Ordinary earth smoke

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Ordinary earth smoke
Common earth smoke (Fumaria officinalis)

Common earth smoke ( Fumaria officinalis )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)
Subfamily : Fumitoy (Fumarioideae)
Genre : Fume ( Fumaria )
Type : Ordinary earth smoke
Scientific name
Fumaria officinalis
L.

The Common Fumitory ( Fumaria officinalis ), also Common Fumitory , formerly pigeon crop and arable diamond called, is the most common in Central Europe plant species of the genus Fumaria ( Fumaria ).

features

It is an annual herbaceous plant that grows upright to ascending, but not creeping or climbing. Their stems reach lengths between 10 and 50 cm.

Common earth smoke ( Fumaria officinalis )

The leaves are pinnately composed with obtuse lanceolate leaflets that are narrower than in most other terrestrial smoke species. Like the stem, the leaves are bare and bluish-green. As a result, a population looks “smoke-like” from a distance (name!).

The racemose inflorescence is 20 to 40 flowers and, including the inflorescence stem, 3 to 7 cm long. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic . The two sepals are 1.5 to 3.5 mm long and 1 to 1.5 mm wide, but fall off slightly. Four petals form the crown, which is pink to purple, often crowned dark red to black at the tip and is usually 8 to 9 mm long. The spur has a length of about 2.5 mm. The solitary nuts are 2 (to 3) mm long and sit on an upright stem.

The flowering period extends from May to November.

The number of chromosomes in the subsp. officinalis 2n = 14, 28 or 32, with the subsp. wirtgenii 2n = 48.

Common Earth Smoke Pollen Grain (400 ×)

Toxicity

Ordinary earth smoke is poisonous in all parts. The main active ingredients are alkaloids such as Protopin , Sinactin , Cryptopin and some other alkaloids , some of which are still unknown.

ecology

Thigmonasty occurs in common terrestrial smoke d. H. the petioles are irritable to the touch; this allows you to lean on a pad or even wrap it around it. A wax coating over parts of the plant has a water-repellent effect. However, excess water is also reduced by the nocturnal water discharge d. H. dissipated by guttation . The plant has roots 20–60 cm deep.

The hermaphrodite flowers are usually pollinated by insects , but self-pollination is also possible.

The nut fruits are initially subject to the force of gravity and can then be carried away as rainworms. The seeds are spread by ants ( myrmechory ).

According to the ecological indicator values ​​according to Ellenberg , the penumbral plant indicates a warm, temperate sea climate and evenly slightly humid areas. It also suggests weakly acidic, nitrogen-rich soils.

This species has been a companion to culture since the younger Stone Age ( archaeophyte ).

Occurrence

Originally this species was native to the temperate and Mediterranean zone of Eurasia . Today it has been abducted almost worldwide, but only rarely occurs in the tropics and subtropics .

This species is considered a nutrient indicator . It grows on cultivated soil such as in gardens, on fields or vineyards or in ruderal places , where it is common everywhere. It occurs in small groups or as a single specimen. It thrives on fresh, base-rich, mild to moderately acidic, humus-rich, loose loam soils. In Central Europe it is a character species of the Fumario-Euphorbion association.

Systematics

Fumaria officinalis was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum .

Common earth smoke is divided into three subspecies:

  • Fumaria officinalis subsp. cilicica (Hausskn.) Lidén (Syn .: Fumaria cilicica Hausskn. ): The grapes are 30 to 80-flowered. The fruit has a distinct, not sloping tip. This subspecies occurs in eastern Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq.
  • Fumaria officinalis L. subsp. officinalis : The grapes have 10 to 45 flowers. The sepals are (2 to) 2.5 to 3 mm long. The fruit, trimmed at the front, has no tip. This is the most common subspecies.
  • Fumaria officinalis subsp. wirtgenii (WDJ Koch) Arcang. (Syn .: Fumaria wirtgenii W.DJ Koch ): The grapes are only 10 to 25 flowers. The sepals are 1.5 to 2 (to 2.5) mm long. The only 7 to 8 mm long crown is light purple. The fruit is briefly pointed. It occurs in Morocco, Spain, Portugal, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and in the former Yugoslavia.

ingredients

When ingredients are known: benzylisoquinoline - Alakaloide as scoulerine , protopine (also called Fumarin) and Fumaricin which partially to fumaric acid is bound; furthermore caffeoyl malic acid and flavonoids .

