Eitel-Friedrich von Rabenau

Eitel-Friedrich Karl Balthasar von Rabenau (born January 13, 1884 in Schweidnitz , † October 5, 1959 in Berlin ) was a German Protestant theologian and long-time pastor of the Old Prussian Uniate Church and the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg . His places of activity included the Immanuel Church in Jaffa (1912 to 1917) and the Apostle Paul Church in Berlin-Schöneberg (1925 to 1954). During the National Socialist church struggle he was a leading representative of the opposition Confessing Church .

childhood and education

Rabenau was the second of four children to the lawyer and royal Prussian public prosecutor Paul von Rabenau (1853-1890) and his wife Clara Louise (née Heinemann; 1858-1937). One of his siblings was Hellmuth von Rabenau . The von Rabenaus came from Saxony , the maternal ancestors were craftsmen and merchants in Silesia . Rabenau spent his childhood in Schweidnitz, Görlitz , Oppeln and Dresden . Some time after the father's death, the mother and the children moved to Naumburg an der Saale . Rabenau attended the Mochmannsche Lehr- und Erziehungsanstalt , later the Vitzthumsche Gymnasium in Dresden and finally the Domgymnasium Naumburg , where he graduated from high school in 1902.

In 1899 Rabenau was the first preacher and superintendent Wilhelm Albrecht Zschimmer (1845-1907) confirmed . Before Zschimmer took up office at Naumburg Cathedral in April 1889 , he had served as a pastor abroad in various Protestant communities, including the Smyrniotic between 1875 and 1878, which he also published. Zschimmer's career influenced Rabenau's own later career choice. Rabenau was particularly impressed by the Pietist Curt von Knobelsdorff , which prompted him to become a pastor. From 1902 Rabenau studied Protestant theology at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen , the United Friedrichs University of Halle-Wittenberg and the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Berlin with Theodor Haering and Adolf Schlatter (Tübingen), Karl Heim (Halle), Julius, among others Kaftan and Adolf von Harnack (Berlin).

Due to the friendship with Heim, a pietistic influence remained decisive for Rabenau. He joined the German Christian Student Union (DCSV), to which he remained connected even after completing his studies. The DCSV had the same name in common with the later German Christian faith movement , but was banned in 1938.

The pietistic influences caused Rabenau strong inner conflicts in the encounter with the historical-critical method with his Berlin teachers Harnack, Hermann Gunkel and Kaftan. After the first theological exam in 1906, Rabenau went to the von Bodelschwingh Foundation Bethel near Bielefeld as a candidate , where he worked his way into hospital pastoral care. After one year of military service in Sønderborg on Alsen in 1907/1908 he became vicar in Cottbus . After Rabenau had passed the second theological examination, the general superintendent Hans Keßler (1856–1939), responsible for Neumark and Niederlausitz , ordained him on March 13, 1910 in the St. Matthäikirche in Berlin .

Working life

Immanuel Church in Jaffa

After the ordination , Rabenau took up a position as assistant preacher in Finsterwalde . There Rabenau took care of the alcoholic welfare ( Blue Cross ), which he had become aware of through his involvement with Knobelsdorff. In 1912 he married Elisabeth Riese before they both went to Ottoman Palestine . He succeeded Wilhelm Georg Albert Zeller as pastor at the Immanuelkirche in Jaffa, with the position being financed mainly from donations from the Stuttgart local committee of the Jerusalem Association around court preacher Friedrich Braun .

The evangelical congregation Jaffa was constituted in 1889 and its members were v. a. former Templars , Protestant Germans and Swiss living permanently in Jaffa, as well as domestic and foreign proselytes , whom the St. Chrischona missionary Peter Martin Metzler had converted from 1858. The community chairman was Johann Georg Kappus sen. (1826–1905), whom his son Johann Georg Kappus jun. (1855–1928) followed in this office. In 1906 the congregation was accepted as a full member of the Evangelical Church of the older provinces of Prussia (so the name until 1922).

After the outbreak of World War I , in September 1914, Rabenau joined the many young men in his community who took up service in the German Army and registered as chaplain . He did this against the will of the Jerusalem Association and the congregation, so that the Old Prussian Evangelical Upper Church Council (EOK) ordered Rabenau back and he was again in office at the Immanuel Church from October. His family fled to Germany shortly before the British invasion.

