Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

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DIMendeleevCab.jpg
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1897)
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Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (painting by Ilya Repin , 1885)


Dmitri Mendeleev ( Russian Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев - Original spelling : Дмитрій Ивановичъ Менделѣевъ - pronunciation ? / I ., Scientific transliteration Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev * January 27 . Jul / 8. February 1834 greg. In Tobolsk , Russian Empire ; † 20th January jul. / 2. February 1907 greg. in Saint Petersburg ) was a Russian chemist. Audio file / audio sample   

Independently of Lothar Meyer , he worked out a system of chemical elements which he called periodic law . It enabled a tabular arrangement, now called the Periodic Table or P eriodisches S ystem der E lemente (PSE), and the prediction of three new elements. Mendeleev thus temporarily completed the 50-year search for a connection between atomic mass and the chemical properties of chemical elements. In his honor the Element 101 was named Mendelevium .

Life

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Childhood and adolescence

Dmitri Mendeleev came on February 8, 1834 as the youngest of a total of 14 children (although the number in the literature fluctuates up to 17) of the grammar school director Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev (1783-1847) and of Maria Dmitrijewna Mendeleeva (née Korniljewa) ( 1793–1850) into the world. The parental home was an intellectual center of the city, where intellectuals exiled to Siberia also met. His father was forced to give up prematurely due to blindness and died early, which put the family in financial distress. The mother, who came from the respected Siberian merchant dynasty Korniljew, took over a glass factory from her family and founded a village school and church for the workers. Mendeleev, who was gifted at an early age, attended grammar school in Tobolsk from 1841 to 1849, where his grades were poor; in particular, he had no interest in foreign languages ​​and Latin. Mendeleev, who burned his Latin books with classmates at the graduation ceremony, held a grudge against school conditions in Russia until the end of his life and was later actively involved in reform efforts.

In 1849 the mother sold her property and at the age of 57 moved with the children via Moscow to St. Petersburg, in particular to ensure the education of her youngest son. Attempts to be accepted at the university in Moscow or Saint Petersburg failed for formal reasons, since students from Siberia were not accepted there. It was no longer possible to study medicine after Mendeleev had fainted during an autopsy, but admission to the Pedagogical Institute in Saint Petersburg could be achieved with a special permit. Mendeleev passed the strict entrance examination and was admitted to the institute's boarding school in 1850 with a state scholarship . When his mother died that same year, Mendeleev became an orphan .

His teachers at the Pedagogical Institute included the chemist Alexander Abramowitsch Woskressenski (1809–1880) - a student of Justus von Liebig -, the physicist Emil Lenz and the mathematician Michail Wassiljewitsch Ostrogradski . His grades improved despite frequent illnesses (he had open tuberculosis), which temporarily forced him to hospital. He turned to chemistry and mineralogy, made his first publications and after graduating in 1855 received a medal from the institute. He received the candidate degree (with a thesis on isomorphism in connection with other relationships of crystal form to composition , 1855) but, despite the recommendation of his teachers, was unable to pursue the master's degree due to his illness . He was given less than a year to live and, since he had to work off his state scholarship, he was sent to the Crimea to Simferopol , where the school was closed due to the Crimean War, and later to Odessa . The mild climate also improved his health.

In 1856 he returned to Saint Petersburg, passed the master’s examination at the university (with the master’s thesis on specific volumes ) and in 1857 became a private lecturer in chemistry at the university. In 1860/61 he was on a scholarship abroad with Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in Heidelberg (although he was initially supposed to go to Henri Victor Regnault in Paris), where he also attended the international chemists' congress in Karlsruhe in 1860, where Stanislao Cannizzaro announced his ideas on atomic weights and which Lothar von Meyer also visited. The congress was a decisive turning point for both Meyer and Mendeleev. He dealt with the determination of atomic weights and was introduced to spectroscopy. However, his contacts with Bunsen remained low and instead he carried out research in a laboratory he set up himself. According to his own statements, he could not carry out his sensitive experiments in Bunsen's shared laboratory, and he was also bothered by the toxic fumes. He also used the trip to tour Italy and Switzerland and to buy instruments in Paris. Back in Saint Petersburg, his position as a lecturer was filled, but from autumn 1861 he held a course on organic chemistry at the university. He prepared publications, including his textbook on organic chemistry, and taught in schools.

