Elbe deepening

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Suction dredger Geopotes 15 fully loaded on May 4, 2007 down the Elbe before Cuxhaven
Monitoring ship Greif of the WSA Cuxhaven monitors the depths of the Elbe

The Elbe deepening is a 100-kilometer-long fairway change in the Lower Elbe between the Elbe estuary and the Port of Hamburg , in which the fairway is given a greater width and a greater minimum depth. The latest construction project (ninth deepening of the Elbe) began on July 23, 2019 in the presence of Federal Transport Minister Andreas Scheuer .

causes

Erosion of the Elbe sediments at the eastern mouth; the remaining sandbank is used by seals

Natural rivers and fairways are fundamentally different: a river bed is dynamic and constantly changing, while a fairway should be as static as possible in terms of location and bed depth. Strong currents and tides cause considerable erosion and sedimentation in the Lower Elbe . As a result, new sediments are constantly being deposited with the formation of bars or impulses. These are undesirable in the fairway and are therefore regularly tracked down using echo sounder measurements and then removed using maintenance dredging.

Since the merchant ships have become deeper and wider since the advent of iron ships, the Lower Elbe has been deepened eight times since 1818. For example, the Elbe near Hamburg was three to four meters deep at the beginning of the 19th century; since 1999, the bottom of the fairway has been at least 14.9 meters below sea ​​chart zero .

Current Elbe depressions are assessed according to public building law ; they are considered hydraulic structures and are subject to the planning approval procedure . The ninth deepening of the Elbe has been planned since 2002, which will deepen the fairway 15.9–17.1 m below SKN. This should enable ships with a draft of up to 13.5 meters to access the Port of Hamburg regardless of the tide and up to 14.5 meters depending on the tide. Work was originally scheduled to begin in 2007. This did not happen because an exception procedure was initiated. This appeared necessary because the deepening of the Elbe would impair areas that are subject to EU environmental law .

The oral hearing in the legal proceedings against the Elbe deepening took place before the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig from July 15 to 23, 2014.

Geographical requirements

The Lower Elbe flows through its glacial glacial valley . The area of ​​the estuary is (like any other that opens into a sea) dependent on the tide. What is special is that the Lower Elbe has both a delta and a funnel mouth (estuary). The influence of the tides acts up to the Geesthacht barrage (built 1957 to 1960) at river kilometer 586. From here the Elbe ran in numerous branched and meandering branches of the river through wide marshland , bounded in the north by a geest ridge , which (at the mouth of the Alster in Hamburg interrupted) as far as Wedel . In the river splitting area, between the river arms (such as the Dove Elbe , Gose Elbe , Norder- and Süderelbe , Reiherstieg and Köhlbrand ) and the tributaries (such as Bille and Alster ), fertile marsh islands , so-called Werder , were created by storm surges and deposits (and later by human interference) changed their location, shape and land mass. The main stream of the Elbe divided into the North Elbe and South Elbe at the Bunthäuser Spitze , the southeastern end of today's Elbe island Wilhelmsburg , and after fifteen kilometers converged again at the Mühlenberger Loch . From Blankenese the estuary area opens to a width of 1.5 km, runs to Brunsbüttel with an average width of 2.5 km and widens at Cuxhaven , river kilometer 726, to the 18 km wide funnel. From here the river, now called the Outer Elbe , flows for another 20 km through the Wadden Sea of the North Sea.

The tidal range , which reaches 140 km far into the country to Geesthacht, is usually higher than that on the North Sea. In 2008, the mean tidal range, i.e. the arithmetic mean between mean low water and mean high water, was 2.31 m at Geesthacht, 3.64 m at the St. Pauli gauge in Hamburg and 2.79 m at Brunsbüttel. Before Heligoland it was 2.40 m. The change in tides, on average every 6 1/4 hours, has a considerable influence on the flow rate of the Lower Elbe. A quantum of water takes about one to two and a half days for the 110 km stretch from Schnackenburg to Geesthacht, but from there to the North Sea it is washed back and forth between four and seventy days. In addition, the salty North Sea water flowing in with the high tide mixes with the fresh water of the river; A so-called brackish water area extended from Cuxhaven to about Glückstadt before the structural interventions , and currently to about the Hamburg border. The tidal current, which dominates the headwater discharge, has formed a structurally diverse estuary with many islands, sandbanks and side channels through erosion, sediment transport and sedimentation, the bottom of which, banks and foreland are constantly changing.

Historical requirements

The harbor

The port of Hamburg lies in the splitting area of ​​the tidal Elbe. Since the 9th century it has developed from a river port on an arm of the Bille into a large seaport , with an administrative extension from Oortkaten (at river kilometer 609) to the lighthouse Tinsdal (river kilometer 641). This development was accompanied since the 12th century with numerous dikes, hydraulic engineering measures and considerable interventions in the river courses on the one hand and land losses, in particular through storm surges and silting up through sedimentation, on the other.

Development of the ship size

Shipping traffic on the Elbe in Hamburg

For a long time only the draft of the ships was important. Since around 1968 - when the containerization of general cargo traffic began - the size of the ships used has increased significantly. This is ecologically advantageous (a ship with twice the loading capacity needs by far not twice as much fuel) and economically advantageous (fuel has tended to become more and more expensive since the first oil crisis in 1973/74; a large ship hardly has more crew than a medium-sized one) .

It has become common practice to divide container ships into generations .

Container ship generations
generation year length width Draft TEU
1. until 1968 180 m 25 m 9.0 m 500-800
2. from 1969 225 m 30.5 m 11.5 m 1500
3. from 1972 275 m 32 m 12.5 m 3000
4th from 1987 287 m 39 m 13.5 m 4500
5. from 1997 325 m 41 m 14.1 m 5500
6th from 1999 345 m 43 m 14.5 m over 8000
7th since 2006 398 m 56 m 16.0 m over 14,000

The size of the container ships built in 1968 was the unit of measurement for a 1st generation ship. In 1969, the first ship of the 2nd generation appeared with the Encounter Bay , almost all of which have a maximum ship width of 30.5 m, which means that a maximum of twelve containers can be stowed side by side on deck. For a long time, the upper limit of the dimensions of container ships was 275 m long and 32.3 m wide so that they could pass through the Panama Canal (“3rd generation”). Since around 1988 the ships that not only use the largest width of the Panama Canal locks, but also their maximum length of 294 meters, have been called Panamax . The name Post-Panamax is used for larger types of ships with a width of more than 32.3 meters . The ships over 7000 TEU are referred to as Super-Post-Panamax or Post-Panamax-Plus ships, those over 11,000 TEU as New Panamax .

The Odense shipyard built eight Emma Mærsk class ships from September 2006 to 2008 . Thanks to its width of 56.4 meters, this type of ship can load 22 containers side by side on deck, is 397 m long and has a maximum draft of 16.0 m and a capacity of 15,500 TEU. The CMA CGM Marco Polo also has a maximum draft of 16.0 m; the triple E class is 15.50 m.

Ships of this length need enough space in bends in the Elbe; for oncoming traffic , there are rules. In addition to the depth of the Elbe fairway, its width is also an important criterion today.

Embankments

With the settlement of the Lower Elbe landscape and the utilization of the fertile, but flood-prone marshland, measures began in the 11th century to deal with water, to secure dwellings by means of elevated walls and, in particular , to build dykes , both against the tides coming from the river, as well as inward against the tidal tributaries and running water of the Geest. The river islands in the river splitting area were also diked several times, torn apart by storm surges and rebuilt. So z. B. the present-day district of Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg between the 17th and 19th centuries from the amalgamation of a large number of small islands. Another example is the embankment of the Kehdinger Land , which began in the Middle Ages , severe bank breaks in South Kehdingen led to the re-dike and abandonment of entire localities, in North Kehdingen, on the other hand, the land area was widened by several thousand hectares due to continuous silting up and was initially built with summer dikes in the 19th century 20th century secured with a state protection dike.

Hydraulic engineering

Map of the Lower Elbe by Nicolaes Visscher, after 1681

The relocation of the mouth of the Bill to the Alster in 1258, which can be traced today in the course of the upper port , served to supply water to the port of Hamburg. With the damming of the Gose Elbe in 1344 at today's Kiebitzbrack in Kirchwerder and the Dove Elbe in 1437 south of Altengamme , the navigability of the Norderelbe and thus the accessibility of the port could be increased. The breakthrough of the Elbe island Grasbrook , from 1549 to 1604, the breakthrough of the Spadenländer Busch made in 1568 and the breakthrough between Peute and Kaltehofe in 1874 , brought the Norderelbe closer to the city, served to straighten the shipping route and increase the flow speed. Groynes and dams were built to protect the banks and secure the fairway. The dam in front of Cuxhaven in the Outer Elbe also serves to secure the fairway. In parallel, throughout the Lower Elbe area of protection against storm surges through embankments and shortening the dike line and after the 1962 storm surge by dike elevations, fences of tributaries by storm flood barriers intensified in order to keep on this way, the accumulating water under control.

