History of the Deaf (1700-1880)
This article deals with the history of the deaf or Deaf History in the 18th century, the time of Samuel Heinicke and the Abbé de l'Epée , as well as the 19th century, the time of Abbé Sicard , Eduard Fürstenberg , Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Alexander Graham Bell until the Milan Congress of 1880 .
Dates and events from 1700 to 1880
18th century, Samuel Heinicke and the Abbé de l'Epée
From around 1700 onwards, the main known events and developments took place primarily in German-speaking countries, France and New England and the USA. They influenced each other partly, partly the developments in the same period ran in different directions. To make this visible and comparable, an attempt is made with the parallel representation of data and events in three columns.
Samuel Heinicke and the Abbé de l'Epée are involved in the educational care of deaf children, using different methods they provide the basis for the later methodological dispute of the "deaf and dumb" and deaf education in the 19th and 20th centuries.
German-speaking countries | France | England and New England |
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1700 | ||
Johann Konrad Ammann , (1669–1724?) Son of a wholesale merchant in Schaffhausen Switzerland , life dates unclear, received his doctorate in 1696 or 1749 (?) In Leiden , Holland as a doctor of medicine and became a “deaf-mute doctor and teacher”. He invented an "oral" method of teaching deaf children, which is said to have been adopted later by Samuel Heinicke and John Wallis (1616–1703) in England. |
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1710 |
1740 | ||
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1744 He met Etienne de Fay's pupil Azy d'Etavigny , taught him to speak and then showed him to the King and the Academy in Paris in 1749 . |
1740 |
1750 | ||
1755 |
1760 |
1760 |
1770 | ||
1769 |
1771 Abbé de l'Epée follows Descartes ' view that language is a system of signs that exists outside of humans . It is therefore possible to arbitrarily combine thing and sign in any way, including thing and gesture . Based on this idea, he developed a system of “methodical signs” from the “natural gesture signs” he observed, with additional additions through grammatical signs. (Further remarks on goals and methods de l'Epées ) |
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1777 1778 Heinicke's method is defined internationally as the "German method" with the erroneous reduction to the spoken language or " oral " aspect and in contrast to the methods of the French Abbé de l'Epée. |
In 1776 the |
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1779 |
1779 |
1783 |
1780 | ||
1788 |
1789 1793 |
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1799 Georg Wilhelm Pfingsten founded a school |
1797 |
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19th century - the dispute over methods
Towards the end of the 18th century there were 21 schools for the deaf, some of which tried to teach deaf children primarily the spoken language.
Increasingly, people are judged on their social usefulness. The deaf and mute and making it usable for the bourgeois craftsman and other trades is an exemplary title of a presentation given by a JM Weinberger in Vienna in 1805 for this idea. This introduced the “industrial school concept” into the education system for the deaf and dumb.
There is always a discussion about which language the deaf should learn - that of the hearing, the spoken language that they do not understand themselves or only incompletely or their own sign language that the hearing cannot understand?
The Abbé de l'Epée created the sign language-oriented teaching model, later called the "French method", which competes with the mostly oral-oriented model by Samuel Heinicke, which is known as the "German method". This gave rise to the “method dispute”, which then continued for over two hundred years and has not yet come to an end.
Paradoxically, the dispute does not take place between the two countries, but rather within the country: In France and especially at the "National Institute for the Deaf and Mute" the oral method is introduced and in Germany sign language is spreading in the classroom.
In this century, the concept of “deaf-mute education” also begins to gain a foothold in the USA.