Professorship and work on the periodic table

Mendeleev was before his doctorate in 1864 professor at the Technological Institute Saint Petersburg and was also confirmed as a lecturer at the university. He remained a professor at the Technological Institute until 1866, where he was a lecturer for organic chemistry until 1872 (until Friedrich Beilstein took over the teaching, who had been professor for inorganic chemistry at the Technological Institute since 1866). In 1865 he defended his doctoral thesis, which he wrote on the subject of the connection between alcohol and water . It is a myth that he made important contributions to vodka production and in particular the 40:60 parts mixing ratio that is still common today, and he never published anything about vodka production. In 1865 he became associate professor and soon thereafter full professor of technical chemistry at the University of Saint Petersburg and in 1867 professor of pure chemistry. At the same time he was preparing his chemistry textbook, which also inspired him to deal with the order of the elements. He did not know the book by Lothar Meyer published in 1864 . But he was influenced by the type theory of Charles Frédéric Gerhardt . From 1868 his textbook Foundations of Chemistry , which was very influential in Russia and had many editions, appeared. It had been designed and written by Mendeleev, since he himself could not find any suitable Russian textbooks for his lessons.

Mendeleev's periodic table (tabular form, 1871)

On March 6, 1869, presented by Nikolai Alexandrowitsch Menschutkin , he presented the Periodic Table of the Elements (PSE) to the Russian Chemical Society under the title The dependence of the chemical properties of the elements on the atomic weight , which was immediately published in Russian and German. The 63 elements known at the time were arranged in order of the atomic mass in seven groups with similar properties. A few months later, Lothar Meyer published an almost identical table. With his system in 1871, Mendeleev was able to predict the properties of the previously unknown elements gallium (Mendeleev: Eka -aluminium ), scandium (Mendeleev: Eka-boron ) and germanium (Mendeleev: Eka-silicon ).

Mendeleev designated vacancies in his periodic table with the prefix Eka ( एकः  : ekaH), which are located in a column ( Δ A  ≈ 34 ... 55, Δ Z  = 16 or 18), with the prefix Dwi (द्वि: dvi), which have two column spaces (Δ A  ≈ 84 ... 87, Δ Z  = 32) and with the prefix Tri (त्रीणि: trINi), which have three column spaces (Δ A  ≈ 135, Δ Z  = 18 + 32) under a known Element found. Only a few years later, predictions from his empirical model were confirmed to be correct. Mendeleev's detailed publication of 1871, mentioned above, brought him his breakthrough, especially abroad. In Russia he was initially met with little understanding, and in the fall of 1869 the President of the Russian Chemical Society Nikolai Nikolayevich Sinin recommended that Mendeleev turn to real research, by which he meant experiments in organic chemistry. Soon afterwards he changed his mind with further publications by Mendeleev, in which he also predicted new elements, and congratulated him in a letter in February 1871. Later there was a priority dispute between Meyer and Mendeleev and both published in 1880 on the history of the periodic table in the reports of the German Chemical Society . Lothar Meyer had been urged to publish his own research by Mendeleev's publication of 1869 (1870). Mendeleev also laid out his periodic table in the later editions of his textbook Foundations of Chemistry. Some chemists of German origin in Russia, such as Mendeleev's colleague Victor von Richter , contributed to the spread of Mendeleev's periodic table to Germany - Viktor von Richter used it in 1874 in the first one he wrote Russian textbook of inorganic chemistry.

His periodic table contained the rule of octaves , which was already known by John AR Newlands .