On November 17, 1917, British forces conquered Jaffa and Rabenau, like most of the men in the Immanuel Church parish of German or other enemy nationality, they were interned in Wilhelma as enemy foreigners . In 1918 the internees were taken to a camp south of Gaza , while the rest of the community in Jaffa were placed under strict police supervision. In August 1918 the internees were transferred from Gaza to Sidi Bishr and Helwan near Alexandria .

In her three-year exile in Egypt, Rabenau built up a close community of internees. With the Peace of Versailles , which came into force on January 10, 1920, the Egyptian camps were dissolved and Rabenau became coordinator of the camp dissolution. Rabenau then went to Germany to see his family again, and in July 1920 the Mandate Administration refused to allow them to return to Jaffa.

First Rabenau began as a teacher at the secondary school and pastor and administrator of three houses for the disabled and the hospital in Bethel. Friedrich von Bodelschwingh the Elder Ä. made a lasting impression on him, which he expressed in two smaller writings on the director of the Bethel Institutions in 1932. 1922 doctorate Rabenau at the Westphalian Wilhelms University at Münster Dr. phil. with his dissertation on the history and work of the Templars. In addition, Rabenau passed exams as trainee lawyer and study assessor.

Apostle Paul Church (Berlin-Schöneberg)

The Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union (EKapU, APU), as the former state church has called itself since 1922 after the separation of state and religion through the Weimar Constitution of 1919, appointed Rabenau on May 6, 1923 as the second pastor for the Apostle Paul -Kirche in Berlin-Schöneberg , where he officiated until 1954. Rabenau continued to be involved in evangelical work in the Holy Land and applied for a seat on the board of the Jerusalem Association, to which he was elected in 1924. In his community he cultivated intensive personal relationships with the individual members, supported by a community helpers group.

In the global economic crisis after 1929, Rabenau built a group of unemployed men , which was followed by various other youth community groups ( student Bible group , YMCA , scouts ). He got to know the Lutheran pastor's association Sydower Brotherhood , led by Pastor Georg Schulz , and took over the management of a local ring in Berlin . In addition to his pastoral office, Rabenau took care of the Jerusalem Association's public relations from 1929 to 1935.

From 1931 Rabenau began - also in connection with the Sydower Brotherhood - to deal with ethnic nationalists . In the regular old Prussian church elections in November 1932, Rabenau opposed Wilhelm Kube's faith movement German Christians (DC) with his Twelve Guidelines for the Work of the Protestant Church in the Present . In it he made a clear commitment to Jesus of Nazareth , the only standard for being a church and being a Christian. "The community, according to R. [abenau], necessarily becomes a community of action through the word, in which comprehensive brotherly service is practiced." Rabenau became a member of the Young Reformation movement .

In the time of the church struggle

On June 24, 1933, the Prussian minister of education, Bernhard Rust , revoked the old Prussian regional church's right to self-determination and submitted it to State Commissioner August Jäger . On this occasion, Rabenau and other pastors held “on July 2, 1933, instead of a thanksgiving service ordered by the EOK , a penance and supplication service and a few days later signed a letter of protest against hunters”. Adolf Hitler forced all regional churches in Germany to elect the elders (or presbyters ) and synodals for July 23, 1933, in violation of church regulations .

Rabenau joined the new church party Evangelical Church , which had come together for the church elections as an opposition to the DC. Shortly before the election, the Gestapo ordered the church party to change its name, which was then called Gospel and Church , and confiscated all election papers and posters printed under the forbidden logo, as well as the printing house that the group had used to prevent reprinting.

The massive mobilization of Protestant Nazis, fueled by the state and the NSDAP for propaganda purposes, most of whom had not attended church services for years, let alone participated in church elections, resulted in an extraordinarily high turnout, with the result that German Christians - with a few exceptions - on average 70–80% of the presbyters and synodals made up. Rabenau also suffered a bitter defeat, in November 1932 only a minority of its parishioners of 33.3% voted for German Christians , so in July 1933 they won 60% of the votes and thus the majority in the parish council of the Apostle Paul Congregation.

