Equal Opportunities Report of the Federal Government

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Gender equality reports by the Federal Government are reports drawn up by a commission of experts on the status of equality between women and men in Germany .

In 2005, the coalition agreement between the CDU, CSU and SPD stipulated for the first time that a “report on equality between women and men” should be drawn up in every legislative period. On the occasion of the debate on the results of the First Equal Opportunities Report , the Bundestag and the Bundesrat requested the Federal Government to continue to submit a report on equality between women and men once per legislative period . The Expert Commission formulates gender equality policy goals and recommendations for action based on a central idea. In addition, the professional public is included in the preparation of equality reports by gathering expertise and civil society is involved in specialist events. The Federal Government attaches its opinion to the expert report and then submits both parts together as an "equality report" to the Bundestag and the public.

Regular equality reporting is an important element of effective institutional mechanisms to enforce equality. With the help of equality reports, a government can develop and implement a consistent, goal- and impact-oriented equality policy. There are also reports from the federal government in other policy areas, such as the report on the elderly or the social report . Gender equality reports enable evidence- and science-based policy advice and are the central basis in Germany for a political discussion about future options for action in gender equality policy. The Federal Government's first equality report was published in June 2011 for the 17th legislative period . The Federal Government's second gender equality report for the 18th legislative period was published in June 2017.

The Federal Government's First Gender Equality Report

On the Federal Government's First Equal Opportunities Report

In the coalition agreement of 2005, the CDU , CSU and SPD agreed to submit a report on equality between women and men for each legislative period . In 2008 the Federal Minister for Family Affairs at the time, Ursula von der Leyen , commissioned an expert commission to prepare the report for the Federal Government's First Gender Equality Report.

The interdisciplinary committee consisted of the following professors:

In January 2009, the “Gender Equality Report Office” was set up at the headquarters of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft to provide administrative and scientific support and support to the Expert Commission .

On January 25, 2011, after more than two years of work, the commission received its report entitled “New Paths - Equal Opportunities. Equality between women and men in the life course ”handed over to the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ). As the lead department, the BMFSFJ prepared the corresponding statement by the Federal Government and submitted it to the Federal Cabinet for resolution. On June 15, 2011, the Federal Cabinet adopted the Federal Government's position and the expert opinion of the Equal Opportunities Report Commission as the Federal Government's First Equal Opportunities Report. The Federal Government's First Gender Equality Report was then published. It was forwarded to both the Bundestag and the Bundesrat and discussed there.

Expert opinion for the Federal Government's First Gender Equality Report at a glance

For the first time, the expert opinion for the Federal Government's First Gender Equality Report provides a comprehensive inventory of gender equality in Germany. It focuses on the current situation of women and men in central key areas and shows under the thematic specification of the life course perspective how a consistent equality policy for women and men can be developed in the long term. Only the life course perspective makes the long-term consequences of decisions in individual phases of life clear. In order to take this into account, gender equality policy must in future be perceived more as both a horizontal and a longitudinal task.

The report shows that gender equality policy in Germany lacks a consistent model, despite considerable progress. Political and legal measures for different phases of life stand side by side. The result is that incentives for very different life models are set at the same time or that support in one phase of life breaks off in the next or points in a different direction. These fractures, which resemble an unfinished construction site with many dead ends, can be found in many places in Germany and, according to the expert commission, should urgently be dismantled. After all, a consistently structured gender equality policy is an important part of modern innovation policy. It has enormous potential - including economic - and is proving to be indispensable in view of demographic change and the increasing demand for skilled workers. The use of all talents and the improvement of employment opportunities for women make society more efficient and help stabilize the social and tax system. Such a consistent gender equality policy not only requires state action, but also the economy and society.

The guiding principle of the expert report for the Federal Government's First Equal Opportunities Report aims at equal and actual options and opportunities for women and men to realize their goals. It is important that, in addition to paid work, there is enough space for socially necessary, unpaid care work, for further training and for personal time. Business interruptions must not lead to disadvantages in the long term. Overall, the longer-term effects of certain life decisions need to be taken into account and made more aware.

