Konichalcite
| Konichalcite | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| General and classification | |
| other names |
Conichalcite |
| chemical formula | CaCu [OH | AsO 4 ] |
|
Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates - anhydrous phosphates with foreign anions - adelite group |
|
System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
8.BH.35 ( 8th edition : VII / B.26) 41.05.01.02 |
| Crystallographic Data | |
| Crystal system | orthorhombic |
| Crystal class ; symbol | orthorhombic-disphenoidic; 222 |
| Space group | P 2 1 2 1 2 1 (No. 19) |
| Lattice parameters | a = 7.39 Å ; b = 9.226 Å; c = 5.83 Å |
| Formula units | Z = 4 |
| Twinning | rarely after {001} |
| Physical Properties | |
| Mohs hardness | 4.5 |
| Density (g / cm 3 ) | measured: 4.33; calculated: 4.29 |
| Cleavage | no |
| Break ; Tenacity | uneven; brittle |
| colour | yellowish green, emerald green |
| Line color | green |
| transparency | transparent to translucent |
| shine | Glass gloss, fat gloss |
| Crystal optics | |
| Refractive indices |
n α = 1.778 to 1.800 n β = 1.795 to 1.831 n γ = 1.801 to 1.846 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.023 to 0.046 |
| Optical character | alternating biaxially |
| Pleochroism | Visible: X = almost colorless or green Y = light green or yellowish green Z = light bluish or blue green |
Konichalcite or Conichalcite , sometimes also known by its outdated name Higginsite , is a rather seldom occurring mineral from the mineral class of " phosphates , arsenates and vanadates ". It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with the chemical composition CaCu [OH | AsO 4 ] and develops mostly short, prismatic crystals , but also grape, radial or massive aggregates , as well as crusts in yellow-green to emerald-green, rarely also blue-green color.
Etymology and history
The mineral from "Hinojosa de Cordova en Andalucia" (today Hinojosa del Duque , Province of Cordoba, Andalusia) , which was erroneously labeled as malachite, was kept in the Freiberg Academy collection a few years before it was used . However, August Breithaupt suspected that this was a previously unknown type of mineral and handed the sample over to FW Fritzsche for analysis in 1849. He determined the composition of six parts of copper oxide (31.58%) and lime earth (21.41%), two parts of arenic acid (30.57%), one part of phosphoric acid (9.47%) and five parts of water ( 5.97%).
The name is a combination of the Greek words κονία [konía] for “dust, ashes” and χαλκός [ kʰalkós ] (already documented in the linear B as <ka-ko> / kʰalkós /) for “copper”.
classification
Already in the outdated, but still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the konichalcite belonged to the mineral class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the department of "anhydrous phosphates with foreign anions ", where it together with adelite , austinite , cobaltaustinite , Duftit , Gabrielsonit , Gottlobit , Nickelaustinit and Tangeit the "Adelite group" with the system no. VII / B.26 .
The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also assigns Konichalcite to the category of “Phosphates, etc. with additional anions; without H 2 O “. However, this is further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved and the molar ratio of the additional anions (OH, etc.) to the phosphate, arsenate or vanadate complex RO 4 , so that the mineral is classified according to its composition in the subsection “With medium-sized and mostly large cations; (OH etc.): RO 4 = 1: 1 “can be found, where together with Adelite, Arsendescloizit , Austinite, Cobaltaustinite, Duftite, Gabrielsonite, Gottlobit, Nickelaustinite and Tangeit the“ Adelite Group ”with the system no. 8.BH.35 forms.
The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns Konichalcite to the class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the category of "anhydrous phosphates etc., with hydroxyl or halogen". Here it is also together with Adelite, Austinite, Duftit-Beta , Gabrielsonite, Tangeit, Nickelaustinit, Cobaltaustinit, Arsendescloizit and Gottlobit in the "Adelitgruppe" with the system no. 41.05.01 to be found within the subsection of " Anhydrous phosphates etc., with hydroxyl or halogen with (AB) 2 (XO 4 ) Z q ".
Crystal structure
Konichalcite crystallizes orthorhombically in the space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 (space group number 19) with the lattice parameters a = 7.39 Å , b = 9.226 Å and c = 5.83 Å as well as 4 formula units per unit cell .
Modifications and varieties
Education and Locations
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Konichalcit is a secondary mineral , which predominantly in copper - deposits forming. Accompanying minerals include austinite , olivite , clinoclase , libethenite , ahenevixite , brochantite , malachite , azurite , jarosite and limonite .
The mineral has been found so far (as of 2009) in Córdoba , Salta and San Juan in Argentina; New South Wales , Queensland , South and West Australia ; Antofagasta , Atacama and Tarapacá in Chile; Baden-Württemberg , Bavaria , Hesse , Lower Saxony , North Rhine-Westphalia , Rhineland-Palatinate , Saxony and Thuringia in Germany; in several regions of France ; in the Cyclades , Attica and Macedonia in Greece; England and Wales in Great Britain; Ireland ; Liguria , Piedmont and Sardinia in Italy; Honshū and Kyūshū in Japan; British Columbia in Canada; Kazakhstan ; Kyrgyzstan ; Souss-Massa-Daraâ in Morocco; some regions in Mexico; Khomas , Oshikoto (Tsumeb), Otavi and Otjozondjupa in Namibia; Carinthia , Salzburg and Tyrol in Austria; Lower Silesia and Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship in Poland; Russia ; Saudi Arabia ; in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland; in several regions of Spain ; Taiwan ; Bohemia and Moravia in the Czech Republic; Hungary ; as well as Arizona (Higgins Mine in Bisbee), Nevada (Yerington), Utah (Tintic) and many other regions of the USA .
use
Konichalcite has no economic significance except as a mineral sample.
See also
literature
- A. Breithaupt, FW Fritzsche: Determination of new minerals: Konichalcite . In: Annals of Physics and Chemistry . tape 77 , 1849, pp. 139–141 ( rruff.info [PDF; 176 kB ]).
- CF Rammelsberg: Concise dictionary of the chemical part of mineralogy: Repertory of the chemical part of mineralogy . Publishing house by CG Lüderitz, Berlin 1843, p. 120 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- Petr Korbel, Milan Novák: Encyclopedia of Minerals . Nebel Verlag GmbH, Eggolsheim 2002, ISBN 3-89555-076-0 , p. 165 .
Web links
- Mineral Atlas: Konichalcite (Wiki)
- RRUFF Database-of-Raman-spectroscopy - Conichalcite
- American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database - Conichalcite
- Konichalcite in the type mineral catalog of the Mineralogical Museum of the University of Hamburg
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 458 .
- ↑ Webmineral - Conichalcite (English)
- ↑ a b c Conichalcite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 65 kB ; accessed on March 5, 2017]).
- ↑ a b c d e Conichalcite at mindat.org (English)
- ^ Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmanns textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 632 (first edition: 1891).
- ↑ A. Breithaupt, FW Fritzsche: Determination of new minerals: Konichalcite . In: Annals of Physics and Chemistry . tape 77 , 1849, pp. 139–141 ( rruff.info [PDF; 176 kB ]).
- ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties . 6th completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-921656-80-8 .
- ↑ Find location list for Konichalcite at the Mineralienatlas and at Mindat