In the formation phase of the ecclesiastical resistance, Rabenau co-founded the Pastors' Emergency League and the Confessing Church (BK). He participated in the Reich Confessional Synods in Barmen (May 1934), Berlin-Dahlem (October 1934), Augsburg (1935) and Bad Oeynhausen (1936). Rabenau held posts in the Provincial Brother Council for Berlin and in the Old Prussian Brother Council and was synodal on the provincial Berlin and Old Prussian Confessional Synods in the governing bodies that the BK set up parallel to the German-Christian dominated organs of the destroyed regional churches .

Because of his critical stance, Rabenau was twice suspended from office for short periods in November 1933 and was represented by a DC assistant preacher. At the end of 1934, however, he himself switched to BK, as did one of the other two parish pastors. Rabenau was finally able to win over the Apostle Paul Congregation. Many DC representatives had tired and worn out in disputes within their movement and with the BC and withdrew from committee work in frustration. In 1939 the Apostle-Paulus Congregation finally committed to the BK and joined the Bund der Notgemeinden , initiated by Superintendent Martin Albertz , which Rabenau led for some time.

In February 1935 Rabenau gave up the public relations work of the Jerusalem Association, because of the censorship of the church and other media he could no longer report what he wanted anyway. Rabenau wanted to bring the church struggle to the political level. For this purpose he founded the working group of educated laypeople , in which Rudolf Smend , Oskar Hammelsbeck , privy councilor Heinrich Quaatz and Else Meyer-Waldeck participated , among others . Various letters from Rabenau to President Paul von Hindenburg , to Hitler and to the related General Friedrich von Rabenau were also aimed at this and were not without effect on General von Rabenau.

Rabenau turned against the confessional polarization between Lutherans , Reformed and Uniate in the BK, which could only weaken the forces.

After the Nazis had ended the closed Olympic season, they extended their persecution in Germany again in 1937. On June 23, 1937, the Gestapo arrested Rabenau and seven other members of the Reich Brotherhood Council from a meeting in Berlin's Friedrichswerder Church . After interrogation and a brief detention, Rabenau was released. In September 1938 Rabenau held a liturgy service in the Apostle Paulus Church, as recommended by the second provisional church leadership of the BK in view of the danger of war, whereupon he was suspended by the officially destroyed church leadership and his salary blocked. From then on, the BK met his salary from collections and contributions.

In the BK Rabenau took over the office for community development and the management of the catechetical training courses. He supported the ecumenical family school for so-called “non-Aryan” Christian children at Oranienburger Strasse 20/21, Berlin, located at Büro Grüber . Rabenau offered his apartment as a hiding place to Jews and Christians who had gone into hiding who were threatened with deportation because of their Jewish ancestors. In 1942 he took five-year-old Rahel Renate Wolf into his family for a period , whose mother was imprisoned as a Jew in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Rabenau helped to train other Protestants - who were not in hiding - who were about to be deported because of their Jewish ancestors, in the - as we know today - unbelievable hope that they would like to and could take action at the place of their deportation.

After Jews and “Jewish Christians” had to wear the yellow star from September 1, 1941 , they were easy to spot as churchgoers on the star. On December 22, 1941, the destroyed German Evangelical Church (DEK) called on the churches to take appropriate measures to exclude star bearers from all church events. That could not be done with Rabenau, so that star bearers were welcome in the Apostle Paulus Church. Rabenau tried to maintain church and pastoral work during the worsening war.

After the end of the Nazi regime

After the war, Rabenau campaigned for the restoration of the German-Christian and literally destroyed church. From 1945 Rabenau took over the deputy chairmanship of the Jerusalem Association.

He wished v. a. To preserve the legacy and cause of the BK, to which cause he devoted intensive, sometimes literary experiments. The confessional question that preoccupied him in the BK and was also expressed in the late 1940s when the old Prussian church provinces became independent regional churches, appeared to him to be overemphasized. This led to disputes Rabenau u. a. with the Reformed Martin Albertz and the Lutheran Hans Asmussen .

In the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg, which became de facto independent in 1945 and de jure in 1948, and in the Evangelical Church in Germany newly founded in 1945 , Rabenau no longer held any special offices. However, he taught as a lecturer in practical theology (community development) at the Church University of Berlin-Zehlendorf , where he developed and deepened his understanding of the Christian community.

On July 1, 1954, Rabenau retired, but continued to take over preaching services and teaching substitutes and continued the hospital pastoral care that had begun. In 1955 he took over the editing of the new journal of the Jerusalem Association, In the Land of the Bible . As chairman of the education committee in the Schöneberg district , he supported the Jerusalem Association in the rebuilding of the Talitha Kumi school in Bethlehem and promoted the training of Arab teachers. On October 5, 1959, Rabenau died of a heart attack in Berlin.

The core of Rabenau's theological thought and action was based on his pastoral and existential experiences during his time in Jaffa and Bethel. Rabenau answered the "questions of community building and community theologically, through his practice in the pastoral office and his fight against German Christians and National Socialism as part of the consistent wing of the Confessing Church in Berlin." He was one of the so-called Dahlemites .

marriage and family

During his time in Finsterwalde, Rabenau got engaged to Elisabeth Riese, a pastor's daughter from Cottbus. They were both married on March 19, 1912 before moving to the Holy Land. There, Elisabeth von Rabenau gave birth to their first two sons. In 1917 she and her sons fled to Germany to wait for the war to end. In 1920 Rabenau also came back to Germany. They had four more children in Bethel and Berlin. Her son Konrad von Rabenau was also a theologian.

Font directory

as an author

• Bodelschwingh as educator, publishing company of the Bethel establishment. Bethel n.d. [1924].
• with Gerhard Peters and Heinrich Roterberg: Guide through the Apostle Paulus Congregation in Berlin-Schöneberg. undated, Berlin undated [around 1928]
• Our service. o. V., Diesdorf 1931.
• Bodelschwingh and the present. Verlagshandlung der Anstalt Bethel, Bethel 1932, (reprints of the monthly newspaper Beth-El; issue 10).
• The municipal corporations (handout from the Berlin-Brandenburg Brothers' Council), undated, Berlin undated [1934].
• The gathering and care of the Confessing Congregation. undated, Berlin undated [1936].
• The Confession Synods. A fundamental reflection on the nature and meaning of the Confession Synods. o. V., o. O. o. J. [o. V., Berlin 1936].
• Bible study group. o. V., Wuppertal o. J. [1938].
• The church ( Acts 2  LUT ). undated, undated [Berlin] 1946.
• The community. A biblical and ecclesiastical study as the basis for the reformation of our secular national church. Verlag Haus und Schule, Berlin 1948.
• The "subjection" - of the repentance of the church. Berlin 1948.
• Unity of school - and unified school. Berlin undated [1949].
• Church in the making. History of the Apostle-Paulus Congregation from 1923 to 1948. Heinz Kirchner (Ed.): Evangelische Verlagsanstalt [and self-publishing of the editors in commission], Berlin 1954.
• The Church in the struggle for the way of the German people. Human and brotherhood. [Self-published], Berlin 1955.
• The family, sickness and healing. Berlin 1957.
• Call to prayer. Berlin 1959.

as editor

• The becoming of the church. Confessional Synod of Berlin-Brandenburg in Dahlem on December 4, 1935. o.V., Berlin 1935.
• Eduard Lindenmeyer: Why the Confessing Church Today? o. V., Wuppertal-Wichlingshausen o. J. [1935].
• "Paul". Parish journal of the Apostle-Paulus-Kirche Berlin-Schöneberg. 1949-1956.
• with Bernhard Karnatz (ed.), Palestine and us: Festschrift for the centenary of the Jerusalem Association. Christian magazine publisher, Berlin 1952.
• In the land of the Bible . New episode of the latest news from the Orient. 1955-1959.

literature

• Paul-Heinz Grunow (Ed.): Bewahren und Bewaehren (memorial booklet for Eitel-Friedrich von Rabenau with excerpts from: parish journal «Paulus» of the Apostle Paulus-Kirchengemeinde zu Berlin-Schöneberg ), Beier, Berlin 1960, pp. 83-85.
• Peter Noss:  Rabenau, Eitel-Friedrich Karl Balthasar von. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 7, Bautz, Herzberg 1994, ISBN 3-88309-048-4 , Sp. 1166-1173.