The subjects of the expert report for the Federal Government's First Gender Equality Report

The main focal points of the expert report are the subjects of "Equality in Education" and "Equality in Working Life". Education and employment have a lasting effect on the career and life courses of women and men and are at the same time important keys for participation in other areas of society. Closely related to this are the role models in law, the use of time by men and women in the field of tension between gainful employment and care work, as well as social security in old age, which balances the unequal opportunities, especially in employment, over the course of life.

An overview of the topics and contents of the expert report for the Federal Government's First Gender Equality Report:

  • Life course perspective: Sustainable equality policy requires a holistic perspective. Only the life course perspective makes it clear what long-term consequences life events and decisions made in different phases of life have for different groups of women and men. In this section of the expert report, the theoretical and methodological foundations for an equality policy from a life-course perspective are laid.
  • Law: Modernize role models and align law consistently with the model of equality. Many regulations in tax, social and labor law are still based on lifelong marriage and traditional roles. The modern, diverse forms of partnership and individual lifestyle require flexible legal frameworks that are detached from traditional role models. The creation of a consistent law and the coordination of role expectations over the life course are important tasks of gender equality policy as legal policy in Germany.
  • Education: preventing downward spirals and promoting choice in all phases of life. Education is a key to development opportunities throughout life. Therefore, equally good opportunities for men and women must be created in the education system. Both should be able to choose equally from the spectrum of educational opportunities, use early educational phases and later acquire further qualifications.
  • Working life: Eliminate disincentives, create equal pay and opportunities for advancement. There is still no equal participation of women and men in working life. There are strong incentives for women not to work or to work only in marginal employment. Women are also clearly underrepresented in career development measures and in management positions.
  • Use of time: Enable flexibility and strengthen different forms of work. For men, gainful employment still dominates, and for women, housework and care work dominate. This rarely corresponds to the actual wishes. Both women and men must have the opportunity to carry out other necessary activities such as care work in addition to gainful employment without long-term disadvantages.
  • Old age: Making old-age provision poverty-proof and rewarding care work better. The gender-specific inequalities in working life, career breaks or even low wages have an immediate effect until retirement age. On average, women achieve significantly lower pensions than men, who are often not able to secure their livelihood. A lack of crediting of the care periods in the old-age insurance reinforces this.

Other aspects that are important for equality, such as health inequality or violence, are not highlighted in the expert opinion. Rather, they require an independent and comprehensive analysis from the gender perspective over the life course and must therefore be examined in the following reports. The same applies to gender equality issues in the field of migration and integration, which are treated as a cross-cutting issue in the report.

Selected demands of the expert report for the Federal Government's First Gender Equality Report

According to the central result of the expert report, there is still a long way to go in Germany to real equal opportunities between women and men. There is a need for action in many areas. The expert commission identified this need for action along the life course and made specific practical recommendations in the report.

Selected requirements of the expert report for the Federal Government's First Equal Opportunities Report are:

  • Mini-job segment: remove incentives and abolish subsidies. Mini-jobs often have disastrous consequences - and not just for equality. They appear to be attractive for both employers and employees in the short term, but seldom turn out to be a bridge to employment that is subject to social security contributions. Minor jobs, which are carried out in large numbers by women, lead to biographical dead ends and cause considerable social costs, for example with Hartz IV or in the area of ​​old-age insurance.
  • Care: improve the situation of women and men providing private care. The number of people in need of care will increase significantly in the future. At the same time, the number of potential family carers is falling. Better dovetailing of professional and home care and the gender-equitable design of long-term care insurance law can counteract this. The disadvantage of care work for those in need of care in retirement compared to care work for children cannot be justified. In addition, caregivers need support from their employers and from a personnel policy that provides flexible regulations for key life events.
  • Women in management positions: introduce gender quotas. The proportion of women in top management has stagnated at a low level in Germany for years. A quota whose non-compliance is effectively sanctioned can change this, as many neighboring countries are already successfully showing. In addition, the legislature should examine how it can design minimum share regulations for women in management positions beyond supervisory boards.

