs detonated in quick succession in downtown Aleppo . At least 27 people were killed, including a number of government soldiers. On al-Jabiri Square, three explosives had exploded in front of an officers' club, and another bomb a few hundred meters away near the Chamber of Commerce. The area is controlled by government soldiers. In the eastern Syrian provincial capital Deir ez-Zor , near the Iraqi border, a pickup truck is said to have detonated shortly after the attacks in Aleppo.

Several German-speaking media reports that Lebanon was hit by shells from Syria on October 23.

November

On November 1, the Syrian Human Rights Watchdogs released a video showing the execution of government soldiers by rebels in Idlib province. Amnesty International stated that the footage was a potential war crime and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ordered an investigation into the video.

According to reports, on November 3, rebel forces and fighters from the Al-Nusra Front (Jabhat al-Nusra), a jihadist group, launched an attack on the strategically important Taftanaz air base . The rebels managed to gain control of the base at times before they had to withdraw again due to air strikes.

On November 4, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that the rebels had taken control of an oil field near al-Mayadin .

Since November 17, the German government has been examining a deployment of the Bundeswehr within the framework of NATO to secure the Turkish border. Anti-aircraft missile systems of the type MIM-104 Patriot are to be used, which can intercept enemy aircraft as well as long-range missiles.

December

Checkpoint in Damascus

The fourth meeting of the “ Friends of Syria ” took place in Marrakech on December 12th .

The Syrian rebels captured the Yarmuk refugee camp on December 18th. During the several days of fighting, numerous fighters from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP-GC) defected to the rebels. The founder and leader of the PFLP-GC Ahmad Jibril supports President Assad and fled the refugee camp on December 16. The remaining PFLP fighters withdrew north to join the Syrian government forces.

Web links

Commons : Syria Civil War  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Portal: Syria  - in the news

