Groß Fredenwalde

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View of Groß Fredenwalde in autumn

Groß Fredenwalde is a district of the municipality of Gerswalde (with 131 inhabitants) in the district of Uckermark , in the north of Brandenburg ( Germany ). It is enclosed by the Schorfheide-Chorin Biosphere Reserve . The Berlin – Usedom long -distance cycle route passes around four kilometers away . The rampart path around the Oberuckersee runs through the village. In 2001 the former community of Groß Fredenwalde was incorporated into the community of Gerswalde with other smaller communities ( Friedenfelde , Kaakstedt and Kronhorst).

Place name

Today there are two interpretations of the origin of the place name. One says that the name means "free from forest", the second argues that it means "peace forest". Both interpretations are derived from the Middle High German "Vredewolde".

geography

Way to the vineyard in Groß Fredenwalde

The landscape around Groß Fredenwalde is a result of the last ice age , a typical terminal moraine area . At 111 meters above sea level, the vineyard is the highest point in the area.

history

Prehistory and early history

At the beginning of the 1960s, the Mesolithic burial place of Groß Fredenwalde was discovered on the vineyard as a burial - and probably also as a cult site from the Mesolithic (approx. 7000 BC). In addition to tools and jewelry, at least seven buried people (3 adults and 4 children) were found there. In September and October 2012 and 2014 excavations took place on the vineyard under the direction of the archaeologist Thomas Terberger . Animal tooth pendants and other grave goods were found. In addition, two sensational finds were made. A young man was found in a grave around 5000 BC. Buried in an unusual way. He was placed upright in a deep pit with stone knives as an addition. After the body fell apart, the pit was filled in. The second sensational find is the earliest known baby burial in Germany. The entire grave was secured as a block salvage and brought to Berlin to the workshops of the excavation technology and field archeology course at the Berlin University of Technology and Economics . There it will be further investigated. A continuation of the excavations is planned for 2019.

As far as we know so far, the burials represent the oldest evidence of human culture in the Uckermark. It is probably the oldest cemetery in Germany, and even the oldest burial ground in Central Europe. The importance of the site also results from the fact that the cemetery enables the investigation of the last hunters and gatherers at the beginning of the Neolithic revolution in northern Germany .

Since January 2018, a homepage and the mascot "Ucki" have been pointing out the uniqueness of the finds for regional and European prehistory.

From the following millennia of the Neolithic and the Bronze and Iron Ages , a burial mound has been preserved between Gerswalde and Groß Fredenwalde . Presumably the area around Groß Fredenwalde was also populated in the following centuries until the end of the Germanic era in the sixth century AD.

Slav period

Ascent to Wallberg in Groß Fredenwalde

After the Germanic tribes had emigrated, a Slavic settlement was built in Groß Fredenwalde on the later Wallberg from the 6th century . From the eighth century a Slavic " people's castle " was built here on an artificial plateau (75 × 100 m) . This served as local protection for the simultaneous trading activities of Slavic merchants in the local area. At that time there was probably some kind of water connection from Groß Fredenwalde to the Baltic Sea . During an excavation around 1910, medieval merchandise from the 10th century (e.g. a Hanseatic bowl) were found. These items did not survive the Second World War . Around the year 1000 the Slavs left the fortified settlement on the Wallberg. Unfortunately, the reasons are not known.

middle Ages

The church of Groß Fredenwalde in spring

In the twelfth century, as part of the eastern colonization, Wallberg was repopulated by ministerials from the Margraves of Brandenburg and other settlers from the west. A presumably sovereign castle was built to secure the border between Brandenburg and Pomerania . In 1269, Groß Fredenwalde was first mentioned in the deed of foundation of the Marienpforte monastery with "Alexander de Vredewolde". In the following time, Groß Fredenwalde came into the possession of the Lords of Stegelitz . These promoted the place as so-called locators . At the same time a stone church was built . This was one of the few churches in the Uckermark that had double the number of parishes. This meant that there was an opportunity to hold two holy masses per day. A Marian pilgrimage also developed, which was very popular until the Reformation . In the 15th century, Groß Fredenwalde was referred to as " oppidum " (small town). This means that the place had come to prosperity as a trading post. In the 14th century, the castle on the Wallberg was abandoned after a fire. A fortified house was built, which was later redesigned in the Renaissance style, on the site of the current manor house.

The von Arnim family

In 1498 Bernd II von Arnim acquired the dominion of Fredenwalde from the lords of Stegelitz, who were related to him. The places Götschendorf, Temmen , Milmersdorf , Sternhagen and Gollmitz belonged to this rule . In 1545, the entire knight seat was divided among the sons of Bernd II . In 1621 the first branch of the von Arnims family in Groß Fredenwalde died out in the male line . Their v.Arnim cousins ​​from Götschendorf took over the inheritance. The Thirty Years' War did not leave the Uckermark unscathed either. At its end, Groß Fredenwalde was also badly damaged. The church and mansion were probably in ruins and the place was depopulated.

Alexander Magnus von Arnim

The manor house of Groß Fredenwalde in the 19th century in the Duncker collection

With Alexander I. Magnus von Arnim (1659-1727) there was a renewed flowering of Groß Fredenwald. He built today's manor on the site of the former Renaissance manor house . He also renovated the church and gave it a new inventory. In the neighboring town of Temmen, he founded Neu Temmen, a new settlement with a manor house that still stands today. The baptismal angel in the church also dates from his time, and after the church renovation it has been back in its place since 2009. When Alexander died in 1727, he left his heirs with a fortune of more than 60,000 Reichstalers. We know from an inherited inventory that he owned silver cutlery, a Dresden coffee and a Japanese tea service. There was also a music box, which alone was worth 60 Reichstalers. In 1714 he introduced compulsory schooling on his estates long before the Prussian Crown . This does not seem to have worked without any problems. We know, for example, that in 1735 he had to face a demand from the school principal to ensure that compulsory schooling on his property was taken more seriously.