Overall, the Commission of Experts expressly advocates regularly continuing the reporting on gender equality aspects that was successfully started with the expert opinion for the First Gender Equality Report. The Commission recommends the establishment of a national reporting system for gender equality policy in Germany, which has long existed in other policy areas (e.g. in the context of the family , elderly or children and youth report ) and in other neighboring European countries.

The Federal Government's Second Gender Equality Report

To the Federal Government's Second Gender Equality Report

In April 2015, the then Federal Minister for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth , Manuela Schwesig, set up a commission of experts to prepare an expert opinion for the Second Gender Equality Report. The commission was constituted in May 2015.

The expert commission worked voluntarily and independently. It was composed of the following twelve members:

The commission consisted of experts who work and research on gender equality issues in science, but also in public life, in politics, associations or business. There was also an interdisciplinary approach with regard to the expertise brought in by the commission, which included various fields of research and work, such as a. Digital media , German studies , gender studies , political science , law , sociology and economics . With the renewed appointment of Ute Klammer and Uta Meier-Gräwe, the work of the Expert Commission on the First Equal Opportunities Report was also linked.

For the scientific and organizational support of the expert commission, a “Secretariat Second Equal Opportunities Report of the Federal Government” was set up at the Institute for Social Work and Social Pedagogy, under the direction of Regina Frey . To the tasks of the office based in Berlin and Frankfurt / M. belong u. a. the content-related and organizational preparation and follow-up of the committee meetings, forums and technical discussions. In addition, she supports the Commission in preparing the report.

The expert commission's report for the second gender equality report was handed over to the then Federal Minister for Women Manuela Schwesig in January 2017 and published in March 2017. In addition, the subsequent Federal Minister for Women, Katarina Barley, informed the Bundestag about the second gender equality report in a government survey. The Federal Council took note of the Federal Government's Second Gender Equality Report in September 2017.

The Second Equal Opportunities Report is made up of the expert's report and a statement by the Federal Government , which also includes a balance sheet of the First Equal Opportunities Report .

The more than 190-page report deals with equality in four chapters: In an introductory part, important basics and the focus of the report are explained (see here basic concepts). The second part of the report looks at the existing challenges and imbalances in terms of gender equality policy and derives gender equality policy goals. In the third chapter, recommendations for action on central gender equality issues are presented in ten thematic sections. In the fourth chapter four further topics are described as current challenges in gender equality policy.

Basic concepts of the expert report for the second equality report of the Federal Government

Guiding principle

The expert commission formulates the following guiding principle of gender equality in the expert report: "We strive for a society with equal opportunities for women and men in which the opportunities and risks are equally distributed over the course of life."

This guiding principle is based on the one hand on the concept of realization opportunities as a question of gender. Accordingly, a democratic and open society offers all people, regardless of gender, equal opportunities to develop and realize those ideas and life plans that suit them. On the other hand, the main idea of ​​the Expert Commission is based on Article 3, Paragraph 2 of the Basic Law . Politics, but also business and society, have to ensure that the chances and risks in life are distributed regardless of gender.

Life course perspective

The life course perspective was chosen again to describe the state of gender equality in Germany .

Linked lives

The decisions in biographical transitional phases and at junctions in life depend on a large number of social, economic and individual or family framework conditions. This includes in particular the individual social context. The life course perspective refers to the concept of married life ( Linked Lives ), according to which people essential life decisions not individually isolated but embedded in social relationships with other people. In doing so, they negotiate the division of labor between gainful employment and care work. The negotiation and its result are significantly influenced by the resources of the partners, by prevailing gender stereotypes and by practiced and customary routines of everyday life. But also the institutional and legal framework conditions such as public childcare and care infrastructure, company working time routines and economic incentives under tax and social security law are important factors for the division of labor. Above all, the framework conditions in Germany create strong incentives for an unequal distribution of gainful employment and care work.