Use as a medicinal plant

In the past, the main medicinal product used was the pressed juice ( Erdrauchsaft ) from the fresh herb and today the dried flowering plants are mostly used. Smoke herb tea is used as a spasmolytic for spasmodic complaints in the upper digestive tract, especially in the gall bladder and biliary tract. In addition to antispasmodic properties, the drug also has regulating properties on the flow of bile. Laxative effects have always been used in folk medicine for constipation and a certain diuretic effect for chronic skin conditions. This application was taken up in conventional medicine and led to the use of synthetically produced esters of fumaric acid in the therapy of psoriasis (carried out under medical supervision) .

In September 1986, Commission E of the former Federal Health Office published a monograph on smoky herb. It advocated the use of preparations made from the herb for the treatment of cramp-like complaints in the area of ​​the gallbladder and biliary tract as well as the gastrointestinal tract.

Illustrations

  • Fumaria officinalis01.jpg
  • Fumaria officinalis 06/05/2005 04/10/22.jpg
  • FUMARIA OFFICINALIS - AGUDA - IB-074 (Fumària) .JPG
  • Fumaria off.JPG
  • Fumaria officinalis W.jpg

history

The plant kapnós or capnos (actually "smoke") described by Dioscurides and Pliny in the 1st century can be interpreted as Fumaria officinalis . The juice you put on the eyelids should prevent the hair that has been pulled out of the eyelids from growing back . The juice should clear the eyes and, like the smoke, cause tears to flow . A reference to eye irritation when burning the plant or a name due to the gray-green, smoked-looking leaves is also possible.

Applied internally, the earth smoke should expel " burned cholera " through the urine, relieve constipation and strengthen the stomach .

The Arab doctors of the Middle Ages took over this information and added that the earth smoke heals itchy skin diseases by "purifying the blood" . In German, earth smoke has also been called "Taubenkropf", "Katzenkörbel", "Erdgalle" and "Ackerraute" since the Middle Ages.

In northern European folk medicine of the 15th century and in the herbal book incunabula , it was particularly emphasized that preparations made from geothermal juice taken in the bathroom should protect against "leprosy, itchiness and mania". Mixed with milkweed , fume sap should remove water retention. These recommendations for use were adopted in the books of the fathers of botany .

swell

Historical illustrations

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the common earth smoke : Abrut, Ackerraute, Alprauch, Alpraute, Brutkraut ( Mecklenburg ), Charenchorbel ( Old High German ), Chatzenchl (= cat's claw) ( Middle High German ), Chatzenczagel (Middle High German), scoene Cutte ( Middle Low German) ), Daubenkropf, Dubenkirbel (Middle Low German), Dubenkropf, Duvenkerveln (Middle Low German), Erdrauch, Ertwurz (Middle High German), Erdraute ( Silesia ), Field rue (Silesia), Fiefsteert, Fimstart (Mecklenburg), Fimsteren, Fimstern, Finsternkraut, Frauenschuhkraut Ful Gret (some villages in the Altmark ), Grindkraut, Griseum ( Low German ), Grünwurzel, Herdrauch ( Bern ), Jerdrauch ( Transylvania ), Kattenkervel (Middle Low German), Kattenvervel (Middle Low German), Katzencle (Middle High German), Katzenkerbel ( Austria , Middle High German) , Katzenkirbel (Middle High German), Katzenkirben (Middle High German), Katzenklauen, Katzenklee, Katz enkörbel, Katzenkörffel, Katzenkubel (Middle High German), Katzenbil (Middle High German), Katzenkyrhel (Middle High German), Krätzheil, Lewkenkraut (Altmark), Melancholiekraut, Nonnenrö ( Göttingen ), Nunnenkraut, Nunnenrö (Göttingen), Nunnenkrut (Mecklenburg German), Rošnen ), Taubenkerkel ( Eifel ), Taubenkropf, Tubenkropf (Middle High German), Schone Vrowe (Middle Low German), wild wine ( Carinthia ) and Wilderauten.

literature

  • David E. Boufford: Fumaria. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 356-357 (English, online ).
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 , p. 294 .
  • Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland. Taking into account the border areas. Identification book for wild growing vascular plants . Founded by August Binz. 18th completely revised and expanded edition. Schwabe & Co., Basel 1986, ISBN 3-7965-0832-4 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3 .
  • Konrad von Weihe (ed.): Illustrated flora. Germany and neighboring areas. Vascular cryptogams and flowering plants . Founded by August Garcke. 23rd edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-489-68034-0 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Poisonous plants plant poisons. 6th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
  • Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : The new manual of medicinal plants. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-09387-0 .

