Chronology of hydraulic engineering on the Hamburg Lower Elbe
The Köhlbrand estuary with the island of Maakenwerder, which has not yet been laid, Kaisers Loch on the right , later Maakenwerder harbor , today the southern Elbe tunnel entrance
The chronology of the hydraulic engineering measures on the Hamburg Lower Elbe gives an overview of the largest storm surges , the important interventions in the course of the Lower Elbe river for the expansion of the Hamburg port and the associated administrative acts of the Hamburg authorities since the 12th century.
development
The particularity of the mouth of the Elbe is that it forms both an inland delta that originally stretched from Geesthacht to Hahnöfersand , and a funnel ( estuary ) that opens 2.5 kilometers wide from Blankenese to Brunsbüttel . The entire estuary is tide-dependent , since its construction only up to the Geesthacht barrage. The river splitting area is characterized by the once meandering river courses of the Elbe and its tributaries Bille and Alster , which washed over the low marshland and formed river islands. It is of course limited on the north bank by the Geest slopes from Lauenburg to Hamburg-St. Georg and from Hamburg-Neustadt to Wedel , in the south through the Black Mountains . The main river of the Elbe divided at the Bunthäuser Spitze , the southern end of the Elbe island Wilhelmsburg , into the North and South Elbe and converged again after fifteen kilometers at the Mühlenberger Loch . The islands within the river arms changed their position, shape and land mass due to deposits and dikes on the one hand and destructive storm surges or hydraulic engineering measures on the other. Around 1100 there was the contiguous island of Gorieswerder from today's Georgswerder to Finkenwerder , which was torn apart by several storm surges until the 14th century. Wilhelmsburg, on the other hand, emerged from the 17th to the 19th century from the amalgamation of a large number of small islands.
Under these geographical conditions, the development of the Port of Hamburg went hand in hand with hydraulic engineering measures in which the low-lying marshes and river islands were diked for protection and for land reclamation and the widely branched rivers of the Bille, Alster and Elbe were regulated for shipping . For the oversight of the fairway , a sufficient water depth and vessel traffic in 1555 which was specially Düpe -Commission established ( Düpe is the Low German word for water depth), an authority from the 19th century, the official River and Port Engineering emerged, again the Predecessor of the Hamburg Port Authority responsible today .
Timetable
| when | Where | What |
|---|---|---|
| 1164 | Elbe region | Julian flood : Destruction of the early Hamburg port facilities in the Alster loop near the Neue Burg |
| 1235 | Alster / old town | the Alster was dammed on Reesendamm with a dam from Bergstrasse to Gänsemarkt for the operation of a mill |
| 1248 | Elbe region | Allerkind flood : Finkenwerder and Altenwerder are separated from the island of Gorieswerder |
| 1258 | Bille / mouth | the mouth of the Bill was connected to the Alster in order to increase the current in the harbor |
| 1286 | Outer Elbe | Hamburg received half of the island "O" ( Neuwerk ) from the Duke of Saxony-Lauenburg |
| 1310 | Outer Elbe | Completion of the Neuwerker defense tower |
| 1344 | Elbe / Kirchwerder | Barrier of the Gose Elbe at Kiebitzbrack |
| 1394 | Elbe region / estuary | Hamburg acquires the Ritzebüttel office at the mouth of the Elbe |
| 1395 | Elbe region | Hamburg acquires the Elbe islands of Ochsenwerder and Moorwerder |
| 1412 | Elbe region | Cäcilienflut : Hahnöfersand is separated from the mainland, dyke breaks on Gorieswerder |
| 1437 | Elbe / Altengamme | Cordon off the Dove Elbe near Altengamme |
| 1443 | Bille / Bergedorf | a lock trench conducted the main stream of the Bille from Bergedorf to Curslack to the Dove Elbe |
| 1548 | administration | Düpe Commission founded, responsible for deepening the fairway and marking the fairway |
| 1549 | Norderelbe / Grasbrook | first breakthrough of Grasbrook , then Elbe island |