Gender Care Gap

Various indicators were used in order to be able to show the unequal social, economic and political participation of men and women and to obtain indications that equality was not achieved or that the chances of realization were unevenly distributed. Probably the best-known gender equality indicator is certainly the gender pay gap . The Gender Pension Gap is now also established. Both indicators, however, only represent economic inequalities and are thus an expression of the exclusion of free care work from the economy. Without family care work , however, social life and economic growth are not possible.

The Expert Commission therefore proposes in its report that the Gender Care Gap, which was calculated for the first time on its behalf, be regularly calculated in the future. The Gender Care Gap measures the relative difference between men and women in the daily time spent on care work . It indicates by what percentage of the average time women spend on unpaid care work per day exceeds the average duration of daily care work by men. In 2012/2013 it averaged 52.4 percent, which means that adult women do one and a half times as much unpaid care work than men. This corresponds to an average of 87 minutes more care work per day.

The largest gender care gap (110.6 percent) is at the age of 34: women then do an average of 5 hours and 18 minutes of care work per day, while men only do 2 hours and 31 minutes. In this “rush hour of life”, central life events and decisions such as career, choice of a partner and responsibility for children and parents come together. Men spend more time on care work with increasing age, while the time required for this decreases with women. Nevertheless, the gender care gap remains clearly positive. Regardless of age, women living alone spend more time on care activities than men living alone. Most of the care work is done in couple households with children, mainly because of childcare. In this constellation, mothers do 2 hours and 30 minutes more care work every day than fathers, so that the total gender care gap for people in couple households with children is 83.3 percent.

The data from the third representative time use survey, which was carried out by the Federal Statistical Office from 2012 to 2013, serve as the data basis for calculating the gender care gap . In total, over 5,000 households and more than 11,000 people aged ten and over were asked voluntarily in writing on three days - two days a week and one day at the weekend - about their daily activities.

Acquisition-and-care model

The first equality report already calls for a “new standard for employees with welfare obligations”, which politicians can use as a basis for their decisions. Subsequently, the Expert Commission assumes that a gender-oriented design of gainful employment and care work must enable all people, regardless of gender, to combine gainful employment and care work on an equal footing throughout their lives.

The "earner-carer model" sums up this point of view. According to this, everyone should be able to do private care work in addition to gainful employment, depending on the requirements in the course of their lives; At the same time, it must be possible to live informal care work together with gainful employment at all times. A catchy German translation of the "earner-carer model" has not yet been established. The Expert Commission uses the term “acquisition and care model”.

This model requires politicians to address the existing problems of the division of gainful employment and care work and not to individualize the social organization of care work in private, but to ensure through an institutional and political framework that two-earner arrangements can be lived without excessive demands . The experts' report emphasizes that it is not the task of gender equality policy to prescribe the employment-and-care model for people. Rather, it is a constitutional mandate to make this life model possible and to create the framework conditions for people to be able to participate equally in gainful employment and in care work without having to forego realization opportunities or take special risks.

Gender equality objectives

From the main idea of ​​gender equality policy - equal opportunities for realization regardless of gender and with a corresponding distribution of opportunities and risks over the course of life - the expert commission derived specific gender equality policy objectives for the design of gainful employment and care work. Accordingly, equality presupposes: the possibility of equal and partnership participation in gainful employment for everyone, especially for women; the possibility of men participating in private care work equally and as partners; the possibility of combining gainful employment and care work in the course of life (employment and care model).