Remarks

1. ^ Wilhelm Zschimmer: Self-experience from the diaspora of the Orient. Strauch, Leipzig 1903, (Festschriften for Gustav-Adolf-Vereine, Volume 10) and Wilhelm Zschimmer: How I got a black adoptive daughter. Story from my work as pastor of the Franco-German evangelical community in Smyrna. Strauch, Leipzig 1909.
2. ↑ Kessler was, like its 1911 predecessor, late Theodor Braun in personal union first pastor at Berlin's St. Matthew Church.
3. ^ Frank Foerster: Mission in the Holy Land: The Jerusalem Association in Berlin 1852-1945 . In: Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen [NS] Volume 25 . Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 , p. 118 (at the same time: Marburg an der Lahn, Univ., Master's thesis, 1987/88, and Berlin, Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (West Berlin), scientific housework for the first theological examination, 1988/89).
4. ^ Ejal Jakob Eisler (איל יעקב איזלר): The German contribution to the rise of Jaffa 1850-1914. On the history of Palestine in the 19th century. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1997, (Treatises of the German Palestine Association, Volume 22), ISBN 3-447-03928-0 , p. 139.
5. ↑ Ejal Jakob Eisler (איל יעקב איזלר): The German contribution to the rise of Jaffa 1850-1914. On the history of Palestine in the 19th century. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1997, (Treatises of the German Palestine Association, Volume 22), ISBN 3-447-03928-0 , p. 114.
6. ^ Frank Foerster: Mission in the Holy Land: The Jerusalem Association in Berlin 1852-1945 . In: Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen [NS] Volume 25 . Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 , p. 125 f (at the same time: Marburg an der Lahn, Univ., Master's thesis, 1987/88, and Berlin, Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (West Berlin), scientific housework for the first theological examination, 1988/89).
7. ^ Frank Foerster: Mission in the Holy Land: The Jerusalem Association in Berlin 1852-1945 . In: Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen [NS] Volume 25 . Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 , p. 126 (at the same time: Marburg an der Lahn, Univ., Master's thesis, 1987/88, and Berlin, Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (West Berlin), scientific housework for the first theological examination, 1988/89).
8. ^ Frank Foerster: Mission in the Holy Land: The Jerusalem Association in Berlin 1852-1945 . In: Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen [NS] Volume 25 . Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 , p. 134; 136 (at the same time: Marburg an der Lahn, Univ., Master's thesis, 1987/88, and Berlin, Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (West Berlin), scientific housework for the first theological examination, 1988/89).
9. ↑ ^{a b} Frank Foerster: Mission in the Holy Land: The Jerusalem Association of Berlin 1852-1945 . In: Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen [NS] Volume 25 . Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 , p. 137 (at the same time: Marburg an der Lahn, Univ., Master's thesis, 1987/88, and Berlin, Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (West Berlin), scientific housework for the first theological examination, 1988/89).
10. ↑ Roland Löffler: The congregations of the Jerusalem Association in Palestine in the context of current ecclesiastical and political events during the mandate. In: Almut Nothnagle (ed.): Look, we're going up to Jerusalem! Festschrift for the 150th anniversary of Talitha Kumi and the Jerusalem Association. Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, Leipzig 2001, ISBN 3-374-01863-7 , pp. 185–212, here p. 193
11. ^ Frank Foerster: Mission in the Holy Land: The Jerusalem Association in Berlin 1852-1945 . In: Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen [NS] Volume 25 . Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 , p. 139 (at the same time: Marburg an der Lahn, Univ., Master's thesis, 1987/88, and Berlin, Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (West Berlin), scientific housework for the first theological examination, 1988/89).
12. ^ Frank Foerster: Mission in the Holy Land: The Jerusalem Association in Berlin 1852-1945 . In: Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen [NS] Volume 25 . Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 , p. 143 (at the same time: Marburg an der Lahn, Univ., Master's thesis, 1987/88, and Berlin, Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (West Berlin), scientific researcher for the first theological examination, 1988/89).