Samuel Heinicke
1727–1790, inventor of the German methodJohann Konrad Ammann
1669–1724, author of instructions for the upbringing of the "deaf and dumb"Jacob Rodrigues Pereira
1715–1780, developed a teaching method for the "deaf and dumb"Charles-Michel de l'Epée
1712–1789, pioneer of deaf educationRoch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard
1742–1822, French clergyman and teacher of the deaf and muteThomas Hopkins Gallaudet
1787-1851, founded in 1816 with Laurent Clerc the education for deaf children in the USALaurent Clerc
1785-1869, employee of Thomas Hopkins GallaudetRoch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian , 1789 - 1839
, created the mimography of the "natural sign symbols" in 1825Jean Itard
1774–1838, French doctor and teacher of the deaf and dumbFerdinand Berthier
1803–1886, champion for the rights of the deaf in France
German-speaking countries | France | United States |
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1800 | ||
1803 The deaf student Johann Carl Habermaß (1783 Berlin - 1826 Berlin) was sponsored by Eschke. Habermaß worked as an assistant teacher from 1803 and then as a teacher from 1811 until his death. At times he also led seminars for prospective teachers. |
1808 |
1812 |
1817 1818 |
1815 During their stay in London, Sicard, Clerc and Massieu meet the American Reverend Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, who is researching methods of teaching deaf children. |
1815 1817 |
1820 | ||
1820 In the first half of the 19th century, the “ generalization tendency ” developed in Germany , which roughly corresponds to today's idea of “ mainstreaming ”. |
1822 1824 |
1825 |
1826 The Vienna School exerts considerable influence on schools in southern Germany. Her teaching method: Each new word is conveyed using hand alphabet and writing and explained using natural and artificial signs. As a successor to Samuel Heinicke, the northern German states adhere to the principle of the spoken language method in theory, but are nevertheless influenced by the sign method in practice. Instead of “thinking in tonal language” (Heinicke), there are signs, writing and the finger alphabet. |
1828 In his will, Itard obliged the board of directors of the institute to set up a “class of articulation”. 1831 |
The deaf fellow citizens of Martha's Vineyard are integrated into the island's community in every way. They are free to marry the hearing or the deaf. According to tax records, most of them have average or above average incomes and some of them are even wealthy. The hearing residents are proficient in sign language and use it even when no other deaf person is present. Vineyarders believe that deaf citizens are as widespread around the world as they are. They are later - around 1895 - very astonished when they are the subject of newspaper reports and research. It is reported that by the 19th century, all but one deaf Vineyarders could read and write English . |
1830 | ||
1848 1849 |
1834 1834 |
1843 |
1850 | ||
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1856 1857 |
1860 |
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1860 |
1869 |
1866 |
1863 In 1864 Gardiner Greene Hubbard, later business partner of Alexander Graham Bell, sends his deaf daughter Mabel, later wife of Bell, to Germany to attend school. Hubbard was so impressed by the results that he proposed that the Massachusetts government set up an orally oriented school for the deaf. Through the mediation of a friend, Hubbard met Harriet B. Rogers, who was teaching some deaf children. With funding from Hubbard, Harriet B. Rogers was able to set up a school with five children in Chelmsford in 1866. 1865 1866 1867 John Clarke, a merchant in Northampton, Massachusetts, who later became deaf, is putting up a $ 50,000 fund to set up a school for the deaf in his home town. The governor of Massachusetts connects Clarke, Hubbard and Harriet B. Rogers. With the money from Clarke they set up the first permanent oral (spoken language) oriented school for deaf in Northampton, today's "Clarke School for the Deaf / Center for Oral Education". A campaign for the “oral method” begins in America. Actively supported by Presidents Calvin B. Coolidge (–1929), married to Clarke School teacher Grace Goodhue and John F. Kennedy (–1963), former Senator from Massachusetts , the Clarke School takes a leading role in the movement towards the oral School education a. |
1870 | ||
1870 Although the generalization movement (1821 - approx. 1860) failed, it ensured the spread of the oral method with many schools in Europe in which hearing and deaf-mute pupils were taught together. "Oralism" is ideologically and politically motivated to assert itself. 1872 1873 Eduard Fürstenberg 1874 |