Equality policy thus sets itself the task of combining a variety of equality policy goals in different fields of action:

Topics and selected recommendations for action from the expert report for the Federal Government's Second Gender Equality Report

Equality in gainful employment

First of all, the expert's report focuses on gainful employment , namely both dependent and independent gainful employment as well as career choice and professional development . The still prevailing framework conditions of the " normal employment relationship " make it difficult for many people with care obligations to live a partnership-based work-and-care arrangement. Equality-oriented personnel planning should understand all employees as gainfully employed and caring workers. Part-time is often a "trap" as there is no legal right to limit a reduction in working hours and / or to increase it back to full-time work and, more generally, to flexibly adapt working hours to the respective phases of life . A life-phase-oriented concept of working hours and place of work , on the other hand, enables a partnership-based acquisition-and-care arrangement for all people in the same way. Corresponding working time concepts can bring about a change in company working time routines and contribute to reducing discrimination against part-time workers. The Expert Commission also warns of the dangers of delimitation , excessive demands and overload that can be associated with mobile work. Therefore, flexible working models must be accompanied by protective measures. In addition, the commission proposes the introduction of a “family allowance ” , a flat-rate benefit of up to 24 months with which both parents can do a reduced full-time job within a certain full-time working time corridor during parental leave. The unequal distribution of opportunities and risks over the life course due to the gender stereotypical distribution of professions and activities is also discussed. Many opportunities and risks are statistically closely linked to the choice of profession and the profession learned. This is expressed, among other things, in lower salaries , poorer independent coverage and low proportions in management positions. Therefore, gender , diversity and interculturally competent career advice is required.

Appreciation of commercial care work

Care work is a key issue for the equality of the sexes. Correspondingly, the upgrading of commercial care work is an important concern of equal opportunities policy. Paid care work, for example in the health and nursing or education sector, is often characterized by precarious employment relationships with low wages and unwanted part-time work . It is often associated with severe health problems and there are no opportunities to change or move up. Instead of such “dead-end jobs”, the Expert Commission demands that care work become real “life jobs” in which employees can work well and develop over the long term. At the same time, society is dependent on qualified, high-quality care work. According to the experts, the training system should also correspond to this.

Framework conditions and infrastructure of care work

The framework conditions and the infrastructure for care work are dealt with in two further chapters: on the one hand, it deals with caring for children and caring for people in need of care. The findings of the expert commission are that there is still a clear need for improvement in the care infrastructure of day-care centers and all-day schools . To strengthen the involvement of fathers in unpaid care work for small children, the Commission proposes, based on regulations in other European countries, on the one hand, the introduction of a two-week " paternity leave ", which can be used within the first 30 days after the birth of a child. On the other hand, the commission recommends a longer-term redistribution of the parental benefit entitlement by expanding the number of partner months. Beyond parental leave, there is a need to be able to be there flexibly for children (e.g. visits to the doctor, schooling, school parties, etc.). The introduction of a flexible time budget of a total of 120 days for each child for the duration of the minority, coupled with a real compensation payment equal to the parental allowance, would enable parents to care for their children without getting into financial or psychological stressful situations.

The Expert Commission sees gender aspects in the planning and financing of nursing infrastructures as insufficiently considered. In order to enable gender-competent , diversity and interculturally competent care, the necessary human and financial resources should be integrated into the regular funding of the facilities. The Expert Commission recommends an orientation towards the “Scandinavian way” with a higher share of public funding in order to enable a high quality care infrastructure that is accessible to all. Professional support offers should be significantly strengthened in order to enable mixed care arrangements, which are characterized by an improved possibility of combining the different elements that is tailored to the specific needs of the carers and those being cared for. In addition, the Expert Commission proposes a flexible time budget financed from tax funds with compensation benefits in the amount of a total of 120 days for caring for relatives, analogous to the parental allowance.

Framework conditions and infrastructure of private household management

In the chapter on the framework conditions and the infrastructure for private household management, household-related services are dealt with. Household-related services include, on the one hand, related services such as cleaning, cooking, washing and everyday organization. On the other hand, they also include personal services such as everyday care and support for children and family members in need of care. Good work should be guaranteed for both employees and households using the services. By introducing certificates, uniform quality standards for household services could be developed and employment subject to social insurance contributions and the protection of household workers under labor law could be promoted. The introduction of a voucher system that could also reach households with medium and low incomes and strengthen small and medium-sized service companies should open up ways out of irregular employment and increase the demand for regular household-related services.