13. ^ Frank Foerster: Mission in the Holy Land: The Jerusalem Association in Berlin 1852-1945 . In: Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen [NS] Volume 25 . Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 , p. 144 (at the same time: Marburg an der Lahn, Univ., Master's thesis, 1987/88, and Berlin, Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (West Berlin), scientific housework for the first theological examination, 1988/89).
14. ^ Eitel-Friedrich von Rabenau: The temple society. o. V., Münster in Westphalia 1922, (University thesis Münster, Phil. Diss., 1923), zugl .: Münster in Westphalia, Westfälische Wilhelms-Univ., 1923. DNB-Link .
15. ↑ ^{a b} Frank Foerster: Mission in the Holy Land: The Jerusalem Association of Berlin 1852-1945 . In: Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen [NS] Volume 25 . Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 , p. 159 (at the same time: Marburg an der Lahn, Univ., Master's thesis, 1987/88, and Berlin, Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (West Berlin), scientific housework for the first theological examination, 1988/89).
16. ^ Frank Foerster: Mission in the Holy Land: The Jerusalem Association in Berlin 1852-1945 . In: Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen [NS] Volume 25 . Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 , p. 147 (at the same time: Marburg an der Lahn, Univ., Master's thesis, 1987/88, and Berlin, Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (West Berlin), scientific housework for the first theological examination, 1988/89).
17. ↑ Roland Löffler: The congregations of the Jerusalem Association in Palestine in the context of current ecclesiastical and political events during the mandate. In: Almut Nothnagle (ed.): Look, we're going up to Jerusalem! Festschrift for the 150th anniversary of Talitha Kumi and the Jerusalem Association. Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, Leipzig 2001, ISBN 3-374-01863-7 , pp. 185–212, here p. 209.
18. ↑ Peter Noss:  Rabenau, Eitel-Friedrich Karl Balthasar von. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 7, Bautz, Herzberg 1994, ISBN 3-88309-048-4 , Sp. 1166-1173.
19. ↑ Ralf Lange, Peter Noss: Confessing Church in Berlin. In: Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, Claus Wagener (eds.): Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945. 42 city stories. Institute Church and Judaism, Berlin 1999, (Studies on Church and Judaism, Volume 18), ISBN 3-923095-61-9 , pp. 114–147, here p. 117.
20. ^ Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein: The Faith Movement German Christians. In: Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, Claus Wagener (eds.): Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945. 42 city stories. Institute Church and Judaism, Berlin 1999, (Studies on Church and Judaism, Volume 18), ISBN 3-923095-61-9 , pp. 97–113, here p. 104.
21. ↑ Only in the synods of the regional churches of Bavaria , Hanover (Lutheran) , Hanover (Reformed) and Württemberg, as well as the old Prussian church province of Westphalia , did German Christians not achieve a majority. These churches were therefore considered intact by BK supporters .
22. ↑ Peter Noss: Conclusion. In: Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, Claus Wagener (eds.): Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945. 42 city stories. Institut Kirche und Judentum, Berlin 1999, (Studies on Church and Judaism, Volume 18), ISBN 3-923095-61-9 , pp. 574–591, here p. 576.
23. ^ Frank Foerster: Mission in the Holy Land: The Jerusalem Association in Berlin 1852-1945 . In: Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen [NS] Volume 25 . Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 , p. 172 (at the same time: Marburg an der Lahn, Univ., Master's thesis, 1987/88, and Berlin, Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (West Berlin), scientific housework for the first theological examination, 1988/89).
24. ↑ Together with Pastor Lic. Heinrich Schlingensiepen, he wrote the words of the Unierte Arbeitsgemeinschaft to warn against a breakdown of the Old Prussian Union , in which they criticized the decision of December 1936 to found confessional conventions for the BK Synods.
25. ↑ Rahel Renate Mann: My mother never wanted me, maybe that helped me . In: Tina Hüttl; Alexander Meschnig (Ed.): You won't get us: hidden as children - Jewish survivors tell stories . Munich: Piper, 2013 ISBN 978-3-492-05521-5 , pp. 67-81
26. ↑ Circular of December 22, 1941 of the DEK church chancellery, published by: Kurt Meier: Kirche und Judentum. The attitude of the Protestant Church to the Jewish policy of the Third Reich. Niemeyer, Halle an der Saale 1968, p. 116seq.
27. ↑ Peter Noss:  Rabenau, Eitel-Friedrich Karl Balthasar von. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 7, Bautz, Herzberg 1994, ISBN 3-88309-048-4 , Sp. 1166-1173.