Political claims

The rise of the Port of Hamburg (100 kilometers from the mouth of the Elbe) was accompanied by the repeated political enforcement of the claim to the fairway of the Lower Elbe up to the North Sea.

  • When the downstream city of Stade received stacking rights from Archbishop Hildebold of Bremen in 1259 and demanded that merchants passing by should offer their goods within the city for a period of three water times , i.e. one and a half days, Hamburg included a certificate an older privilege. Thus Emperor Barbarossa the city on May 7, 1189 a charter issued, which it the duty-free guaranteed to the sea. Today it is proven that this document is a forgery from the middle of the 13th century.
  • Around 1300 Hamburg acquired the right to erect a defense tower on the island of Neuwerk in the mouth of the Elbe through an alliance agreement with the Wurtfriesen . The tower served as a navigation mark and also as a military base to secure the trade route.
  • In the 16th century the cities complained Harburg , Stade, Buxtehude and Lueneburg in the Supreme Court against the fact that Hamburg was trying to extend its sphere to the Süderelbe. The Hamburgers thereupon commissioned the painter Melchior Lorichs to draw up a map of the Lower Elbe . In 1568 this one meter high and twelve meter long map was presented to the court, showing the southern Elbe in a reduced size and the northern Elbe enlarged. In addition, all road markings and beacons were drawn in, which emphasized the importance and concern of the city of Hamburg for the river. With the judgment of 1618 passed fifty years later, the court ruled that the North and South Elbe should be viewed as a river to which the Hamburg privileges were to be applied.
The Hamburg Elbe map by Melchior Lorichs from 1568, after a copy from 1845 ( original picture of the map )
  • With the Gottorp Treaty of 1768, Hamburg was able to bring the Elbe islands and lowlands between Billwerder and Finkenwerder (including Kaltehofe , Peute , Veddel , Grevenhof, Griesenwerder , Pagensand and the northern part of Finkenwerder) into its possession.
  • The growing need for space in the Port of Hamburg and the hydraulic engineering measures in favor of the North Elbe intensified the conflicts with the then Prussian neighboring cities of Altona and Harburg in the 19th century . In a total of three so-called Köhlbrand contracts between Hamburg and Prussia, it was possible to agree on common interests in the expansion of the Elbe, in the hope that the ports of all three cities would benefit:
First coal fire contract 1868: straightening and fortification of the northern Elbe, dredging of the coal fire;
Second Köhlbrand contract 1896: current corrections and regulation, deepening of the Elbe near Nienstedten;
Third Köhlbrand contract 1908: relocation of the Köhlbrand estuary by six hundred meters downstream, further deepening of the Köhlbrand, straightening of the southern Elbe, extension of the Bunthaus peak by four hundred meters in order to direct the water equally over the northern and southern Elbe.
  • With the State Treaty on the transition of waterways from 1921 (WaStrÜbgVtr), sovereignty over the Elbe and its tributaries and canals was transferred to the German Reich.

Hamburg secured the supervision of the waterways from Oortkaten in the east to Blankenese in the west, while at the same time obliging the Reich to ensure "that usually the largest ships can reach Hamburg using the flood". Hamburg's claims are based on this treaty to this day.

  • In 1929 the Hamburg-Prussian port community was united , with which the villages of Finkenwerder, Francop , Moorburg and Altenwerder were declared to be port expansion areas.
  • With the Greater Hamburg Law (enacted in January 1937), among other things, the ports of Altona and Harburg and thus also the Elbarme from Süderelbe, Reiherstieg and Köhlbrand were incorporated into Hamburg; since then, the city has encompassed the Elbe from Altengamme and Oortkaten to Wittenbergen .

Historical deepening of the Elbe

In addition to the hydraulic engineering measures and political safeguards, the relatively shallow water of the Elbe and its partial silting up and sediment movement was an urgent problem for the growing Hamburg port. Dredging has been taking place in the port area since the 15th century to prevent siltation. For the oversight of the fairway, a sufficient water depth and vessel traffic in 1555 which was specially Düpe Commission established (Düpe is the Low German word for water depth), an authority consisting of the 19th century Office River and Port Engineering emerged, again Predecessor of today's Hamburg Port Authority . The growing size of ships in merchant shipping, however, presented the Hamburg economy with the problem of shallow fairway depths as early as the end of the 18th century, which until today was occasionally encountered with deepening of the Elbe. The fairway has been deepened eight times since 1818.

The indentations with approximate meter information refer to sea ​​chart zero SKN and sea level NN:

1. 1818 to 1825 at SKN −3.5 m corresponds to a sea level of −5.4 m
2. 1850 to 1862 at SKN −4.8 m corresponds to a sea level of −6.7 m
3. 1909 to 1910 at SKN −7.5 m corresponds to a sea level of −9.4 m
4. 1922 to 1937 at SKN −9.5 m corresponds to a sea level of −11.4 m
5. 1957 to 1964 at SKN −10.5 m corresponds to a sea level of −12.4 m
6. 1964 to 1969 at SKN −11.5 m corresponds to a sea level of −13.4 m
7. 1974 to 1978 at SKN −13.0 m corresponds to a sea level of −14.9 m
8. 1991 to 1999 at SKN −14.9 m corresponds to a sea level of −16.8 m

Elbe depressions in the 19th century

As early as 1797, Reinhard Woltman (1757–1837; Hamburg director of hydraulic engineering from 1814 to 1836) published plans for the art of electricity for the improvement of shipping on the Elbe in his book Contributions to the hydraulic architecture . However, implementation was delayed by the French occupation of the city, but from 1818 to 1825, according to Woltman's specifications, the shortages of the fairway could be alleviated by systematic current corrections . The technical possibilities were limited, so Ewer pulled silt and ground out of the fairway with so-called power harrows when the water ran off. With rotating jacks , about 17 m long and 4.3 m wide wooden vehicles, on the side of which a long- handled ketch with an attached leather bag could be lowered to the bottom, one tried to skim the sole. These ewer had a capacity of 17 m³, the bags could each hold 30 liters of harbor silt. In this way an attempt was made to create and maintain a fairway 3.5 m below sea chart zero (SKN). In a report by the Shipping and Port Deputation on June 27, 1826, the successful deepening of the fairway by 50 centimeters was reported.

The Elbe near Blankenese in 2008

In 1834, the Hamburg shipping and port deputation put the first steam-powered bucket chain excavator into service for dredging . Around 1840, after the quay wall was built at the Johannisbollwerk at the Jonashafen, a water depth of 13 Hamburg feet or 3.72 m SKN was created with the help of this excavator. The problems of the too shallow fairway, however, mainly arose further down the river at Blankeneser Sand , which the ships could only pass in a narrow place, and often not at all when the tide was low. With the plans for the expansion of the port of Hamburg since the middle of the 19th century, increased efforts were made to adapt the Elbe to the development of steam shipping. Under Heinrich Hübbe (1803–1871, director of hydraulic engineering from 1837 to 1864), the Elbe fairway was deepened to 4.8 meters in a combined process of dredging and current control through groyne construction between 1850 and 1862.

After the signing of the Köhlbrand contract between Prussia and Hamburg in 1868, further measures were added, such as broadening the river, reinforcing the bank lines, building dams and shortening the North Elbe by flattening the curvatures. In particular, however, the coal fire was dredged. By 1897 the fairway was deepened by these various measures as well as a dredging near Nienstedten after the second coal fire contract of 1896 to a dimension of about 6 meters.

Elbe depressions in the 20th century

Graphic representation of the Elbe depressions in the 20th century

The official counting of Elbe depressions only begins at the beginning of the 20th century. According to the port expansion plan of 1908 and the third Köhlbrand contract, also from 1908, in which a long-term deepening of the Elbe at 10.0 m below SKN in the entire Lower Elbe area was specified, the measure planned since 1897 and carried out between 1909 and 1910 was named the first deepening of the Elbe, regardless of the fact that the fairway was deepened from three to four meters to six meters in the 19th century. In this third and first deepening of the Elbe, a size of 7.5 m SKN and 9.4 m above sea level was reached, while the artificial islands of Schweinesand and Hanskalbsand were heaped up near Blankenese to bundle the current in the fairway.

After the conclusion of the State Treaty of July 29, 1921, the Reich Waterways Administration was responsible for the "conversion and expansion of the existing facilities in accordance with the traffic and economic needs of the states and the available funds". In 1922 Hamburg applied for further deepening of the Lower Elbe, the measure was approved with an addendum to the State Treaty of February 18, 1922. In 1922, the Pagensand was heaped up at Blankenese and the river was deepened to 9.5 m SKN and 11.4 m NN until 1937, with an interruption in the crisis years.

The fifth or third deepening of the Elbe in the 20th century was initiated in 1953 with the expansion of the Rhinplate , a sandbank in front of Glückstadt. By 1964 there was a deepening of 10.5 m SKN or 12.4 m above sea level.

The sixth deepening that followed directly afterwards was mainly justified with the role of the mineral oil industry in the Port of Hamburg and the growth of tankers. After this measure with the creation of a river bed of 11.5 m SKN or 13.4 m above sea level, tankers with a Load weight of up to 70,000 tonnes fully loaded that can travel up the Elbe.

Between 1974 and 1978 the fairway was further expanded to 13.0 m SKN or 14.9 m above sea level, in addition there were extensive flushings from Hollerwetter to Scheelenkuhlen, in the foreland of Glückstadt, on Fährmannssand and from Hanskalbsand together with Neßsand.

The eighth deepening of the Elbe was planned from 1991 and implemented from 1998 to 1999, the result being a fairway depth of 12.9 m SKN or 16.8 m above sea level. Since then, container ships have been able to navigate the Elbe, regardless of the tide, to the Port of Hamburg with a fresh water draft of 12.8 m and a width of 32.3 m, bulk carriers up to a width of 45 m with the same depth. The tidal range is usually 3.7 m, which is why the maximum draft increases by about 1.8 m at high tide. Depending on the tide, ships sailing out of the water can have a maximum salt water depth of 13.5 m. There is a start window of 30 to 80 minutes in which ships, depending on the type, can also sail up the Elbe with a maximum draft of 15.1 m. This should correspond to the development of ship sizes .

Effects of the previous deepening of the Elbe

The level of the Elbe

Storm surge levels in Cuxhaven and Hamburg-St Pauli since 1949
Storm surge level differences in Cuxhaven and HH-St.Pauli since 1949

As a result of these structures, the original tidal events between mean low tide (MTnw) and mean high tide (MThw) as well as the water levels during storm surges (HThw) have changed considerably. The tidal range in Hamburg has doubled overall, with the MTnw falling by 1.2 m, from −0.3 to −1.5 m since 1870, and the MThw by approx. 50 cm, from 1.6 m to 2 , Has risen 1 m. The increased MThw can be recognized by the much more frequent flooding of the Hamburg fish market . The fallen MTnw, on the other hand, endangers bank protection and structures on wooden piles, the heads of which rot due to the influence of oxygen when they are no longer permanently under water. The increase in HThw at the St. Pauli gauge in the period from 1950 to 1983 was determined to be 50–60 cm. The proportion of depressions in this was proven to be 15 cm up to 1980 and is determined to this day at approx. 25 cm at the St. Pauli gauge.

Accumulation of oxygen holes

The oxygen content of the Elbe in Hamburg

In the period before 1990, the discharge of poorly treated wastewater was responsible for the insufficient oxygen content in the Elbe, for example from the Köhlbrandhöft sewage treatment plant , but above all due to the nitrate pollution of the upper water from the GDR .

Since the summer of 2000, so-called oxygen holes with an oxygen content of less than 3 milligrams of oxygen per liter of water have been observed in the tidal Elbe over longer periods of time. The cause is the last deepening of the Elbe and the resulting decline in shallow water areas due to sedimentation, the increased maintenance dredging and silt harrowing in the port of Hamburg and in the river. The earliest oxygen holes appear in May, a shift forward in the course of the year, which greatly decimates the number of young fish, for example smelt and sea ​​trout . The oxygen holes were observed during the last decade until the end of September, an extraordinarily late point in time for a period of shortage and an indication that the hydraulic engineering interventions are significantly lowering the oxygen content of the Lower Elbe. For example, the 15 km long oxygen hole in June 2007 below Hamburg on the way to the North Sea caused complete fish death in the Lower Elbe.

The planned ninth deepening of the Elbe

Three weeks before the last deepening of the Elbe was officially completed on November 30, 2000, the Central Association of German Seaport Companies called for the next deepening by 2003 to maintain the competitiveness of the ports. In September 2006 the plan approval procedure for the 9th Elbe deepening was applied for on the basis of the Federal Waterways Act. The planning documents were interpreted from March 21 to May 4, 2007 with a shortened six-week period in accordance with the law to accelerate planning procedures for infrastructure projects (InfraStrPlanVBeschlG). During this time, about 5200 objections were raised by the people, associations and municipalities concerned. The objections revealed significant deficiencies in the planning, which resulted in significant changes to the plans. On June 11, 2007, the application to carry out an early partial construction measure was withdrawn by the Hamburg Port Authority . In autumn 2008 a new four-week plan was carried out. Most recently there were 7200 objections.

Then the third public participation process for the ninth deepening of the Elbe took place: from May 31 to July 14, 2010, the planning documents were available in the affected cities and communities in Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony and the Hamburg districts. Initially, it was expected that the planning approval decision would be available in autumn 2010, but this schedule could not be adhered to. Most recently, in January 2011, the planning approval authority submitted the documents to the European Commission for a statement in accordance with the Habitats Directive .

On December 6, 2011, the European Commission adopted the opinion in accordance with Article 6 Paragraph 4 of the Directive and stated that the Elbe deepening project can be carried out "for compelling reasons of overriding public interest", even if the impact assessment had negative effects on surrounding areas, in particular shows Natura 2000 areas. Strict requirements regarding the protection of the priority plant species hemlock-water fennel (Oenanthe conioides) and twelve-year monitoring were provided. This has been carried out in Hamburg every two years since 2009. According to the opinion of the European Commission, these reports must be made available to the public on the Internet. In addition, it was required that replacement locations for this strictly protected pioneer plant must be set up at the Spadenländer Busch / Kreetsand , Zollenspieker , Alter Moorburger Hafen , Spadenländer Spitze and Overhaken locations .

With concurring planning approval decisions of April 23, 2012, the two planning approval authorities of the federal government and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg finally approved the project. Two environmental associations, the BUND and the Naturschutzbund Deutschland , took legal action against these planning approval decisions . On 17 October 2012, presented the Federal Administrative Court by way of interim relief , the suspensive effect of the complaint against the plan approval decisions of the federal government and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg back up so that the planning approval not provisionally enforceable were. The Federal Administrative Court initially wanted to clarify far-reaching questions about water and species protection before the facts were created through construction work. In the further proceedings, the Federal Administrative Court showed a number of legal errors in the planning approval decisions with a notification decision, which, however, in the opinion of the court, can be cured through improvements; In addition, the Federal Administrative Court wanted to await the decision of the European Court of Justice on questions of European water law in the proceedings for the adjustment of the fairway in the Weser. The planning approval authorities thereupon issued a further plan amendment decision in order to comply with these initial indications from the Federal Administrative Court. After the decision of the European Court of Justice on the Weser was available, the Federal Administrative Court ruled on February 9, 2017 that the supplemented planning approval decisions were also illegal and not enforceable, but did not suffer from deficiencies that would have to lead to the rescission of the decisions. The court named two deficiencies that relate to the investigation of the interference and the assurance of coherence in favor of the hemlock water fennel . The authorities of the Federation and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg can cure these two deficiencies in a supplementary procedure; In addition, all attacks by the suing environmental associations are unfounded.

The provision of the necessary suitable compensation areas has proved extremely difficult for the authorities of the federal government and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in the past; this was exacerbated by the fact that the Federal Administrative Court set the requirements for the designation of compensation areas very high and checked them carefully. The suing environmental associations announced that they would file another lawsuit against the planning approval authorities in the event of further dubious attempts to allocate land, which is why there is currently no schedule for the completion of the ninth deepening of the Elbe.

Planning details of the current specialization

The starting point for the planned deepening of the Elbe was the situation created by the last deepening. For hydrological reasons, the channel was not deepened consistently and uniformly when it was deepened in 1999, but a base was left between Otterndorf and Lühe. This so-called "base solution" was a compromise between the navigability by deep-going ships on the one hand and the avoidance of negative hydrological effects in the event of high tide, low tide and flow speed. The task of this base is to dampen the tide.

For the ninth deepening of the Elbe, the planners want to take a different approach. In future, the tidal dampening will no longer take place between Otterndorf and Lühe, but rather already in the estuary. The main element for this is the backfilling of the Medem channel in the area of ​​the Altenbruch bend with almost 13 million cubic meters of sediment. According to the planning documents, the partial closure of this side fairway leads to major hydrodynamic changes. The flow speed in the main fairway in the Altenbrucher Bogen is supposed to increase by 15%, where the highest flow speed in the Elbe is already measured at up to 3.5 m / s. In addition, by closing the Medem channel, the increase in the tide level in the Lower Elbe should be halved and the salinisation should not penetrate as far into the interior. Counter-experts from the environmental associations criticized the fact that the calculation models for the flow dynamics after the Medem channel was filled are limited to an extremely short period of 14 days. Using models with a longer calculation period, the counter-experts determined a strongly deviating sediment storage.

In return for backfilling the Medem channel, the base between Otterndorf and Lühe is to be omitted in the future, the fairway there is to be deepened to 19 m below sea level, and the main fairway in the Altenbruch bend is deepened by up to 2.4 m.

At river kilometer 695, a waiting area for large container and cargo ships is to be set up in the area of ​​the north-east roadstead in front of the Elbe port of Brunsbüttel , as well as a widening shortly before Hamburg (nautical designation "encounter box" and hydraulic engineering designation "sediment trap"). It should (as of May 2013) be or will be seven kilometers long and 400 m wide. The construction of a sediment trap began in May 2008, against which the district of Stade has brought an action. The dredged material there is dumped on the Leitdamm in front of Cuxhaven , which otherwise threatens to cloud over .

The dredged material is dumped at various folding points (some of which are already in use today). The first major dump area will be the Medem channel, which is intended to be raised. The small dump sites that are already required for maintenance dredging in front of Cuxhaven will continue to exist.

A volume of approx. 20 million m³ is planned for the underwater landfills in the Medemrinne and in front of the Neufelder Watt. The closure of the Medem channel as a dump for dredged material is also an essential element of the planned construction project. The dredged material in the Brunsbüttel area is also dumped there, and further towards Wedel it is used to create shallow water zones on various bank areas in order to support the flood protection of Hamburg. The Elbe island Pagensand is washed up. The dredged material from the sandy fairway off Hamburg is to be used for various pending construction work in the port. For the last deepening of the Elbe, 14 million m³ were dredged, the maintenance dredging currently amounts to approx. 20 million m³ p. a. and a total of 38.5 million m³ is estimated for the planned measure. A number for comparison: 3.5 million m³ were dredged for the Jade-Weser-Port in Wilhelmshaven .

In addition to the deepening of the fairway in certain areas, a widening of the fairway by a maximum of twenty meters is planned in some areas in order to facilitate ship encounters (" encounter traffic ").

Cost development of the current specialization

In 2005, the measure was estimated at around 320 million euros, with a cost split of one third for Hamburg and two thirds for the federal government. The Hamburg Senate under Olaf Scholz (" Senate Scholz I ") planned to contribute to the costs with around 80 million euros, the federal government should take over the remaining 240 million euros. At the end of 2008 the cost calculation was corrected to around 400 million euros in total. New figures were published in mid-2018, according to which the total costs were now calculated at around 850 million euros, of which the city of Hamburg would have to bear around 286 million euros. Due to this renewed increase in costs, the environmental protection organization BUND asked the State Audit Office to carry out a cost-benefit analysis.

Rationale for the current specialization

Proportion of container ships arriving and departing regardless of the tide with a loading capacity of over 8,000 TEU in the Port of Hamburg.
Average real drafts of the SPP ships July 2007 to June 2010, source:  WSD Nord
Maintenance dredging on the Lower Elbe
Comparison of container handling in Hamburg with forecasts and assumptions
Personnel and handling development using the example of HHLA, which handles around 2/3 of container handling in Hamburg

The starting point for the construction project, officially known as the fairway adjustment of the Lower and Outer Elbe for 14.5 m deep container ships , is the justification of the need to be submitted with the planning documents. It is based on investigations by Planco Consulting GmbH as well as various specialist federal authorities and the project office's own investigations. Afterwards, the project sponsor (VT) justifies the renewed deepening of the Elbe with economic interests.

The strong increase in world trade resulted in double-digit growth rates in container traffic and the trend towards larger container ships . Large and deep container ships are used in particular on long journeys, i.e. between Europe and the Far East. The Far East is the traditional trading area of ​​the Port of Hamburg. Accordingly, this traffic has also increased significantly and will continue to increase. The main role is played by the container ship with a design draft of 14.5 m. The increase in deeper ships in the Far East trade also leads to greater actual drafts.

According to VT, shipowners are increasingly faced with the problem of either waiting times or landing losses or even switching to other ports. Reliability plays an important role here because of the container shipping traffic that is regularly scheduled around the world.

Due to the restrictions of the current approach conditions, landing losses, cargo diversion and the loss of entire lines and thus a considerable impairment of the competitiveness of the Port of Hamburg are feared. If the Elbe deepening was carried out without any further delays, the prognoses assumed a handling of 18 million  TEU in 2015 and determined a handling of 16 million TEU in the event of a waiver. This possible loss of cargo of 2 million TEU was the main reason for the planned deepening of the Elbe. The final report of the potential forecast of the Institute for Shipping Economics and Logistics from 2010 determines that the handling figures for 2025 are lower than the Planco reports of 27.8 million TEU. Here, depending on global economic development, throughput figures between 15.7 and 25.3 million TEU are given for 2025.

Jobs

According to the Department for Economy and Labor of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, around 154,000 jobs in the Hamburg metropolitan region were directly and indirectly dependent on the Port of Hamburg in 2005 . Around 68,000 places are directly assigned to the port industry in seaport operations, logistics companies or financial services companies or to public administration with port matters. 18,000 employees are part of the port industry. According to this information, a further 68,000 employees are indirectly dependent on the port. You will work in companies that have business relationships with companies in the port sector and industry. This also includes the employees who have secured their jobs through the consumer spending of the people employed in the port. One third of these employees come from each of the federal states adjacent to the port. Representatives of the port industry emphasize the importance of the Port of Hamburg for the labor market: Between 2001 and 2004, 9,000 net jobs were created in the port industry.

The project office responsible for deepening the project assumed an additional annual turnover of 2 million TEU, resulting in around 17,700 directly and indirectly port-dependent jobs and EUR 2.4 billion in potential annual added value from the effects of the measure. With a deepening of the fairway, a total of 168,000 port-dependent jobs would be possible by 2015, without a decrease to around 120,000 was expected. [outdated]

Critics from the environmental associations, the Greens and the Lower Saxony politics doubt the numbers. The proportion of ships that can use the planned depth is currently still low, and further development is not certain. Since the ships and the individual containers are seldom loaded to the maximum, ships rarely reached the maximum draft. The fairway adjustment project is based on forecasts by Planco Consulting , which critics regard as non-transparent and out of date. The number of jobs dependent on the Port of Hamburg mentioned in the reasoning for the project is impressive and has a public impact, but does not really say anything about the number of jobs that can be created or secured by the renewed deepening of the Elbe. Figures on job losses in agriculture, fishing and tourism were not collected according to the plan documents. Decreasing fish stocks and fishing grounds, increasing crumbling and the closure of small ports result in job losses.

Dieter Läpple from the Institute for Urban and Regional Economics at the TUHH has carried out labor market studies in Hamburg, among others, and fundamentally denies the connection between port growth and jobs. He describes the numbers as lunar bills, which are not tenable.

Ship sizes and channel depth

To determine the fairway depth, the following parameters must be taken into account: ship size, reduced tide, change in draft due to change in density of the water, squat , heel , net keel clearance, inaccuracy of the water level forecast, inaccuracy of the draft measurement, sea state and bearing inaccuracy.

Current and planned maximum drafts for container ships in meters,
based on salt water / fresh water (*) on the Lower and Outer Elbe
currently planned
independent of the tide 12.5 / 12.8 (Panmax) width <32.3 m
12.4 / 12.7 (PostPanmax) width> 32.3 m
13.5 / 13.8
starting depending on the tide 13.5 / 13.8 14.5 / 14.8
Income depending on the tide 14.8 / 15.1 15.6 / 15.9
(*) In shipping traffic on the Elbe, the draft in fresh water is decisive.
The fresh water draft is approx. 30 cm more than the salt water draft.
The fresh water draft is taken into account in the planning.
Source: plan documents.
Comparison of the design vessel, launch window and ship traffic
Elbe deepening 1999 planned deepening of the Elbe " COSCO Asia" class (*)
10,046 TEU
Construction depth 13.5 m 14.5 m 14.5 m
length 300 m 350 m 349 m
width 32.2 m 46.0 m 45.6 m
Start window expiring 30-80 min 120 min
(*) Since September 2007, the Port of Hamburg has been calling at the port of Hamburg mainly tide-independent and expires regardless of the tide
Source: plan documents.

Which ships can sail the Elbe under which conditions can always be determined in the electronic waterway system ( ELWIS ).

According to this calculation, the bottom of the fairway should be dredged primarily to 17.3 m below sea ​​level and a maximum of 19.0 m below sea level. In the planning documents, the calculation is made from page 14 onwards.

Possible effects of a further deepening of the Elbe

A satellite image of the Elbe estuary with the neuralgic points
The Altenbrucher Bogen / Glameyer Stack area

Coastal protection is a topic of great interest, especially in the Hadeln region . Large parts of the marshland , especially the municipality of Land Hadeln , are below sea level. If the dike were to break near Otterndorf, for example at the Glameyer Stack , there would be a risk of extensive flooding. The opponents of expansion fear u. a. a threat to the dike security from the planned deepening of the Elbe as a result of water level and current increases. While the water level rose by 18 cm worldwide in the 20th century, the rise in Hamburg-St. Pauli 56 cm. According to Prof. Graßl, this is due to the deepening of the Elbe and is reflected in the frequent flooding of the fish market .

Larger and too fast ships endanger residents and bathers. After there were six registered incidents on the Elbe in 2006, the Federal Bureau of Maritime Casualty Investigation in Hamburg got involved. A “noticeable accumulation of these accidents due to suction and waves” requires a more detailed investigation. Both laboratory tests and nature measurements confirm the increase in ship-induced loads on banks, dykes and sluices . In addition to the size, the main factor of the loads is the speed of the ships. "The maximum ship speeds above the ground of the deep tide-dependent PPM container ships are well above the current rated speeds". Further increases in pollution are to be expected.

Environmental risk

The environmental risk is assessed differently by different federal authorities and experts.

The Federal Institute for Hydrology comes to the result in its environmental risk assessment for the fairway adjustment of the Lower and Outer Elbe: environmental risk “medium”.

The Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) comes to the conclusion that the planning documents have to be “revised” extensively and that many of the statements made in the environmental impact assessment “cannot be followed”. In particular , the BfN expressly does not share the statement that the deepening of the Elbe in the sense of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive leads to insignificant interference.

According to the BfN, the hemlock water fennel occurs only here, which is classified as “critically endangered” according to the Red List of Fern and Flowering Plants in Germany (Korneck et al. 1996). It is an endemic species, so that there is a special responsibility for the conservation of the species both for the federal government and for the states concerned.

Council Directive 92/43 EEC of 1992 (Habitats Directive) classifies hemlock water fennel as a priority species. This status obliges the Federal Republic of Germany to implement protective measures as soon as possible to improve the conservation status of this species.

In the "Feasibility study of further fairway adjustment Lower and Outer Elbe" of the "Preliminary investigation of fairway adjustment project group", composed of various waterways and shipping directorates as well as the former Electricity and Port Construction Office of the Hamburg Authority for Economics and Labor , it is determined under the determination of the specialist environmental risk , that due

"[...] due to the predominantly high spatial importance and the primarily low level of pollution, the plan to further adjust the fairway for the Lower and Outer Elbe is classified as a whole in the risk group " medium environmental risk (3) " :" Decision-making environmental risks are to be expected. They can only be partially avoided or minimized. Extensive compensatory and replacement measures are to be expected. '"
"[...] The subject-specific environmental risk results from the combination of the importance of space and the estimated degree of expansion-related pollution in the overall assessment [...]"
Armored dike, the stones are filled with asphalt and concrete

Another report summarizes:

  • "[...] Construction-related effects on aquatic and amphibious biotopes are not to be expected."
  • "Plant and operational effects on amphibious and aquatic biotopes due to the expansion of the existing fairway, the accompanying construction measures, the electricity construction and transport measures as well as the change in hydrology and morphology due to the aforementioned project components are to be expected."
  • "Significant negative effects (biotope conversions with significant changes in stock value) are to be expected:
    • by widening and deepening the fairway,
    • in some areas due to the construction work accompanying the facilities (consisting of the adaptation of the navigation signs, creation of a waiting area and construction of a feeder at the Köhlbrand curve)
    • in some areas by the systems of the underwater storage areas and
    • in some areas through the creation of the bank flooding [...] "
  • "Considerable positive effects can be expected:
    • in some areas through the creation of bank flushing [...] "
  • “The impaired functions of nature can be properly balanced in the aquatic system of the Lower Elbe . Corresponding compensatory measures have been developed. "

Oxygen content

Environmental associations and scientists anticipate a further deterioration in the oxygen content due to the cumulative effect of the deepening of the Elbe and the new Vattenfall power plant in Moorburg as well as seven other power plants in Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein . Power plants have to reduce their output if the cooling water introduced exceeds the calculated absorption capacity of the Elbe, which affects the profitability of operations. The water introduced must not exceed 30 degrees Celsius, and the Elbe must not be heated by more than two degrees at any point. The new power station in Moorburg could quickly come up against the legally prescribed limits. A new heat load plan with narrower limits is currently being processed.

Another oxygen-consuming measure is “silt harrowing” in small harbors, which silt faster and more intensely due to the higher sediment content in the water. In order not to overload the biological self-cleaning performance, the silt harrow is only allowed at water temperatures below 10 ° C or an oxygen content above 6 mg / l. The harrow can therefore almost only be used in March, taking into account the marine fauna, but this time window is not sufficient.

The planned further deepening of the Elbe will have a negative effect on the oxygen content and the water quality as a whole, because the sediment content in the water continues to rise as a result of increasing flow speed and increasing shipping traffic and the dark water body continues to increase in volume as a result of this and through greater depth and the self-cleaning power decreases accordingly.

Artificially enriching the Lower Elbe with oxygen at neuralgic points is technically possible but uneconomical. In addition, the different layers of water would be swirled, which could have a negative effect depending on the environmental conditions.

fishing

Fischer at the cutter demonstration in front of Otterndorf on May 4, 2007

Wastewater pollution, overfishing and "the first comprehensive expansion measures to regulate navigation on the Elbe in the years 1818 to 1825" led to the first significant decline in fish stocks at the beginning of the 19th century. Of the more than 1000 registered full-time and part-time fishermen along the Lower Elbe , only a few are left, although the Elbe is still to be regarded as a water body rich in fish.

After the deterioration in the basics of fishing due to the last deepening of the Elbe, the now planned deepening of the Elbe will result in a further “loss of essential fishing grounds and areas, higher current speeds, exposure of underwater obstacles and rolling timber, resulting in loss of equipment and nets, risk of capsizing , silting up, and decline in the fish fauna and their livelihoods, higher swell in wind and storm, fishing bans as a result of the expansion measures, denser shipping at higher speeds, surge and suction as well as the risk of damage, silting up and clouding of fishing areas, increase in maintenance dredging, no alternative options, higher operating costs and fishing pressure due to competition in smaller areas (Competitive pressure) and, as a result of all impairments, endanger the existence of the majority of companies ”.

The following is not taken into account in the planning documents for the entire subsequent period:

  • the hydraulic wake with unforeseeable changes in the river bed
  • the increase in maintenance dredging (B 2/66)
  • the increase in ship movements from approx. 53,600 (2004) to approx. 64,500 movements (2015) (B 2/63)
  • the expansion of the fairway beyond the fairway by relocation of buoys and the resulting expanded fishing prohibition areas
  • due to sustained deterioration in the living and reproductive conditions of the fish and crustacean fauna, especially due to an increase in the current
  • the impairments of resident use

The effects of the planned deepening of the Elbe on fishing cannot be predicted with certainty, taking into account the hydraulic wake, because the forecast period is only about three years.

The opponents argue that the planned changes in the Elbe estuary will also affect coastal fishing, around 198 ships, 101 of them from Schleswig-Holstein . According to the critics, large parts of the productive areas such as Medemrinne, Medemgrund, Medemsand etc. were not used as fishing areas for the period of the work.

The fishing industry report came to the conclusion in 2006: “[…] The examination of all available data has shown that the planned measure will not have any positive effects (improvement of the situation in relation to the current situation) on the economic practice of fishing in the Tidal Elbe brings. All the impacts considered are either neutral or, to a varying extent, negative for the economic interests of the fisheries. […] “ Another report by COFAD GmbH from 2011 confirmed the loss of profit and the loss of fishing grounds.

The planned deepening of the Elbe in politics

Lower Saxony

In Lower Saxony's state parliament , the Greens and DIE LINKE are openly opposed to the project, while the CDU, FDP and the SPD are demanding additional coastal protection as a condition of approval.

In the government program 2008-2013 of the CDU in Lower Saxony it says on page 46: “We have serious concerns about the planned deepening of the Elbe for reasons of dike safety and the consequences for nature and the landscape. Without a reliable assessment of previous Elbe deepening measures and all justified objections resolved, the state cannot reach an agreement on deepening the Elbe. "

David McAllister , Prime Minister until January 2013 and directly elected MP for the Hadeln constituency, was initially rather critical of a further deepening of the Elbe and spoke out in favor of new investigations by independent experts as part of the ongoing planning approval process.