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Syria condemns Arab League move to suspend monitoring. BBC, January 29, 2012, accessed February 1, 2012 .
  2. ^ Mass demonstrations in support of Assad across Syria RIA Novosti on January 26, 2012.
  3. ↑ The fall of al-Assad can trigger a major religious conflict - Prime Minister of Iraq RIA Novosti on December 5, 2011.
  4. ↑ Rick Gladstone: Waiting in the Wings, a Survivor of Three Decades of Syrian Politics in the New York Times on February 3, 2012.
  5. ↑ Syria: fall of Bashar al-Assad will bring war to Middle East, warns Iraq Telegraph on December 4, 2011.
  6. ↑ Syria crisis: Hillary Clinton calls UN veto travesty '. BBC, February 5, 2012, accessed February 5, 2012 .
  7. ↑ BBC News - Syria: Homs under 'heaviest' shelling yet
  8. ^ Head of observer in Syria resigns - Arab League before the RIA Novosti mission resumes on February 12, 2012.
  9. ↑ Assad promises reforms - and bombs protest strongholds. SZ, February 15, 2012, accessed on February 15, 2012 .
  10. ^ Syria crisis: Deadly shooting at Damascus funeral. BBC, February 18, 2012, accessed February 21, 2012 .
  11. ↑ Syria: military presence to stifle uprising - abroad - FAZ
  12. ↑ Syria steps up Homs bombardment. BBC, February 21, 2012, accessed February 21, 2012 .
  13. ↑ Syria shelling of Homs kills 2 Western journalists
  14. ↑ 'Friends of Syria' to call for UN to plan mission . Associated Press . February 24, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
  15. ↑ Tomas Avenarius : Kofi Annan should stop violence from the Assad regime In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. February 24, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
  16. ↑ Violence in Syria: Red Cross rescues the wounded from Homs at stern.de, February 24, 2012 (accessed on February 25, 2012).
  17. ↑ Negotiations in Syria without result: Red Cross suspends evacuations from Homs again ( memento from February 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) at tagesschau.de, February 26, 2012 (accessed on February 26, 2012).
  18. ↑ Assad's failed democracy show. Spiegel Online, February 26, 2012, accessed February 26, 2012 .
  19. ↑ Syria: Activists: Army storms neighborhood in Homs - Arab world - FAZ
  20. ↑ Vice-Oil Minister in Syria defected to the rebels. In: Frankfurter Rundschau . March 8, 2012, Retrieved March 8, 2012 .
  21. ↑ Dictator Assad is running away from the ministers. In: Frankfurter Neue Presse. March 8, 2012, archived from the original on November 5, 2012 ; Retrieved March 12, 2012 .
  22. ↑ TIME ( Memento from March 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  23. ↑ TIME ( Memento from March 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ↑ Syria: States of the Gulf Cooperation Council close embassies - Arab World - FAZ
  25. ↑ Turkey calls back citizens from Syria and is considering buffer zone - SPIEGEL ONLINE
  26. ↑ UN Security Council agrees on Syria Declaration | Abroad | Reuters
  27. ^ Syria - UN appeal has no effect - Nationwide struggles - Abroad - Politics - Hamburger Abendblatt
  28. ↑ a b c Resolution 2042. (PDF; 32 kB) In: German Translation Service of the United Nations. April 14, 2012, accessed on September 19, 2012 (official translation of the original text).
  29. ↑ Syria accepts peace plan from Kofi Annan: USA demands actions instead of words from Assad - Syria - FOCUS Online - Nachrichten
  30. ↑ Staff writer: Syria opposition: Don't prolong catastrophe , Al Jazeera English . April 1, 2012. 
  31. ↑ Gulf states should pay millions to Syrian insurgents - SPIEGEL ONLINE
  32. ↑ Syria reports withdrawal of its troops - Politics - sueddeutsche.de
  33. ↑ According to its own statements, Syria begins to withdraw its troops | Abroad | Reuters
  34. ↑ Syria: Assad demands written guarantees from the opposition | Politics | TIME ONLINE
  35. ↑ Civil war: Turkey warns Syria of further attacks on refugees | Politics | TIME ONLINE
  36. ↑ Thomas Seibert: Opposition sees Kurdish PKK as Assad's helpers In: Der Tagesspiegel. April 10, 2012, Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  37. ↑ Thousands of Syrians seek refuge in Turkey - tagesschau.de ( Memento from April 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  38. ↑ : UN observers must first negotiate with Syria's government - Nachrichten Newsticker - DPA - Infoline - Hot spots (DPA) - WELT ONLINE
  39. ↑ My departing advice on how to save Syria.
  40. ↑ Armistice: UN increases the number of Syria observers to 300 at welt.de, April 21, 2012 (accessed April 22, 2012).
  41. ↑ UN observer in the rebel stronghold of Homs at de.reuters.com, April 21, 2012 (accessed April 22, 2012).
  42. ↑ Still no ceasefire: Ban criticizes Syria at focus.de, (accessed on April 22, 2012).
  43. ↑ In Syria, Lebanon's Most Wanted Sunni Terrorist Blows Himself Up , TIME on May 23, 2012 ( German translation ).
  44. ↑ Syrian rebels mount seaborne assault irishtimes.com on April 28, 2012.
  45. ^ Syrian Human Rights Network Calls for International Condemnation of Attempts at Escalating Violence in Syria SANA on April 29, 2012.
  46. ↑ Lebanon holds ship 'carrying weapons for Syria rebels' British Broadcasting Corporation | BBC on April 29, 2012.
  47. ↑ Syria accuses Lebanon of “incubating” terrorists yalibnan.com on May 19, 2012.
  48. ↑ Birgit Svensson: Parliamentary elections in Syria: For the first time in over 40 years, several parties competed In: Märkische Allgemeine. May 8, 2012, Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  49. ↑ Five dead in a bomb attack in Syria | Abroad | Reuters
  50. ↑ 70 people die in attack in Damascus , stern.de on May 10, 2012. Retrieved on May 11, 2012.
  51. ↑ Who is behind the attacks? ( Memento from May 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de on May 10, 2012. Retrieved on May 11, 2012.
  52. ^ Double attack shakes Damascus , spiegel.de on May 10, 2012. Accessed on May 11, 2012.
  53. ↑ Profile: Syria's al-Nusra Front BBC on May 15, 2012.
  54. ↑ Syria: America speaks of the failure of the Annan plan - abroad - FAZ
  55. ↑ Lavrov: Syrian opposition "grossly" violates UN resolution RIA Novosti on May 23, 2012.
  56. ↑ Angela Charlton: Syrian diplomats around the world expelled (English) , Minnesota Public Radio. May 29, 2012. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved on October 12, 2012. 
  57. ↑ a b Syrian government denies blame in attack that killed dozens, including 32 children by Liz Sly on May 27, 2012 at washingtonpost.com, (accessed May 27, 2012).
  58. ↑ Terror over the massacre in Syria 116 civilians dead - UN Security Council consults. Accessed May 27, 2012.
  59. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120703051317/http://sana.sy/eng/22/2012/05/27/421841.htm SANA , May 27, 2012, last accessed on October 21, 2012 .
  60. ↑ Rebels swear revenge for the Spiegel-Online massacre on May 27, 2012.
  61. ↑ Assad denies responsibility for massacre - Wiener Zeitung Online
  62. Jump up ↑ Syria Considers Ambassadors, Charge d'Affaires and Diplomats of the USA, Britain, Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Bulgaria, Belgium, Canada and Turkey Personae Non Gratae. ( Memento of June 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) June 6, 2012, last accessed on October 21, 2012.
  63. ↑ Der Stern: At least 80 people die in new massacre , June 7, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  64. ↑ Reuters Germany: Syrian opposition calls for military action after massacre , June 7, 2012. Accessed June 7, 2012.
  65. ↑ Deutsche Welle: Syria's rebels demand revenge for new massacre , June 7, 2012. Accessed June 7, 2012.
  66. ^ Die Zeit: Syria refuses access to the site of the massacre , June 7, 2012.
  67. ↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung: Shots at UN observers in Syria , June 7, 2012. Accessed June 7, 2012.
  68. ↑ Reuters Germany: UN-Syria-Strategy after massacre report on Wendepunk , June 8, 2012. Accessed June 9, 2012.
  69. ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of June 8, 2012, pages 1–2: Again massacre in Syria - new findings on those killed by Hula.
  70. ↑ Great Britain no longer rules out military intervention . In: Spiegel Online , June 10, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2012. 
  71. ↑ UN: Children and armed conflict ( Memento of June 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), June 12, 2012.
  72. ^ Roy Gutman: Turkish defense radar locked on Russian fighter as it bombed Syrian town. In: mcclatchydc.com. October 4, 2015, accessed October 6, 2015 .
  73. ^ 'Friends of Syria' push for tougher sanctions . France July 24, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  74. ↑ Torture in Syria: They put people in coffins. ZDF, July 3, 2012, archived from the original on October 29, 2012 ; Retrieved July 3, 2012 .
  75. ↑ Assad troops move on Damascus as massacre toll is cut The Independent , July 16, 2012.
  76. ^ Rebels accuse Assad's army of further massacre of civilians. Spiegel Online, July 13, 2012, accessed July 13, 2012 .
  77. ↑ and Syria troops massacre over 150 says rights group ( Memento of November 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  78. ↑ [ Attack on Tremseh is said to have targeted rebels ( memento from July 15, 2012 on WebCite ) Attack on Tremseh is said to have targeted rebels] , tagesschau.de . July 15, 2012. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. 
  79. ↑ The Battle for Damascus: Pushing the Center of Power | euronews, world
  80. ↑ Jens Wiening: The army cannot get Damascus under control ( Memento from July 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) In: Tagesschau.de. July 17, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  81. ↑ Assad's brother-in-law also dies in the attack Spiegel Online , July 18, 2012.
  82. ↑ Syria - Syrian security chief dies after attack - abroad - politics - Hamburger Abendblatt
  83. ↑ Resentful struggle for Aleppo.
  84. ↑ Apparently three Syrian journalists kidnapped by rebels . AFP . August 10, 2012. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved on October 9, 2012.
  85. ↑ Apparently three Syrian journalists kidnapped by rebels . World online . August 16, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  86. ↑ Al-Ikhbariya TV Team Released from the terrorist groups . Sana TV . August 16, 2012. Archived from the original on October 29, 2012. Retrieved on October 9, 2012.
  87. ↑ Fighter planes bombard the hospital . Spiegel Online. August 16, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  88. ↑ Videos show possible acts of Syrian rebels . World online. August 13, 2012.
  89. ↑ Islamic states suspend Syria . German wave . August 16, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  90. ^ Bomb attack shakes Damascus . Dpa . August 15, 2012. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved on October 9, 2012.
  91. ↑ Again attacks on Syrian rebel strongholds . Apa . August 18, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  92. ↑ Syrian Government forces and anti-Government groups responsible for war crimes: UN Commission of Inquiry ( en , PDF; 73 kB) UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. August 15, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  93. ↑ Rebels allegedly present Iranian drones . Spiegel Online. August 17, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  94. ^ Rebels attack the military airport in Damascus . Time online. August 17, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  95. ↑ Syria threatens humanitarian catastrophe . Reuters . August 17, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  96. ↑ EU countries are said to have paid Syrian defectors . The mirror . August 21, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  97. ↑ Russia lets naval base in Syria rest - Nezavisimaya Gazeta . RIA Novosti . August 24, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  98. ↑ a b Assad's brutal urban warfare for Damascus . The mirror . August 26, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  99. ↑ a b Army helicopter crashes over Damascus . The mirror . August 27, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  100. ↑ Army Syrian rebels shoot down army helicopters . Reuters Germany. August 28, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  101. ↑ Syrian rebels report fighter jet shot down . Spiegel Online . August 31, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  102. ↑ Free Syrian Army claims downing MiG fighter jet in Idlib . Allvoices.com . August 30, 2012. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved on October 9, 2012.
  103. ↑ " Waved by instead of warned" Wienerzeitung of April 27, 2018
  104. ↑ New Syria mediator dampens expectations . Stuttgart newspaper . September 2, 2012. Archived from the original on October 29, 2012. Retrieved on October 9, 2012.
  105. ↑ Syrian rebels claim capture of air base . CNN . September 2, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  106. ^ Syria rebels target regime air power . Alhdhod International. September 2, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  107. ↑ Russia stands by the Syrian regime. ( Memento from November 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  108. ↑ Syria conflict is "a threat to the world." ( Memento from September 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  109. ↑ UN mediator Brahimi: Syria conflict is a global threat.
  110. ↑ Civil war: Syria tests poison gas weapons in the desert.
  111. ↑ Attack on the center of power.
  112. ↑ Der Spiegel: Turkish parliament approves mandate for Syria October 4, 2012.
  113. ↑ Hamburger Abendblatt: Grenades from Syria land in Lebanese villages October 23, 2012.
  114. ↑ Syrische Basler Zeitung: Grenades hit Lebanon.
  115. ^ Rebels Execute Captured Soldiers , Süddeutsche Zeitung, November 1, 2012 (accessed November 1, 2012).
  116. ^ Criticism of the shooting video , Deutsche Welle from November 2, 2012 (accessed November 2, 2012).
  117. ^ Syria Rebels Attack Key Base in Bid to Disrupt Airstrikes , New York Times, November 3, 2012 (accessed November 3, 2012).
  118. ^ Rebels attack air force base , Spiegel Online from November 3, 2012 (accessed November 4, 2012).
  119. ↑ Syria rebels 'capture oilfield' in Deir Ezzor , BBC News of November 4, 2012 (accessed November 4, 2012).
  120. ^ Peter Blechschmidt: NATO operation on the Turkish-Syrian border: Bundeswehr is to go to Turkey. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung (online edition). November 17, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2012 .
  121. ^ Syrian rebels conquer PFLP camps.