Mendeleev in his study
Mendeleev's predictions between 1871 and 1904
after Mendeleev Δ Z Δ P found?
Surname Atomic weight Element (year) Atomic weight
Ether (1904) 000.17 not found
Coronium (1904) 000.4
Eka- Bor (1871) 044 08 + 8 ≈ 1.44 Scandium (1879) 044,956
Eka- cer 054 not found
Eka- aluminum (1871) 068 18th 01 Gallium (1875) 069.723
Eka- silicon (1871) 072 Germanium (1886) 072.631
Eka Manganese (1871) 100 Technetium (1937) 099
Eka molybdenum 140 ≈32 / 2 ≈0.5 not found

area of lanthanides that
Mendeleev suspected
but could not correctly assign.
Eka- Niobium (1871) 146 (137?)
Eka- cadmium 155
Eka- stibium ??? (165?)
Eka- iodine 170
Eka- Cesium (1871) 175
Tri- Manganese (1871) 190 18 + 32 02 Rhenium (1925) 186.207
Dvi Tellurium (1889) 212 32 01 Polonium (1898) 209.98
Dvi- Cesium (1871) 220 Francium (1937) 223
Eka- tantalum (1871) 235 18th ≈0.56 Protactinium (1917) 231,035
  1. ↑ sciencehistory.org
  2. ↑ A fundamental problem of Mendeleev was the different lengths of the 2nd and 3rd periods (8 elements of the s and p blocks), the 4th and 5th periods (18 elements, the elements of the d block are added) and of the 6th and 7th period (32 elements, the elements of the f-block are added). In Mendeleev's original literature there are various attempts to compensate for these different lengths. In the short form of the periodic table of Mendeleev's periodic table, our current periods were described with 1, 2 or 4 sub-blocks, in the long form the 2nd and 3rd periods were often combined, the 6th and 7th periods consisted of 2 sub-blocks each. This way of thinking as well as the lack of an entire main group, which was still unknown at the time, led to several errors in this then purely empirical model. Thus elements of different blocks with foreign electron configuration were brought into relation and in the realm of today's lanthanides and actinides three elements too many were expected.
  3. ↑ The similarities between eka-boron and scandium are fortuitous. In contrast to Eka-Aluminum, Eka-Silicium and Eka-Manganese, whose atomic number difference corresponds exactly to the period length of 18 and which are exactly one period apart and each belong to the same block, the distance between boron and scandium is only 16, and both belong to different blocks: boron (3rd main group) and scandium (3rd subgroup). The valence electron configurations (boron: [He] 2s 2  2p 1 , scandium: [Ar] 4s 2  3d 1 ) are different and only randomly lead to the same oxidation number of +3.
  4. ^ Hit by Mendeleev.
  5. ↑ Mendeleev correctly recognized that there must still be many undiscovered elements in the area of ​​today's lanthanides. However, he misjudged the number and assigned them incorrectly. The misjudged number goes back to the problem that the 4th and 5th periods contain 17 elements without noble gases, but the 6th and 7th periods not double the number of 34, but only 31. On the one hand, the structure of the periodic table was not understood, on the other hand, the principle of ordinal numbers was not yet known, and last but not least, the atomic mass of heavy elements increases above average, so that this error was not noticed. Furthermore, it was not clear that this long sequence of more than 30 elements is a single period (and not two), so Mendeleev put the largely still unknown lanthanides in relation to main and subgroup elements that have no similarities.
  6. ^ Hit by Mendeleev. However, despite Mendeleev's prefix Tri, rhenium is only two periods below manganese.
  7. ^ Hit by Mendeleev. However, despite Mendeleev's prefix Dvi, these are only one period below the known elements.
  8. ↑ The similarities between Eka-Tantalum and Protactinium are fortuitous. At 18, the distance is half a period length and both belong to different blocks: Tantalum (5th subgroup) and Protactinium (actinides). The valence electron configurations (tantalum: [Xe] 4f 14 5d 3 6s 2 , protactinium: [Rn] 5f 2 6d 1 7s 2 ) are different and only randomly lead to the same oxidation number of +5.

Noble gases were unknown in this early periodic table, were not predicted by Mendeleev and were only taken into account by him shortly after the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries (argon in the 1903 edition of Mendeleev's Principles of Chemistry). Shortly after their discovery or isolation (visit to William Ramsay in London in 1895), Mendeleev was still unsure whether he should accept them as new elements, since the ability to enter into connections was one of them for Mendeleev. For a long time he thought argon was condensed nitrogen. Only after another meeting with Ramsay in Berlin in 1900 was he convinced by him that they form a new main group between halogens and alkali metals.