| 1559 | Northern Elbe | Pierce Grandeswerder, former island adjacent to Grasbrook, later Baakenwerder and Baakenhafen |
| 1568 | Northern Elbe | Piercing Spadenländer Busch, today: Spadenländer Busch in Wilhelmsburg, west of the Elbe - Spadenland in the Marschlanden, east of the Elbe |
| 1570 | Elbe region | All Saints' Day Flood : Dike breaches in the Altes Land and in the Vier- und Marschlanden |
| 1604 | Northern Elbe | Completion of the Grasbrook breakthrough |
| 1620 | Altona | Altona is part of the previously Schauenburg Danish rule Pinneberg |
| 1625 | Elbe region | Carnival flood : dike breaches in the old country and in Hamburg |
| 1814 | administration | the Düpe Commission goes into the shipping and port deputation on |
| 1818-1825 | Niederelbe | first deepening of the Elbe at - 3.5 m KN |
| 1825 | Elbe region | February flood 1825 : St. Pauli gauge : NN + 5.24 m |
| 1844-1888 | Oberhafen / old town | Straightening of the watercourse and the city dike |
| 1850-1862 | Niederelbe | second deepening of the Elbe at - 4.8 m KN |
| 1855 | Elbe region |
January storm flood 1855 : dike breaches in the Altes Land, Wilhelmsburg, in the Vier- und Marschlanden; St. Pauli gauge: NN + 5.11 m |
| 1863 | administration | the shipping and port deputation goes to the Port and River Engineering on |
| 1868 | Northern Elbe / Köhlbrand | 1. Köhlbrand contract : straightening and strengthening of the Norderelbe, dredging of the Köhlbrand |
| 1874/1875 | North Elbe / Billwerder | Penetration of the Kaltehofe and separation of Billwerder Bay, the former course of the river can still be traced in Billwerder Bay |
| 1896 | Niederelbe | 2. Köhlbrand contract : "Current corrections" and "Current regulation", deepening of the Elbe near Nienstedten, |
| 1908 | Süderelbe / Köhlbrand | 3. Köhlbrand contract : relocation of the Köhlbrand estuary by 600 meters downstream, further deepening of the Köhlbrand, straightening of the southern Elbe, extension of the Bunthausspitze by 400 meters |
| 1909/1910 | Niederelbe | third deepening of the Elbe at - 7.5 m KN |
| 1922-1937 | Niederelbe | fourth deepening of the Elbe at - 9.5 m KN |
| 1937 | Elbe region | Inclusion of Altona , Harburg-Wilhelmsburg and assignment of Cuxhaven and Neuwerk through the Greater Hamburg Act |
| 1950-1952 | North Elbe / Marshland | Sealing of the Dove Elbe and Gose Elbe by the Tatenberg lock |
| 1957-1959 | Niederelbe / Geesthacht | Construction of the Geesthacht dam to maintain the water level |
| 1957-1964 | Niederelbe | fifth deepening of the Elbe at - 10.5 m KN |
| 1961 | Outer Elbe / estuary | Hamburg gets rights to Neuwerk and Scharhörn by Cuxhaven contract for the planned deepwater port back |
| 1962 | Elbe region |
Storm surge 1962 : Dike breaches in the Altes Land, on the Süderelbe, in Wilhelmsburg, St. Pauli gauge: NN + 5.7 m |
| 1962 | South Elbe | Dike in the Alte Süderelbe between Altenwerder and Moorburg |
| 1964-1969 | Niederelbe | sixth deepening of the Elbe at - 11.5 m KN |
| 1974-1988 | Niederelbe | seventh deepening of the Elbe at - 13.0 m KN |
| 1976 | Elbe region | First January flood 1976 : St. Pauli gauge: NN + 6.45 m (the highest storm surge to date at almost all gauges on the German North Sea coast) |
| 1998/1999 | Niederelbe | eighth deepening of the Elbe - 14.9 m KN |
| 2001/2003 | Süderelbe / Niederelbe | Backfilling of the Mühlenberger Loch |
| 2002 | Niederelbe | Start of planning for a ninth deepening of the Elbe to - 15.9 m KN, delays in the planning approval process, proceedings before the Federal Administrative Court |
| 2005 | administration | the Authority Port and River Engineering goes to the Hamburg Port Authority on |
| 2019 | Niederelbe | Official start of work on the ninth deepening of the Elbe |
cards
Map of the Hamburg Elbe area around 1567
Based on a map from 1568 by Melchior Lorich , created on behalf of the Hamburg Senate in the course of a process before the Imperial Court for the rights to the Elbe. The cities of Harburg, Stade , Buxtehude and Lüneburg sued the city of Hamburg for their right to free shipping. Here is an excerpt from a copy (tracing by Eugen Schuback) from 1845. The representation of the northern Elbe is greatly enlarged compared to the southern Elbe.