1872 1875 1876 School lessons at the “Institution de Paris” consist of three courses:
The Paris school does not teach the word to all deaf and mute people, but to those students who have already spoken, who have a certain degree of hearing, or who, born deaf and mute, wish to speak, show good talent and good will. 60 of over 200 students have articulation lessons ... The choice of children who are suitable for the articulation course takes place a few days after the pupils have been admitted to the institution. " From: "The deaf and dumb in Germany and France", Martin Etcheverry, 1880 quoted from Wolfgang Vater ( Memento from June 5, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) |
1868 - 1873 Invited by Gallaudet in 1872, Bell learns sign language and teaches spoken language at the American Asylum in Hartford. In 1873 Bell took over a professorship for speech technology and voice physiology at Boston University . He becomes one of the most committed advocates of the spoken language- oriented educational principle for the deaf and dumb. George Veditz , President of the "National Association of the Deaf" later (1907) calls Bell "the enemy whom the American deaf have to fear most". |
1876 |
1878
The congress also decides to convene an international deaf-mute teachers congress every three years, the second meeting being held in Como (Italy) as early as 1880. |
1876 1877 Two days later, Bell married the deaf daughter Mabel of his business partner Hubbard. He had already taught them to speak and read from their lips beforehand. |
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1879 Spoken French is the language of instruction in all public schools. The director of Etcheverry at the Paris Institute is replaced by the ear, nose and throat doctor Luis Peyron. This is done against the background that the Paris National Institute continues to give the sign method a priority. In France there are two different methods. |
1879 |
1880 | ||
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1880 |
1880 Helen Keller , who later became deaf-blind from an illness , was born on June 27, 1880 in Tuscumbia , Alabama . Not least because of the favorable circumstances of her affluent parental home, she successfully coped with her fate. As a writer and public figure, she later achieved world fame. |
Events in other countries during the same period
Spain, 1805
In January of this year, the Royal School for the Deaf and Mute opens in Madrid . One of the teachers is the self-deaf artist Roberto Prádez y Gautier (1772–1836).
England, 1890
On July 24th the "British Deaf and Dumb Association" (BDDA, later the British Deaf Association) is founded. It is widely expected that 29 year old deaf Francis Maginn will be elected as the new chairman. Maginn had already sat in with Edward Miner Gallaudet in the USA , was president of the predecessor organization “Royal Deaf-Mute Association” and participant in the International Congress of the Deaf-Mute in Paris in 1889. Instead, however, the 41-year-old hearing Reverend William Bloomefield Sleight is elected chairman.
See also
- History of the Deaf
- History of the Deaf (1500-1700)
- History of the Deaf (after 1880)
- History of Sign Languages
literature
- Johannes Conradus Amman , Cours elementaire d'education des sourds-muets, suivi d'une Dissertation sur la parole , Paris 1879
- TW Braidwood: Thomas Braidwood and the Deaf-Mutes . Science (1888) January 6; 11 (257): Page 12 ( PMID 17830994 )
- Edward F. Fay: Edward Miner Gallaudet . In: American Annals of the Deaf, 62,5 (1917) pp. 399-403
- L. Kellner: Heinicke, Samuel . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 11, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1880, p. 369 f.
- Erwin Kern: Heinicke, Samuel. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 8, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1969, ISBN 3-428-00189-3 , p. 303 f. ( Digitized version ).
- Article in the Thüringisches Ärzteblatt 2009 (PDF; 2.1 MB)
- Harlan Lane: Hear with the soul. The life story of the deaf and mute Laurent Clerc and his struggle for the recognition of sign language . Dtv, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-423-11314-6
Web links
- Biography Eduard Fürstenberg ( Memento from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- Deaf history - a brief overview. Association of Deaf Associations in the State of Salzburg, archived from the original on November 28, 2005 ; Retrieved September 6, 2010 .
- Wolfgang Vater: Aspects of importance of the Milan Congress of 1880. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004 ; Retrieved September 6, 2010 .
- Deaf History International. Archived from the original on February 8, 2004 ; accessed on September 6, 2010 (English).