In 1903, at an advanced age, he was tempted to make more speculative predictions of elements that had atomic masses below the mass of hydrogen, although he himself admitted that these speculations were still immature. He had ideas for this as early as 1869, but in the meantime he found them supported by the ether theory of electrodynamics and the discovery of noble gases. For Newtonium (element x), which he identified with the ether particle and which should be uncharged, he derived the atomic mass 0.17 from the sequence of the mass ratios of the noble gases, whose mass ratios he arranged on a parabola. For the second predicted element coronium (element y), also a noble gas and, according to Mendeleev, homologous to neon, he derived an upper limit for the mass of 0.4. According to Mendeleev, there were references to this element from the solar spectrum, hence the name. Later he predicted a halogen with atomic mass 3 (between hydrogen and helium) homologous to fluorine. The reason was that at that time five alkali metals but only four halogens were known.

Mendeleev himself described the path of discovery to the periodic table as a lengthy puzzle game with cards on which he had noted the atomic weight and the properties of the elements, the brilliant idea coming to him while he was sleeping. The Russian historiography of the discovery of the periodic table by Mendeleev was long shaped by Bonifati Mikhailovich Kedrow (1903–1985), who analyzed the extensive archive material from the 1940s and published his book The Day of the Great Discovery (Russian) in 1958 . According to Kedrow, the periodic table was the result of a sudden idea (February 17, 1869). This was later modified by other historians who saw the course of development as prepared in earlier works by Mendeleev (RB Dobrotin, AA Makarenja, DN Trifonow, IS Dmitrijew, MD Gordin, Masanori Kaji).

Mendeleev spent some time trying to discover new elements predicted by his theory, for which he also collected minerals, but in 1872 he turned to a new field of research, to which he devoted himself intensively for a decade, the physical properties of gases.

At the request of colleagues, he continued to teach at the university after his retirement in 1885 and did not give up until 1890 when the bureaucratic reaction to student unrest induced him to do so.

Economic and political engagement

Mendeleev was also the father of the Russian oil industry. As early as the 1860s, he visited the oil fields near Baku in Azerbaijan . In 1876 he traveled to the United States on behalf of the Russian government to study oil production in Pennsylvania and to make recommendations for the exploitation of Russian reserves. Upon his return, he invented new methods of refining the oil. He summarized his recommendations in the work The Oil Industry in Pennsylvania and in the Caucasus . Mendeleev also worked on improving mining (coal in the Donets Basin, iron ore in the Urals). He advocated the thesis of the non-biological origin of petroleum. His work on petroleum also brought him into contact with the Nobel Brothers.

Mendeleev was a liberal. In contrast to his colleagues, women were allowed in his lectures since the 1860s. He campaigned for women's education and promoted the first doctoral student in chemistry Julija Vsevolodovna Lermontova . He regularly made petitions to the government, in doing so he turned against the tsarist bureaucracy and political repression. He obtained his information from rail journeys through Russia, on which he always traveled in third class. In 1890 he resigned as a professor in protest against the restriction of university autonomy. In 1893, at the instigation of the Minister of Finance, he became director of the Russian Weights and Measures Office and then introduced the metric system in Russia. He also advised the Ministry of War and the Navy, particularly with regard to smokeless gunpowder (a pyrocollodion he invented).

He undertook agricultural experiments on his estate and drew attention to himself there with balloon rides. He dealt with economics, protective tariffs and free trade, whereby he was particularly impressed by the ideas of Friedrich List and Johann Heinrich von Thünen . He also participated in the Russian customs tariff of 1891.

Further work in chemistry

Mendeleev dealt early with physical chemistry and tried to understand mechanical properties such as cohesion and capillarity through intermolecular forces. He investigated the equation of state of gases and the thermal expansion of liquids. That also led him to consider the critical point , independently of Thomas Andrews . He advocated a hydrate theory of the solution as a chemical compound (which should fail at low temperatures) with partial dissociation, in contrast to the representatives of the ion theory such as Wilhelm Ostwald , which he never accepted.

He initially represented Gerhardt's type theory (see substitution reaction ) in organic chemistry and was an opponent of Alexander Michailowitsch Butlerow's structure theory , to which he only adhered from around 1895.