Web links

Commons : Common Fumitory ( Fumaria officinalis )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 430.
  2. ↑ a b c d Magnus Lidén: Synopsis of Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae) with a monograph of the tribe Fumarieae (= Opera Botanica. Volume 88). Copenhagen 1986, ISBN 87-88702-17-0 , pp. 82-83.
  3. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 700, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D700%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
  4. ↑ Monograph of Commission E (digitized version)
  5. ^ Piotr Gorecki. Fumaria . In: Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice . 5th edition, Volume 5 (Drugs EO), Springer, Berlin etc. 1993, pp. 206-211 ISBN 3-540-52638-2
  6. ↑ See also Petrus Uffenbach (ed.): Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbaei Kraeuterbuch [...]. (translated into German by Johannes Danzius), Frankfurt am Main (by Johann Bringern) 1610, p. 306 ("Taubenkropff [...] Greek Capnos [...] gives zum weynen ursach")
  7. ^ Rudolf Fritz Weiss : Textbook of Phytotherapy. 5th edition. Stuttgart 1982, p. 109
  8. ^ Rudolf Schubert, Günther Wagner: Plant names and botanical technical terms. Botanical lexicon with an “introduction to terminology and nomenclature”, a list of the “author names” and an overview of the “system of plants”. 6th edition. Melsungen / Berlin / Basel / Vienna 1975, p. 149.
  9. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-7643-0755-2 , p. 173 f.
  10. ↑ Heinrich Marzell : Dictionary of German plant names. (with the assistance of Wilhelm Wissmann and Wolfgang Pfeifer ): Volumes I – V, Leipzig, Stuttgart and Wiesbaden 1943–1979, Volumes III (from column 481) and IV (from the estate) ed. by Heinz Paul, Volume V (register volume) 1958 with Wilhelm Wissmann; Reprint (licensed edition) Cologne 2000. ISBN 3-88059-982-3 , Volume II, p. 508.
  11. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882; Reprint in 2 volumes, Amsterdam 1967, p. 156.
  12. ↑ Dieter Lehmann: Two medical prescription books of the 15th century from the Upper Rhine. Part I: Text and Glossary. Horst Wellm, Pattensen / Han. 1985, now at Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 34), ISBN 3-921456-63-0 , p. 174.
  13. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 427 (Book IV, Chapter 108): Kapnos (digitized version )
  14. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia Book XXV, Chapter xcviii (§ 155–156): Capnos (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  15. ↑ Galen , 2nd century, De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VII, Chapter X / 6 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XII, pp. 8-9): Capnos (digitized version )
  16. ↑ Avicenna , 11th century: Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 282: Fumaria (digital copy)
  17. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 351: Fumus terre (digitized version )
  18. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 198r: Fumus terre (digitized version )
  19. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 109r (No LXXI): Fumus terre (digitized)
  20. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart, Volume II 1842, pp. 75–76 (digitized version )
  21. ↑ Michael Puff : Booklet of the burnt-out waters . 15th century print Augsburg (Johannes Bämler) 1478 (digitized)
  22. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 61: Fumus terre. Ertrauch (digitized version )
  23. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Chapter 176: Fumus terre. Smoke. Cats chervil (digitized)
  24. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 202: Fumus terre (digitized version )
  25. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 38v – 39r: Duben kröff (digitized version )
  26. ^ Otto Brunfels : Contrafayt Kreüterbůch . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1532, p. 30: Erdtrauch (digitized version )
  27. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 34: Earth smoke (digital copy )
  28. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 127: Erdtrauch (digitized version )
  29. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 405v – 408r: Erdtrauch (digitized version )
  30. ↑ Nicolas Lémery : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. Paris 1699, p. 313: Fumaria (digitized version) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 472: Fumaria (digitized)
  31. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 678–680: Fumaria (digitized version )
  32. ^ William Cullen : A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, p. 77: Fumaria (digitized) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, p. 91: Erdrauch (digitized)
  33. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814, pp. 222–224: Herba Fumariae (digitized version )
  34. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 156, archive.org