In the eastern part of the map, the Vierlande and Marschlande : you can see the already completed dikes of the Gose Elbe and Dove Elbe as well as the construction of the lock ditch between Bille and Dove Elbe south of Bergedorf. Upstream of the city of Hamburg are the Elbe islands Grandeswerder and Grasbrook , which are crossed by arms of the river, but not yet divided into the large and small Grasbrook . Between the North and South Elbe there is a multitude of islands that were not diked together until around 1700 and from which the later Hamburg district of Wilhelmsburg emerged. In the western part of the archipelago, the confluence of the Süderelbe is shown with various branches of the river, including the Köhlbrand , and the islands in it, such as Finkenwerder and Altenwerder .
Map of the Hamburg Elbe area after 1680
Section from a map by Nicolaes Visscher , in a south-north orientation.
In particular, the embankment of the Elbe islands is shown, the main arm of the Norderelbe runs between the islands of Stillhorn and Veddel on the one hand and Kirchdorf and Reiherstiegland on the other. The Grasbrook has already cut through , but the main water of the Norderelbe still runs south of the Kleiner Grasbrook . The course of the Süderelbe is concentrated on the Köhlbrand due to the dikes .
Map of the Elbe area around 1790
Recorded in the years 1789 to 1796 under the direction of Major Gustav Adolf von Varendorf by officers of the Schleswig infantry regiment.
The Norderelbe now runs between Billwärder Ausschlag , Entenwerder and Großer Grasbrook on the north bank and Kaltehofe , Peute , Veddel and Kleiner Grasbrook to the south. The Kleine Grasbrook lies in front of the now consolidated island of Wilhelmsburg . In the western part the islands of Finkenwerder and Altenwerder are pushed together, the main river of the Süderelbe is directed into the Köhlbrand , the estuary of the Süderelbe is significantly smaller than the Alte Süderelbe .
Map of the Elbe area 1915
Excerpt from a map of the Wagner & Debes Geographic Institute, Leipzig
With the breakthrough between Kaltehofe and Peute , the course of the Norderelbe is straightened, the course, which is still labeled Dove Elbe on this map, is sealed off and becomes Billwerder Bay . The Peute , Veddel , Kleine Grasbrook and Steinwerder are criss-crossed by docks. The Große Grasbrook is included in the urban area and also has port facilities and railway tracks. The Köhlbrand is now the main outflow of the Süderelbe and its estuary is relocated downstream. Waltershof and the Dradenau are not yet built on. The four port basins drawn in Finkenwerder were planned in this form, but not implemented.
Aerial view of the Elbe area in 2002
Satellite image. In the eastern part you can see the sealed Billwerder Bay , the Dove Elbe flows into the North Elbe behind the Tatenberger Schleuse . In the middle on the left the straightened Köhlbrand , to the west of it Waltershof with the deep cut of the harbor basin. At the western edge of the picture Finkenwerder , which forms a land area with Altenwerder , and the sealed Köhlfleet , as well as the Süderelbe , recognizable as a small watercourse , also completely sealed.
See also
literature
- Heinz Aschenberg, Gerhard Kroker: Storm surges and flood protection in Hamburg. An outline of the history of dike construction and internal drainage in the Elbe river splitting area , ed. by the building authorities of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, Hamburg 1992.
- Jörgen Bracker: Hamburg. From the beginning to the present. Turning marks of a city history , Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-8225-0043-7
- Arnold Kludas , Dieter Maass, Susanne Sabisch: Port of Hamburg. The history of the Hamburg free port from the beginnings to the present , Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-8225-0089-5
Individual evidence
- ↑ Working group pollutants / sediment management: Proposals for good sediment management practice in the Elbe area in order to achieve supra-regional action goals . Sediment management concept of the FGG Elbe. Ed .: Elbe River Basin Community. 2013, p. 132 ( [1] [PDF]).
- ^ On the title page and in: Lichtwark booklet No. 70. HB-Werbung publishing house, Hamburg-Bergedorf 2005. ISSN 1862-3549