Paul Walden , who knew him personally from Saint Petersburg, characterized him in that he acted as a pronounced Russian core, who with a full beard and long hair, with a stocky figure and abrupt way of speaking, would be more like a priest. After Walden, he was passionate about his criticism and brusquely towards younger colleagues, whom he recommended to study classics such as Berzelius, Gmelin and others before they began to make their own discoveries. In addition, after Walden, he was hostile to the chemical ideas coming from Germany (although he had studied under Bunsen) and also to contemporary organic chemistry and physical chemistry ( Wilhelm Ostwald , Svante Arrhenius , Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff ), which was his own Mendeleev's (1887) theory of solutions refuted while he was still alive. After Walden he had thousands of students, but he did not found a school.

Awards and private matters

Despite his reputation, Mendeleev never became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the attempt at admission in 1880 failed. The reasons were partly political. Mendeleev was an honorary member of Moscow University , a member of the Russian Academy of Arts and a member of 90 foreign academies of science, including the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin and the Académie des Sciences in Paris. In 1892 he became a member of the Royal Society and received the Davy Medal in 1882 and the Copley Medal in 1905 . In 1862 Mendeleev received the Demidow Prize for his textbook on organic chemistry. The highest honor for scientists, the Nobel Prize , was barely denied in 1906. He was missing a vote in the relevant committee for this honor. He was also accepted into the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1888 , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1889 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1903 .

He was married twice and had several children. His first marriage was in 1862 with Feoswa Nikititschna Leschtschewa from Tobolsk, from whom he divorced in 1882, in order to marry Anna Ivanovna Popowa (1860–1942) in the same year, with whom he had fallen passionately in 1876. From his first marriage he had two children, Vladimir and Olga, and from his second marriage four, the twins Maria and Vasili and the daughter Lyubow, who married Alexander Blok , and Ivan. The fact that he did not let seven years pass between his divorce and his new marriage, as requested by the tsar, damaged his reputation. Mendeleev died in January 1907 of complications from the flu. Several thousand people attended his funeral in the Volkovo Cemetery in Petersburg , where he is buried next to his mother.

He had difficulties with foreign languages ​​(even when he spoke and read French and German), but tried, for example, to German-Russian cooperation, visited Germany more often and accepted Wilhelm Ostwald's offer to work on the Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, founded in 1887. In 1868 he was involved with Menschutkin in founding the Russian Chemical Society (which was later named after him).

In 1955, scientists at the University of California , Berkeley , named the 101st chemical element mendelevium after the late chemist. Mendeleev often became a namesake during the Soviet Union; for example the Russian Chemical and Technological University in Moscow, the Tatar city ​​of Mendeleevsk , numerous other settlements and villages as well as the Moscow underground station “ Mendeleevskaya ”. The Russian Academy of Sciences awards him the Mendeleev gold medal in his honor. Over time, other objects became bearers of his name, including a volcano , an undersea mountain ridge , the asteroid (2769) Mendeleev and the lunar crater Mendeleev . The Mendeleev Glacier in Antarctica also bears his name.

Core theses on the periodic table

The key theses for his lecture to the Russian Society for Chemistry in March 1869:

  1. The elements lined up according to atomic weight show periodicity in their properties and behavior.
  2. Elements with the same behavior have almost the same atomic weight (e.g. platinum , iridium , osmium ) or the atomic weight increases evenly ( e.g. potassium , rubidium , cesium ).
  3. The arrangement of the elements or groups of elements corresponds to their value and, with a few exceptions, their characteristic behavior.
  4. The most common elements have small atomic weights.
  5. The atomic weight determines the properties of the element, just as the properties of a molecule are determined by its size.
  6. The discovery of further elements is to be expected, for example the analogues of aluminum and silicon with an atomic weight between 65 and 75.
  7. The atomic weight of some elements can be corrected by this arrangement. For example, the atomic weight of tellurium must be between 123 and 126. It cannot be 128.
  8. Some characteristic properties can be predicted based on atomic weight.