Otterndorf declaration

In this declaration, David McAllister , MP (CDU), Claus Johannßen , ex-MP (SPD), Andreas Lauer (FDP), Hans-Jürgen Klein , MP (The Greens), Peter Altenburg (Free Voters) and Dr. Rolf Geffken (DIE LINKE) rejected the planned further deepening of the Elbe across all parties. The declaration states: “The reasons for this lie in particular in the feared effects on regional dike security, flood protection, water management and ecology. When viewed objectively, the river cannot be dredged any further. Nature sets limits. ”The reports submitted are also deficient in essential points, one-sided and show a need for further clarification. In addition, a further deepening of the Elbe would be superfluous through better cooperation between the German seaports. For this purpose, a national seaport concept should be drawn up jointly by the federal government and the northern German states.

Schleswig-Holstein

In the Schleswig-Holstein state parliament , the Greens have clearly spoken out against the expansion of the river, while the CDU and SPD and the FDP are positive about the project. They emphasize the importance of dike safety, but do not see this as an obstacle. This also applies to the state government. However, the then Schleswig-Holstein Environment Minister Christian von Boetticher (CDU) criticized the Hamburg Senate for lack of fairness in his view of compensatory measures announced at short notice. The Hamburg Senate was surprised, but did not take a position on the content.

Hamburg

Cutter demonstration in the fairway off Hamburg-Blankenese at the start of the hearings on March 19, 2009
Demonstration on the occasion of the coalition negotiations on March 28, 2008

The deepening of the Elbe is supported by a large majority in the Hamburg citizenship : Ole von Beust (CDU, Hamburg Mayor from October 2001 to August 2010) described the planned deepening of the Elbe as "indispensable" , also with regard to the general election on February 24, 2008 . Hamburg's first mayor, Olaf Scholz (SPD), the Hamburg SPD and the FDP also supported the deepening of the Elbe. Even Michael Naumann (top candidate of the SPD in Hamburg for the state election in 2008) called for a more rapid expansion: "The German economy needs this modernization urgently. Dike security has to be given, but it can also be checked and established without any homemade delays. ”The GAL was originally against a deepening of the Elbe. Nevertheless, after the 2008 election, the GAL entered into a government coalition with the CDU.

In the “black-green” coalition agreement of April 17, 2008, the GAL approved the deepening of the Elbe. At the same time it was agreed that there would be no further fairway adjustments beyond the current project while the coalition was in existence; instead, port cooperation with the federal states of Bremen and Lower Saxony is being examined. A tidal Elbe concept should also be worked out with the neighboring countries to reduce the tidal range by 50 cm. During this legislative period, Hamburg should create appropriate near-natural fore dyke areas and also contribute to improving the ecological situation (on) the Elbe with further measures (such as the establishment of a foundation). After the black-green coalition broke up on November 29, 2010, the elections on February 20, 2011 gave the SPD an absolute majority; Olaf Scholz formed the Scholz I Senate .

In the following election on February 15, 2015 , the SPD lost its absolute majority and agreed a coalition with the Greens in April. The implementation of the deepening of the Elbe was once again stipulated in the coalition agreement.

In their application, Hamburg politicians refer to a legal claim from the 1921 State Treaty between the German Reich and the City of Hamburg. It says: “Hamburg has so far provided such a fairway that usually the largest seagoing ships could reach Hamburg using the high water. The Reich will do the same. ”In addition, Hamburg describes itself as a“ world port city ” in the preface to its constitution .

Citing possible disadvantages in the planned deepening of the Elbe, the Hamburg Senate did not continue to support the joint World Heritage application for the Wadden Sea, a project that has been in operation for 16 years. The other applicants have now submitted the application without Hamburg participation. Sigmar Gabriel , Federal Environment Minister in the grand coalition 2005–2009, criticized in 2008 that Hamburg's decision lacks an objective basis. The coalition agreement between the CDU and GAL ( Senate von Beust III from May 2008 to August 2010 and Senate Ahlhaus until November 29, 2010) provided for late registration with UNESCO by February 2009 if the plan approval procedure had been completed by then. Hamburg has a small part of the Wadden Sea around the islands of Neuwerk and Scharhörn , which (as of 2008) is still designated as a deep-water port .

Voices from the economy

According to a representative of the terminal operators Eurogate and HHLA in the Port of Hamburg, the delays in the deepening of the Elbe are damaging the container business in the Port of Hamburg, also due to possible objections. "More and more boxes are left standing on the quay because the tide time window for leaving many container ships is already very small," the spokesman said. This could annoy customers and damage the port in the long term.

Klaus-Dieter Peters, CEO of HHLA (Hamburger Hafen und Logistik AG) since 2003 , has long been calling for an adjustment to the Elbe (deepening and / or widening at bottlenecks); also Michael Behrendt , CEO of Hapag-Lloyd AG since 2002. The latter fears that ship traffic will otherwise not move to Bremerhaven or Wilhelmshaven :

““ [The] alternatives are called Rotterdam and Antwerp . I am very sure that such an opportunity will be used there to make up ground again, especially opposite Hamburg. ""

Political protest

An intercession devotion from Pastor Heinrich in the St. Severi Church

Political protest is particularly forming on the Lower Saxony side of the Lower Elbe. The city of Cuxhaven speaks out clearly against deepening. and is examining a lawsuit Together with a number of smaller municipalities and the dike associations, the “Aktiongemeinschaft Unterelbe e. V. “founded. The environmental associations criticize the project: The Federation for Environment and Nature Conservation Germany and the Nature Conservation Association Germany not only point out the ecological dangers, but also criticize the economic justification of the project in detail. You see national and European environmental law, but also coastal protection regulations, violated. Tourism is at risk.

Regional organizations and committees of the Evangelical Church have spoken out against the measure. At the end of 2011, the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church also expressed its critical tendency. Citizens' initiatives have also been founded. In addition to various demonstrations on different occasions with sometimes thousands of participants, vigils have been held regularly since June 2007 on the 1st of the month at 7 p.m. in Cuxhaven Alte Liebe , Altenbrucher Strandhaus, Otterndorfer Kirchplatz and at Lüheanleger.

Three large-scale demonstrations with torches on the dikes and on the banks show the extent of the resistance. On March 18, 2007, despite an ice-cold hurricane storm, around 10,000–12,000 people demonstrated with “torches on the dike” against the plan. On January 13, 2008, 15,000–20,000 people demonstrated against further expansion measures for the entire Elbe with “torches for the Elbe” from Cuxhaven to Dresden, and on November 29, 2008, 12,000–15,000 people at 42 locations from Cuxhaven to Bad Schandau in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains .

The subject of deepening the Elbe is an ongoing topic in the media; it has a national level of recognition and is also received internationally. The CEO of the Port of Rotterdam said in 2012 that he could well understand Hamburg's vehement intervention. It is - even from the point of view of a competitor - in the European interest that large container ships can also call at other ports than just Rotterdam, Zeebrugge and Wilhelmshaven ( JadeWeserPort ).

literature

  • Hartmut Graßl : The Tidal Elbe in Climate Change. Does the deepening of the Elbe intensify the consequences? In: Nature conservation in Hamburg. 2007, 2 (Jun./Aug.), Pp. 8-10.
  • Bischoff, Sylke: Dredging without compensation - the inadequate compensation of the deepening of the Elbe from 1999 , 1st edition, WWF Germany, Hamburg 2007.
  • Feldt, Walter: Expert opinion on the plan approval application 'Adaptation of the fairway of the Lower and Outer Elbe for 14.5 m deep container ships'. Hanover 2007.
  • Fairway adjustment of the Lower and Outer Elbe for 14.5 m deep container ships - plan documents , project office fairway adjustment, Hamburg 2007.
  • Adjustment of the fairway Lower and Outer Elbe. The project at a glance. Fairway adjustment project office (at the Hamburg Waterways and Shipping Office), Fraujansen Kommunikation, Hamburg 2007.
  • Kerner, Martin; Jacobi, Anja: Expansion and maintenance costs for the German seaports , WWF Germany, Frankfurt am Main 2006.
  • Update of the calculations for the “regional and macroeconomic importance of the Port of Hamburg in 2001”. Update for 2005, client: Hamburg Port Authority, PLANCO Consulting GmbH Essen, project no. 668, Essen 2006.
  • Concept for a sustainable development of the Tidal Elbe as the lifeline of the Hamburg metropolitan region , Hamburg Port Authority and Waterways and Shipping Directorate North, Hamburg June 2006.
  • Elbe deepening. Hamburg breaks new ground. In: Schiff & Hafen, 58. 2006, 3 (Mar), pp. 16-17.
  • Klimke, Jürgen: Elbe deepening brings clear competitive advantages for Hamburg. In: Kommunalpolitische Blätter, 58. 2006, 3, pp. 41–42.
  • Environmental risk assessment and FFH compatibility assessment for projects on federal waterways, further fairway adjustments of the Lower and Outer Elbe to container shipping with a salt water depth of approx. 14.50 m , BfG - 1380, Federal Institute for Hydrology, Koblenz 2004, pp. 1–184.
  • Kerner, Martin; Jacobi, Anja: The Elbe deepening from 1999. Actual and forecast effects. 1st edition, WWF Germany, Frankfurt am Main 2005.
  • Stimming, Elisabeth: Elbe free for giant containers. Last hurdle cleared: the fairway is deepened to 13.80 meters . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , 52.1999, No. 23 of January 28, p. 11.
  • Expansion of the Seeschiffahrtsstrasse Elbe , 40-min VHS film, client: WSA Hamburg and Office for Electricity and Harbor Construction, cvp, Hamburg 1997.
  • Warning signals from rivers and estuaries - Scientific facts , José L. Lozán and Hartmut Kausch (eds.), Parey Buchverlag Berlin 1996
  • Osterwald, Jörg; Oellerich, Jörg: The environmental impact study (UVU) for the fairway adjustment of the Lower and Outer Elbe. Conceptual layout and previous experience . In: Yearbook of the Hafenbautechnische Gesellschaft, 50. 1995 (1996), pp. 19–24.
  • Adjustment of the fairway of the Lower and Outer Elbe. Hamburg information paper prior to the initiation of the environmental impact study . Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, Economic Authority, Electricity and Port Construction, Hamburg 1993.
  • Oellerich, Jörg; W. Siefert: Adaptation of the fairway of the Lower and Outer Elbe for container shipping to Hamburg . In: Wasser & Boden, magazine for the entire water management, 44. 1992, 11, pp. 717–722.

Web links

Commons : Elbe deepening  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. a b c Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration (WSV), NDR.de May 26, 2013 ( Memento of the original from August 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (TV show W for knowledge ) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.daserste.de
  2. Anton Rainer: Scrubbing board ahead! Spiegel Online, July 23, 2019, accessed on July 23, 2019.
  3. FAQ ( Memento of the original from July 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration ) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsd-nord.wsv.de
  4. Project office fairway adjustment Lower Elbe, fairway dimension  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / Zukunftelbe.de  
  5. Federal Ministry stops the start of deepening the Elbe . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , August 12, 2009
  6. spiegel.de July 15, 2014: The process of deepening the Elbe: Everything is flowing
  7. BVerwG 7 A 15.12
  8. Hamburger Abendblatt of July 24, 2014, pp. 1, 2, 21
  9. Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH): Level of the Tidal Elbe ( Memento of the original from February 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 6, 2009 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bsh.de
  10. ^ Christoph Papsch: Thick pot . In: Deutsche Seeschifffahrt, issue 7–8 / 2011, pp. 22–33, Verband Deutscher Reeder e. V., Hamburg 2011, ISSN  0948-9002 .
  11. TEU capacity analysis for Emma Mærsk (PDF) ( Memento of the original from March 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www1.axsliner.com
  12. ^ Norbert Fischer: Nordsee - Deich - Sturmflut n-fischer.de, article from 2003-2016, accessed on December 6, 2009
  13. ^ Arnold Kludas, Dieter Maass, Susanne Sabisch: Port of Hamburg. The history of the Hamburg free port from its beginnings to the present , Hamburg 1988, p. 9
  14. www.gesetze-im-internet.de (full text)
  15. ^ History of the Port of Hamburg . "Save the Elbe", accessed November 18, 2009
  16. Working group for keeping the Elbe clean: Oxygen levels in the Tidal Elbe. Status report 2007 (PDF), p. 7 f, accessed on December 7, 2009; see. also: Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Hamburg: Construction measures accessed on December 7th, 2009. Both the data and the dimensions vary in different sources, the annual figures include the planning times and follow-up times, and sometimes the actual implementation time. The depth information can only be approximate and average information.
  17. ^ Heinrich Huebbe: Five treatises on the fairway of the Lower Elbe. Second edition Hamburg 1854, p. 21 f. GoogleBooks (PDF). Retrieved December 6, 2009
  18. Jörgen Bracker: Hamburg's future - sunk in the silt . In: Hamburg. From the beginnings to the present , Hamburg 1987, ISBN 3-8225-0043-7 , p. 164 f.
  19. Harald Göhren, Georg Werner: 150 years of mechanical dredging in the port of Hamburg . Reprint ( Memento of the original from January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 931 kB), here: p. 2; from: Schiff & Hafen , issue 7/84, accessed on December 6, 2009 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dredging-in-germany.de
  20. ^ Jörgen Bracker: Hamburg's future - sunk in the silt ; in: Hamburg. From the beginnings to the present , Hamburg 1987, ISBN 3-8225-0043-7 , p. 166; see also: Harald Göhren, Georg Werner: 150 years of mechanical dredging in the port of Hamburg , special print from Schiff & Hafen , issue 7/84
  21. ^ Heinrich Huebbe: Five treatises on the fairway of the Lower Elbe . Second edition Hamburg 1854, here in particular: measurements and observations concerning the correction plan of the Elbe near Blankenese and Schulau , p. 61 ff.
  22. ^ Kurt Grobecker: 800 Years of the Port of Hamburg, Hamburg 1988, Christians-Verlag, p. 150
  23. Save the Elbe: Hamburg Environmental Atlas , accessed on December 7, 2009.
  24. § 19 State Treaty on the Transition of Waterways (WaStrÜbgVtr) accessed December 7, 2009
  25. Hamburg Waterways and Shipping Office , accessed on December 7, 2009.
  26. HPA, BAW, WSD Nord: Concept for sustainable development of the Tidal Elbe as the lifeline of the Hamburg metropolitan region . (PDF; 712 kB) p. 8
  27. Foundation 2, construction pits and foundations . BG Teubner Stuttgart, 17th edition 1992, chapter wooden piles, pp. 269/279
  28. ^ River deepening versus flood protection . (PDF; 587 kB) WWF Germany , Frankfurt am Main 2003, pp. 7, 10 and 11
  29. River and fish suffocate on algae . In: taz , June 28, 2005
  30. River and fish suffocate on algae . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , July 26, 2006
  31. ^ Criticism of Gedaschko because of fish deaths on the Elbe .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. NDR, 2007@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www1.ndr.de  
  32. Too little oxygen in the Lower Elbe . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , 2008
  33. Oxygen hole - first dead fish in the Elbe . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , 2009
  34. Dramatic fish deaths in the harbor. ( Memento of the original from June 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Hamburger Morgenpost @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mopo.de
  35. oxygen hole . In: Support group "Save the Elbe" eV . Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  36. The use of water injection dredging in the Port of Hamburg - experiences and studies 3.1 Schlickeggen ( Memento from October 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 189 kB)
  37. ↑ Adaptation of the fairway 1999/2000 ( Memento of the original from May 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - Portal Tiedeelbe @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.portal-tideelbe.de
  38. Sunday Journal of November 12, 2000
  39. ^ Act to accelerate planning procedures for infrastructure projects
  40. Withdrawal of the application of February 9, 2007 for partial measures taken forward ( memento of the original of January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 187 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.portal-tideelbe.de
  41. Daily port report of May 31, 2010, p. 2, ISSN  1618-5234
  42. Information from the planning approval authority on the adaptation of the Lower and Outer Elbe ( Memento of the original from July 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsd-nord.wsv.de
  43. Opinion of the European Commission K (2011) 9090 (PDF; 731 kB)
  44. ^ Neubecker, Jacqueline: Results of the FFH monitoring of Schierlings water fennel in Hamburg 2017. March 27, 2018, accessed on January 7, 2020 .
  45. ↑ Planning approval decisions ( memento of the original from October 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the current location in Kiel of the General Directorate for Waterways and Shipping . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ast-nord.gdws.wsv.de
  46. Spiegel online: Court stops planned deepening of the Elbe , October 17, 2012
  47. ^ Order of the Federal Administrative Court of October 2, 2014
  48. Plan supplementary resolutions ( memento of the original from October 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the current location in Kiel of the General Directorate for Waterways and Shipping @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ast-nord.gdws.wsv.de
  49. hej / Reuters / dpa-AFX: Federal Administrative Court declares the deepening of the Elbe to be partly unlawful. In: Spiegel Online . SPIEGEL ONLINE GmbH, February 9, 2017, accessed on March 8, 2017 : "The authorities could now rectify the deficiencies and thus ensure that the deepening of the Elbe will come," emphasized a court spokesman. "
  50. Press release of the Federal Administrative Court of February 9, 2017: Habitat protection law compatibility assessment and compensatory measures partly in need of improvement ; Judgment (PDF) of the Federal Administrative Court of February 9, 2017.
  51. NDR: Making the port safe ( Memento from December 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  52. a b Plan approval documents, part B.2 Explanatory report  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.portal-tideelbe.de  
  53. Costs: Elbe deepening should begin in 2007 , Hamburger Abendblatt dated October 4, 2005
  54. Costs: Elbe deepening now costs 400 million , Hamburger Abendblatt of October 10, 2008
  55. Costs: Elbe deepening will be more expensive for Hamburg , NDR Nachrichten of August 31, 2018
  56. Costs: BUND wants new calculation , NDR Nachrichten of September 1, 2018
  57. Plan approval procedure Lower and Outer Elbe
  58. Planned fairway adjustment - plan approval application ( Memento of the original from January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.portal-tideelbe.de
  59. Hamburg Port Authority: ISL potential forecast final report  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hamburg-port-authority.de  
  60. The port as an employer ( Memento of the original from October 10, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , “Future Elbe” initiative, accessed November 8, 2007 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zukunftelbe.de
  61. How containers create work . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , November 12, 2005
  62. Reason for the project by the Fahrrinnenanimation Lower Elbe project office  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed December 28, 2007.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / Zukunftelbe.de  
  63. ↑ Reason for the project of the Future Elbe Initiative, Volkswirtschaft  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed December 28, 2007@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.zukunftelbe.de  
  64. Joint press release of March 16, 2007 by: Botanischer Verein, BUND Hamburg, Support Group Rettet die Elbe, GAL Citizenship Group, NABU Hamburg
  65. Inquiry by the Greens in the Bundestag (PDF; 75 kB)
  66. Joint press release by BUND, WWF and DNR ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bund-niedersachsen.de
  67. hamburg.nabu.de ( Memento of the original from October 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / hamburg.nabu.de
  68. Letter to the Waterways and Shipping Directorate North dated July 6, 2010  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) State Fisheries Office Bremerhaven, accessed September 1, 2010@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.wsd-nord.wsv.de  
  69. Project office fairway adjustment of the Lower and Outer Elbe at the Hamburg Waterways and Shipping Office: Water quality ( memento of the original from January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) February 7, 2007, p. 6 (accessed September 1, 2010) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.portaltideelbe.de
  70. Existential fear - ports should close . In: taz , July 30, 2010
  71. Läpple: "These are moon bills that have never been disclosed and that cannot be kept" . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , October 19, 2007
  72. n24.de
  73. Plan documents B.2  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) Tab. 3.2.2-4 p. 22/85@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.portal-tideelbe.de  
  74. Plan documents B.2 Tab. 3.2.2-4, p. 14/85  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.portal-tideelbe.de  
  75. Electronic waterway system (ELWIS) ( Memento of the original from September 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.elwis.de
  76. Climate change threatens St. Pauli . In: Welt Online , July 31, 2009
  77. Focus June 12, 2007: Wave from giant ship sweeps bathers away .
  78. Planning documents H.1d: Expert opinion on the expansion-related changes in the ship-generated loads ( memento of the original dated January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 4.1 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / Zukunftelbe.de
  79. Environmental risk assessment for the fairway adjustment of the Lower and Outer Elbe  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.bafg.de  
  80. Massive criticism of plan documents . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , July 23, 2007
  81. Protection concept Schierlings-Wasserfenchel (Oenanthe conioides) ( Memento of the original of June 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bfn.de
  82. Expert opinion from IBL UmweltPLANUNG GBR and IMS Ingenieurgesellschaft MBH
  83. The fish nursery is in danger . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , August 8, 2007
  84. ↑ The cool Elbe heats up tempers . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , June 2, 2008
  85. Hamburg wants to cool the Elbe - it costs companies millions . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , June 2, 2008
  86. There is no free environmental protection . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , June 2, 2008
  87. Save-the-Elbe
  88. 250th flight of the ARGE Elbe for a clean river ( Memento of the original from January 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Hamburg 1 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hamburg1.de
  89. Consul Oswald Dreyer-Eimbcke , chairman of the "Independent Storm Surge Commission" 1989
  90. BUND Hamburg: When the fish run out of air
  91. TIDEELBE SPECIAL TASK OF ARGE ELBE Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) Tide Elbe coordination area, inventory and initial assessment as of 2004
  92. Objection of the Hamenfischer ( Memento of the original of March 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / elbe.neuhaus-an-der-oste.de
  93. Fisheries report by IBL UmweltPLANUNG GbR and IMS Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH
  94. cdu-niedersachsen.de ( Memento of the original dated November 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cdu-niedersachsen.de
  95. fdp-fraktion-nds.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.fdp-fraktion-nds.de  
  96. Wulff reiterates criticism . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , April 26, 2007; Umwelt.niedersachsen.de
  97. spd-landtag-nds.de ( memento of the original from November 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.spd-landtag-nds.de
  98. Homepage David McAllister ( Memento of the original from March 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mcallister.de
  99. Press release of December 28, 2007 ( Memento of the original of January 15, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , cdu-fraktion-niedersachsen.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cdu-fraktion-niedersachsen.de
  100. Otterndorf explanation  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / elbe.neuhaus-an-der-oste.de  
  101. No consent from Schleswig-Holstein ( Memento of the original from September 19, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sh.gruene-fraktion.de
  102. cdu.parlanet.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.cdu.parlanet.de  
  103. net-tribune.de ( Memento of the original from October 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , ltsh.de (PDF; 26 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.net-tribune.de
  104. parlanet.de
  105. Schleswig-Holstein signals approval of the deepening of the Elbe . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , May 14, 2007
  106. Elbe deepening: Minister criticizes the Senate for insufficient fairness . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , December 24, 2007
  107. a b CDU and SPD agree on deepening of the Elbe . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , August 26, 2004
  108. Beust: Elbe deepening and the existence of grammar schools not negotiable . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , September 27, 2007
  109. No Visions In: taz.de, March 23, 2011
  110. SPD: Naumann calls for clarity for the deepening of the Elbe ( memento of the original from August 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Hamburg1.de of June 8, 2007, accessed on November 6, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hamburg1.de
  111. ^ Coalition agreement of April 17, 2008 ( Memento of the original of April 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF), p. 21 ff; Retrieved July 22, 2009 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cduhamburg.de
  112. ^ Spiegel online: Coalition in Hamburg: Three departments for the Greens, Elbe deepening for the SPD , April 8, 2015
  113. Addendum to the law on the State Treaty on the transition of the waterways from the states to the Reich (PDF; 28 kB)
  114. Herbert Nix: The port takes what it needs - land use without end since the Hamburg port was founded in the Lower Elbe Environmental Protection Association. V .: Umweltatlas Hamburg , May 1992, ISBN 3-88876-042-9
  115. Gabriel criticizes the Hamburg Senate for rejecting the Wadden Sea UNESCO World Heritage Site Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety: Press release No. 002/08
  116. ^ Benno Schirrmeister: Hamburg harms Germany in the daily newspaper , January 5, 2008 (accessed on January 8, 2008)
  117. The application threatens to fail on welt.de , January 3, 2008, accessed on January 8, 2008
  118. Delay in deepening the Elbe harms container business . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , September 24, 2007
  119. CV
  120. Behrendt: "Elbe deepen" . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , September 18, 2007
  121. cuxhaven.de (PDF)
  122. Cuxhaven is examining lawsuit against deepening of the Elbe . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , December 21, 2006
  123. aktionsgemeinschaft-unterelbe.de ( Memento of the original from June 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.aktionsgemeinschaft-unterelbe.de
  124. neuhaus-an-der-oste.de ( memento of the original from January 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.neuhaus-an-der-oste.de
  125. niedersachsen.nabu.de ( Memento of the original from May 21, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and hamburg.nabu.de ( Memento of the original from June 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / niedersachsen.nabu.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / hamburg.nabu.de
  126. evlka.de
  127. evlka.de
  128. Deepening of the Lower Elbe. An argumentation aid of the Committee for Environment and Sustainability , accessed on April 11, 2012  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.umwelt-nek.de  
  129. Torch demo against the Elbe deepening of January 13, 2008  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - Video@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / video.google.de  
  130. djh.dk  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / medianet.djh.dk  
  131. djh.dk  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / medianet.djh.dk  
  132. Stadt Land Hafen 5/2012: Rotterdam's port chief spoke in the Hamburger Hafen-Klub (PDF)
  133. Homepage of the Elbstromverein , homepage of the BÖB