Late 18th century until the turn of 1990

In the late 18th and 19th centuries, the villages of Willmine and Klein Fredenwalde were founded from Fredenwalde as independent farms (so-called Vorwerke ). In contrast to Klein Fredenwalde, the name Groß Fredenwalde became established. In 1847 the last male descendant of Alexander Magnus died. For the second time in the history of Groß Fredenwald, von Arnims in Götschendorf became heirs. They owned the estate until 1945 . At the beginning of 1945 the von Arnim family fled from the advancing Red Army . The property was then expropriated . During the GDR times, a VEG (nationally owned property) was formed from the property . The residents of Groß Fredenwalde found work there.

Groß Fredenwalde today

The turning point in 1990 ended the existence of the VEG . Employees retired or became unemployed. After the fall of the Wall, the son of the last owner, Fritz von Arnim, Alard von Arnim, bought the manor house. After his death in 2014, it was sold in 2015.

Today agriculture is still practiced in Groß Fredenwalde. In the last 20 years, new focuses have arisen in the village, such as the environmental education station “Field, Forest and Meadow School” in the former school building. It offers environmental education for school classes, children and families. In addition to a program with their own offers, schools and other educational institutions can also hold their own events in the environmental sector. Groups, cyclists, hikers and those interested in nature can stay overnight in the bike touring hostel and experience the beauty of the landscape. In 2013, the Uckermark picnic basket from Groß Fredenwalde was awarded the 1st prize of the Brandenburg State Tourism Prize.

Luther oak in Groß Fredenwalde in the Uckermark

Is the planted on the occasion of the 400th birthday of Martin Luther on 10 November 1883 by the fork Flieth and Stegelitz Luthereiche . The square was named Luther Square at the same time.

Personalities from and in Groß Fredenwalde

literature

  • Hagen, JO vd Hagen: The Fredenwalder Wallberg. In: Mitt. Of the Uckermärkisches Museum u. History association. Prenzlau 1910, pp. 1-10
  • Lieselott Enders : Historical local dictionary for Brandenburg part VIII Uckermark. Weimar 1986
  • L. Enders: The Uckermark - History of a Kurmärkischen landscape from the 12th to the 18th century. Weimar 1992
  • K. Kirsch: Slavs and Germans in the Uckermark - Comparative studies on settlement development from the 11th to the 14th century. Stuttgart 2004
  • B. Gramsch and U. Schoknecht: Groß Fredenwalde, Lkr.Uckermark - a Mesolithic multiple burial in northern Germany. In: Publications on Brandenburg State Archeology. 34. 2000, pp. 9-38
  • H. Grimm and W. Blume: The human skeletal remains from the Mesolithic grave of Groß Fredenwalde, district of Uckermark. In: Publications on Brandenburg State Archeology. 34. 2000, pp. 39-60.
  • B. Jungklaus, A. Kotula Th. Terberger : Germany's oldest burial ground, In: Archeology in Germany 5 (2016) pp. 8–13.

Web links

Commons : Groß Fredenwalde  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Joint project led by the University of Göttingen explores Germany's oldest cemetery at idw from November 2, 2018
  2. Bettina Jungklaus , Andreas Kotula, Thomas Terberger : Germany's oldest burial ground . In: Archeology in Germany . No. 5 , 2016, p. 8-13 .
  3. The oldest baby burial. Sensational finds from the Mesolithic. (No longer available online.) In: gross-fredenwalde.de. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017 ; accessed on June 22, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gross-fredenwalde.de
  4. Ulrich Fugger: Press kit for the excavations on the vineyard near Groß Fredenwalde, Gerswalde community 2013-2016. (PDF; 9.88 MB) In: gross-fredenwalde.de. July 14, 2016, accessed June 22, 2017 .
  5. ^ Mesolithic burial in Groß Fredenwalde. In: University of Greifswald. Historical institute. Prehistory and early history work area. Retrieved June 22, 2017 .
  6. Andrew Curry: Mysterious Graves Discovered at Ancient European Cemetery. In: National Geographic. February 11, 2016, accessed June 22, 2017 .
  7. Katrin Bischoff: 8000 year old remains found: Vacation at the Stone Age grave . In: Berliner Zeitung . July 20, 2014 ( berliner-zeitung.de [accessed June 22, 2017]).
  8. ^ Brandenburg: Oldest cemetery in Germany discovered . In: The time . February 11, 2016, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed June 22, 2017]).
  9. Gudrun Mallwitz: Germany's "oldest" baby discovered in Brandenburg . In: Berliner Morgenpost . February 12, 2016 ( morgenpost.de [accessed June 22, 2017]).
  10. Excavations in what is probably the oldest cemetery continue on RTL from November 2, 2018
  11. Germany's oldest cemetery is being researched more closely at rbb24 from November 2, 2018
  12. Johannes Meinecke: Göttingen scientists research Mesolithic burial site at StadtRadio Göttingen from November 6, 2018
  13. Tomas Morgenstern: Stone Age researcher from Behrendsee. Archaeological finds in Groß Fredenwalde suggest settlement 8,000 years ago. In: Neues Deutschland from September 2, 2019, p. 11.
  14. www.steinzeit-ucki.de (accessed June 24, 2018).
  15. Enders, Uckermark, p. 614.
  16. Enders, Uckermark pp. 570f.
  17. http://www.fww-schule.de/ accessed on December 11, 2012
  18. http://www.picknicken.eu/ accessed on March 30, 2013

Coordinates: 53 ° 8 '  N , 13 ° 48'  E