Mendeleev later wrote that while writing a chemistry book he was looking for a classification of the chemical elements. In addition to the atomic weight, he was guided by their properties:

  • Similarities in the formation of connections
  • Electrochemical behavior and valence
  • Crystal form of the compounds
  • Tendency to isomorphism

Works

  • Works , 25 volumes, Leningrad 1934–1953 (Russian)
  • Organic Chemistry (Russian), 1861
  • Basics of Chemistry (Russian), St. Petersburg, 2 volumes, 1868–1871
    The book saw 8 editions during his lifetime (most recently in 1906) and, after the 5th edition in 1890 in Saint Petersburg, was also published in German
  • On the question about the system of chemical elements , reports of the German Chemical Society, Volume 4, 1871, pp. 348–352.
  • The periodic regularity of the chemical elements, Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, Supplement Volume 8, No. 2, 1871, pp. 133-229, reprint in Ostwald's Klassiker, No. 68, Leipzig, 1913, pp. 41-118.
  • On the history of the periodic law, reports of the German Chemical Society, Volume 12, 1880, pp. 1796–1804 (Lothar Meyer on this in the same volume pp. 259–265, 2043/44)
  • K. Seubert (ed.): The natural system of elements by Lothar Meyer and D. Mendelejew . Ostwald's Classics of Exact Sciences, Volume 68, 1895 (reprinted 1990)
  • On the elasticity of gases (Russian), Saint Petersburg 1875 (a planned second part never appeared)
  • The study of aqueous solutions according to specific gravity (Russian), 1887
  • Last Thoughts (Russian), Saint Petersburg 1904/05
  • To the customer of Russia (Russian), Saint Petersburg 1905, 1906
  • Supplement to the customer of Russia (Russian), Saint Petersburg 1907 (published posthumously)

literature

Soviet stamp pad in honor of Mendeleev (1969)
  • Nathan M. Brooks, Article Mendeleev, Dictionary of Scientific Biography 2008, and BM Kedrov: Dmitri Iwanowitsch Mendeleev . In: Charles Coulston Gillispie (Ed.): Dictionary of Scientific Biography . tape 9 : AT Macrobius - KF Naumann . Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1974, p. 286-295 . ; in the older edition
  • Paul Walden: L. Meyer, Mendelejeff and Ramsay. In: Günther Bugge (ed.): The book of great chemists. Volume 1, 1929. (Reprint: Verlag Chemie, 1979)
  • D. Abbott (eds.): Mendelejev, Dmitri Ivanovich. In: The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. Peter Bedrick Books, New York 1986.
  • Eric John Holmyard : Makers of Chemistry . Clarendon Press, Oxford 1929, pp. 267-273.
  • Aaron J. Ihde : The Development of Modern Chemistry . Harper & Row, New York 1964, pp. 243-256.
  • Bernard Jaffe : Crucibles: The Story of Chemistry . Dover / New York 1930, pp. 150-163.
  • George B. Kauffman : Mendeleev, Dimitry Ivanovich. In: The Electronic Encyclopedia. Grolier, New York 1988.
  • Masanori Kaji: Mendeleev's Discovery of the Periodic Law: The Origin and the Reception. Foundations of Chemistry, Vol. 5, 2003, pp. 189-214.
  • J. Kendall: Young Chemists and Great Discoveries . Appleton-Century, New York 1939, pp. 186-201.
  • Henry M. Leicester : The Historical Background of Chemistry . Dover / New York 1956, pp. 192-198.
  • HM Leicester: Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev. In: Eduard Farber (Ed.): Great Chemists . Interscience, New York 1961.
  • EG Mazurs: Graphic Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years . Univ. Alabama Press, University, Alabama 1975.
  • JR Partington : A History of Chemistry . Vol. 4, Macmillan & Co., London 1964, pp. 891-898.
  • MM Pattison Muir: A History of Chemical Theories and Laws . Arno Press, New York 1975, pp. 353-375.
  • DQ Posin: Mendeleev, The Story of a Great Chemist . Whittlesey House, New York, 1948.
  • TR Seshadri: Mendeleev-as Teacher and Patriot. In: TR Sheshadri (Ed.): Mendeleev's Periodic Classification of Elements and Its Applications. Proceedings of the Symposium held at IIT Kharagpur to celebrate the centenary of Mendeleev's Periodic Classification . Hindustan Pub., Delhi 1973.
  • Gisela Boeck, Regine Zott : Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeleev. In: Chemistry in Our Time. 41 (1), 2007, pp. 12-20, ISSN  0009-2851
  • Michael Gordin : A Well-Ordered Thing: Dmitrii Mendeleev and the Shadow of the Periodic Table , Basic Books 2004, New Edition Princeton University Press 2018