Return to gainful employment

The return to working life is another component of the recommendation section of the report. For a successful re-entry, the strengthening and expansion of the right to return after family-related breaks, including appropriate employer support, are of central importance. Many returnees need further education and training measures after a long break in order to get back to the current technical and professional status of their activity or their profession. A legal claim to funding for further professional development or the reintroduction of maintenance allowance is therefore to be welcomed.

Incentives in the division of resources and work in marriage and civil partnership

The existing incentives for the division of resources and labor in marriage and the registered civil partnership form a further chapter. The Expert Commission recommends that income tax class V be deleted. The spouse splitting is also to be further developed into a " real splitting " in order to limit the splitting advantage upwards. As a further measure, it is proposed to expand access to statutory health and long-term care insurance to permanently set up couples with care obligations. At the same time, access to this insurance benefit should be limited to the phases of intensive care work for spouses who are not gainfully employed and registered civil partners who have previously been co-insured without any contributions . The Expert Commission considers mini-jobs to be unsuitable to enable independent economic security and the development of independent pension claims. She therefore recommends taxing this like other income : The people with marginal employment would then be regularly insured for pension, long-term care and unemployment. At the same time, the basic tax-free allowance means that low incomes - even those in the amount of mini-jobs - remain tax-free. The taxation of income and the social security obligation of mini-jobs would significantly reduce the differences between a mini-job and dependent part-time employment. This would make it more attractive to increase working hours and earn more of your own income.

Pension and old-age insurance: balance sheet of the résumé

In the section on pensions and old-age insurance , the Expert Commission recommends expanding the statutory pension insurance into a universal insurance with a minimum income target. All citizens should pay contributions to the statutory pension insurance on all incomes, even self-employed people who have not previously been subject to compulsory insurance . In this way, all citizens in Germany should have independent, livelihood claims to old-age security in old age. At the same time, according to the expert commission, care work in old-age provision should be rewarded and lead to independent claims. An after-care social balance in the case of low pension entitlements should ensure that the socio-cultural minimum is guaranteed in old age.

Current challenges in gender equality policy

The last chapter deals with current challenges in equality policy: These include the equality-oriented design of digital work, overcoming violence in partnerships, flight and the strengthening of structures and instruments for the implementation of equality.

Equality-oriented design of digital work

More and more companies are offering services via digital platforms, as this allows the transaction costs for the brokerage of services to be drastically reduced. Self-employed people then provide the services that they have received from the platform company. This business model shifts the risks to the self-employed. They have to pay for their social security - sometimes under precarious working conditions. In addition to many other points in the field of digitization , the experts recommend better regulation of such platforms.

Overcoming partnership violence

To overcome intimate partner violence , the report recommends further preventive measures in schools and educational institutions, as well as targeted support measures for children who live or have lived in situations of domestic violence , as well as the continuation and intensification of continuous public relations work and campaigns against sexual and domestic violence. Protective measures should also be expanded and financially supported.

Escape

With regard to the issue of flight , the Expert Commission recommends, among other things, expanding measures to protect refugees from violence and promoting and shaping the integration of refugees into the labor market in a gender-sensitive manner.

Strengthening of structures and instruments for the implementation of equality

In the last part of the report, the experts deal with the precautions required to enforce equality . These include the introduction of a gender equality action plan at the federal level, the strengthening of equality- oriented legal impact assessments , an equality-oriented and gender-equitable budget policy as well as the establishment of a transfer office that acts as an interface between research and practice and advises the administration.

The Federal Government's Third Gender Equality Report

In April 2019, the Federal Minister for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth, Franziska Giffey, appointed an expert commission to draw up an expert opinion for the Third Gender Equality Report. The Federal Government's Third Equal Opportunities Report will deal with the question of the course that needs to be set in order to shape developments in the digital economy in such a way that women and men have the same opportunities for realization.

The expert commission works on a voluntary basis and independently. It consists of the following eleven members:

The commission consists of experts who work and research on gender equality issues in science, but also in public life, in politics, associations or business. There is also an interdisciplinary approach with regard to the expertise brought in by the commission, which includes various fields of research and work, such as economics , computer science , pedagogy , law , business administration , sociology and industrial engineering .

For the scientific and organizational support of the expert commission, a “Secretariat for Third Equal Opportunities Report of the Federal Government” was set up at the Institute for Social Work and Social Pedagogy, under the direction of Regina Frey . The tasks of the office include a. the content-related and organizational preparation and follow-up of the committee meetings as well as forums and technical discussions. Furthermore, she is responsible for the awarding of expertises on behalf of the expert commission. In addition, she supports the commission in the scientific preparation of the report and in holding lectures. The office is responsible for public relations and for managing the budget.

In addition to the work for the Expert Commission, the Secretariat supports the Federal Government in accounting for the status of the implementation of the recommendations for action from the Second Equal Opportunities Report.

The office consists of an interdisciplinary team and reflects the interdisciplinary composition of the commission. She works in Berlin and Frankfurt am Main.

Other selected reports on equality between women and men

Federal level

Gender data report

In the annotated data report from 2005 on equality between women and men in the Federal Republic of Germany, existing data on the social situation and lifestyle of women and men was collated, evaluated and interpreted. The gender data report was based on the conception of the WSI-FrauenDatenReport published in 2000 and 2005, which also prepared the development of the situation of women and men in different areas of life on the basis of data from official statistics and paid special attention to the comparison of western and female data East Germany (2000) and also on the European comparison (2005).

Committee report of the federal government

The Federal Committees Act aims to create or maintain equal participation of women and men in committees. Pursuant to Section 9 of the Federal Bodies Composition Act, the Federal Government submits a report to the German Bundestag in each legislative period on the proportion of women in key federal bodies and on the delegation of women by the federal government to key bodies outside the federal government. The first committee report was published in 1991. The fifth committee report was presented to the German Bundestag and published on December 16, 2010.

Experience report of the Federal Government on the Federal Equal Opportunities Act

The Federal Government's report on the Federal Equal Opportunities Act (BGleiG) is based on the provisions of the Federal Equal Opportunities Act, which came into force on December 5, 2001. The goals of the BGleiG are equality between women and men in the federal administration and the improvement of the compatibility of family and work. According to § 25 BGleiG, the federal government submits to the German Bundestag every four years an experience report on the situation of women compared to that of men within the scope of the BGleiG and reports on the application of the law. The first experience report was handed over in 2006. The second experience report was presented to the German Bundestag and published on December 16, 2010.

Federal states

Conference of Gender Equality Ministers and Senators for Women (GFMK)

The First Atlas on Equality between Women and Men in Germany was published by the Federal Ministry of Family Affairs in September 2009. On May 31, 2007, the 17th GFMK decided to introduce a standardized system of indicators in order to map the status and developments in equal opportunities policy. The atlas provides a comprehensive and clear overview of the differences between the federal states in the implementation of important equality policy goals and the creation of framework conditions conducive to equality, right down to district level. For the first time it compiles data and statistics on indicators such as mandates in the state parliaments, university or junior professorships or part-time employment in Germany and shows the achieved degree of equal opportunities in maps and tables. The 30 indicators recorded in the atlas are assigned to the four categories of participation, education and training, work and income, and living environment.

Reports from the federal states (examples)

  • Berlin: The Senate Department for Economics, Technology and Women and the Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office published the first gender data report for Berlin in 2009. The report provides the most important basic data on the situation of women and men in Berlin. This was updated with the Gender Data Report Berlin 2010.
  • Lower Saxony: Lower Saxony created an atlas on equality between women and men in Lower Saxony in 2010 based on the indicator system of the Federal Equality Atlas. The indicators contained in the nationwide atlas were broken down as far as possible to include Lower Saxony, its districts, independent cities and the city and the Hanover region.

Europe

European Commission

At the request of the European Council , the European Commission prepares a report each year on progress towards gender equality and outlines future challenges and priorities. This publication provides an overview of the current developments regarding the situation of women and men in the EU and contains important data and presentations on policy. The 2010 report particularly addresses the short- and long-term challenges of gender equality in the context of the economic crisis. It also addresses issues related to work-life balance, poverty and social inclusion, and violence against women.

European Institute for Gender Equality

Since 2013, the published European Institute for Gender Equality to Gender Equality Index (Gender Equality Index) . It aims to make gender equality in the EU member states measurable and comparable. In doing so, it takes into account the respective framework conditions for achieving gender equality in the EU member states and measures the achieved gender equality in the areas of work, money, knowledge, time, power and health. The Third Gender Equality Index Report was published in 2017. It is based on data from 2005, 2010, 2012 and 2015.

International

CEDAW reports

Every four years the federal government, under the leadership of the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth , prepares a state report on gender equality in Germany. The so-called CEDAW state report gives an overview of the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ( "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women" - CEDAW) into the national gender policy. CEDAW was passed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 18, 1979 and is an essential step towards recognizing women's rights as human rights. At the same time, non-governmental organizations prepare independent alternative or shadow reports .

Global Gender Gap Report

The Global Gender Gap Report is a report on equality between women and men that has been compiled annually by the World Economic Forum since 2005, using certain indicators, which enables a comparison between countries around the world. In 2010 and 2011 Iceland topped the list of countries examined. During this time Germany rose from 13th to 11th place.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The Equal Opportunities Reports of the Federal Government , Federal Ministry for Families, Seniors, Women and Youth , August 15, 2017. Accessed January 18, 2018.
  2. ↑ Modern Equality Policy for Women and Men , Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth , May 8, 2015. Accessed July 30, 2015.
  3. ^ The Secretariat Second Equal Opportunities Report ( Memento from July 19, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), Institute for Social Work and Social Pedagogy . Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  4. ^ Opinion on the Second Equal Opportunities Report presented , Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth , March 7, 2017. Accessed October 12, 2017.
  5. ^ Family Minister Barley informed about the report on equality , Bundestag , June 21, 2017. Accessed October 12, 2017.
  6. ↑ Resolution of the Federal Council, printed matter 525/17 , Federal Council , September 22, 2017. Accessed on October 19, 2017.
  7. ^ Second Equal Opportunities Report by the Federal Government , Federal Government , BT-Drs. 18/2840, June 29, 2017, p. 77. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
  8. ↑ Chances of realization (Wikibook)
  9. ↑ Differentiated determination of the gender care gap on the basis of representative time use data 2012/13 , Nina Klünder, Ed. Vd Secretariat Second Equal Opportunities Report, Berlin 2017. Accessed December 5, 2017.
  10. ^ First Equal Opportunities Report of the Federal Government , Federal Government , BT-Drs. 17/6240, June 16, 2011, p. 140. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  11. ^ See Nancy Fraser (1994): After the Family Wage: Gender Equity and Social Welfare . In: Political Theory 22 (4), pp. 591-618.
  12. ↑ Reference framework for equal opportunities policy for the focus area "Future of Social Security - Family Policy " , Irene Pimminger, Ed. Vd Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Berlin 2015. Accessed on December 5, 2017.
  13. ↑ European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (Ed.): Gender Equality Index 2017 - Measuring gender equality in the European Union 2005-2015 . ISBN 978-92-9470-297-5 , doi : 10.2839 / 707843 ( europa.eu [PDF; 3,4 MB ; accessed on January 1, 2019]).