Web links

Commons : Dmitri Mendeleev  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ After Partington: History of Chemistry. Volume 4, and after Paul Walden: The great book of chemists. Volume 1, 1929, p. 241, there were 14.
  2. ^ CNR Rao; I. Rao,: Lives and Times of Great Pioneers in Chemistry (Lavoisier to Sanger) World Scientific 2015. p. 119.
  3. ↑ Mendeleev, Dmitry Ivanovich. ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM
  4. ^ Paul Walden, Article Mendelejew in Das Große Buch der Chemiker, Volume 1, 1929, p. 242.
  5. ^ After Partington: History of Chemistry. Volume 4, p. 893 they stayed cool.
  6. ↑ Igor Dmitriev, Pavel Sarkisov, Ilya Moiseev: Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, Scientist, Citizen and Personality, Rend. F sharp. Accad. Lincei, Volume 21, 2010, p. 116.
  7. ^ Anton Evseev, Dmitry Mendeleev and 40 degrees of Russian vodka, Pravda Report, November 21, 2011 .
  8. ^ Meyer, The modern theories of chemistry and their significance for chemical statics, Breslau 1864.
  9. ↑ Gisela Boeck, Regine Zott : Dmitrij Ivanovich Mendeleev, Chemistry in Our Time, Volume 41, 2007, p. 14.
  10. ↑ Mendeleev first published on the periodic table in the first volume of the journal of the Russian Chemical Society in 1869. In German he published On the Relationship of Properties to the Atomic Weights of the Elements , Zeitschrift für Chemie, Volume 12, 1869, pp. 405-406, online  - Internet Archive .
  11. ↑ Publication The Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements in the Annals of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Supplementary Volume 8, 1871, pp. 133–229. The work was also translated into English and French in 1879.
  12. ↑ Klaus-Dieter Röker: Dry time travel. ISBN 978-3-8482-1358-0 , pp. 284/285.
  13. ↑ A deeper understanding of the background of the periodic table only arose after the death of Mendeleev: on the one hand, through the discovery of the atomic number by Henry Moseley and through the model of the structure and occupation of the electron shell by Friedrich Hund .
  14. ↑ Masanori Kaji: Mendeleevs Discovery of the Periodic Law: The Origin and the Reception, Foundations of Chemistry, Volume 5, 2003, p. 202.
  15. ↑ Meyer, The nature of chemical elements as a function of their atomic weights, Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, Supplement volume 7, 1870, pp. 354–364.
  16. ↑ Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Oxford UP 2007, pp. 155f
  17. ↑ German translation: Attempt at a chemical conception of the world ether in: Prometheus, Volume 15, 1903, pp. 97, 121, 129, 145. The Russian original in the same year in Wjestnik i biblioteka samoobrasowanja, Saint Petersburg.
  18. ↑ Jan W. van Spronsen , Mendeleev as a speculator, Journal of Chemical Education, Volume 58, 1981, pp. 790-791
  19. ↑ Walden, Article Mendeleev, The Great Book of Chemists, Volume 1, p. 249.
  20. ^ Paul Walden, From the memories of an old chemical contemporary, Die Naturwissenschaften, Volume 37, 1950, p. 77.
  21. ↑ After Walden: The Great Book of Chemists. Volume 1, p. 247, he rejected Arrhenius' dissociation theory in his textbook, but unreservedly agreed with van t'Hoff's osmotic solution theory.
  22. ^ Henry M. Leicester, Mendeleev and the Russian Academy of Sciences, J. Chem. Education, Vol. 25, 1948, 439.
  23. ↑ Internet newspaper Russland-Aktuell from October 28, 2000 .
  24. ^ Fellows Directory. Biographical Index: Former RSE Fellows 1783–2002. (PDF file) Royal Society of Edinburgh, accessed March 21, 2020 .
personal data
SURNAME Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Менделеев, Дмитрий Иванович (Russian spelling)
SHORT DESCRIPTION Russian chemist
DATE OF BIRTH February 8, 1834
PLACE OF BIRTH Tobolsk , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH February 2, 1907
Place of death Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire