Big panda

Big panda
Giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca )
Systematics
Order : Predators (Carnivora) Subordination : Canine (Caniformia) Family : Bears (Ursidae) Subfamily : Ailuropodinae Genre : Ailuropoda Type : Big panda
Scientific name of the  subfamily
Ailuropodinae
Grevé , 1894
Scientific name of the  genus
Ailuropoda
Milne-Edwards , 1870
Scientific name of the  species
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
( David , 1869)

The giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ), also giant panda or panda bear , is a species of mammal from the bear family (Ursidae). As a symbol of the WWF and sometimes of species protection in general, it has achieved worldwide fame despite its very limited distribution area. In older German literature, the giant panda is also called the bamboo bear or the paw bear . There are currently an estimated 1,864 wild specimens. There is at least one albino among them .

features

Giant pandas reach a head body length of 120 to 150 centimeters, the tail is like with all bears only a stub of about 12 centimeters in length. The weight of adult animals varies from 75 to 160 kilograms. Giant pandas largely correspond to other bears in their physique, but stand out due to their high-contrast black and white coloration.

Fur coloring

Skull with teeth

The basic color of their thick, woolly fur is white, their legs are black. The black of the front legs continues over the shoulders and forms a belt that usually encloses the front body. The ears, the area around the eyes and sometimes the tip of the tail are also black. In contrast, the population in the Qinling Mountains, which was recognized as the first official subspecies in 2005, is characterized by a brown and white color.

The reasons for the conspicuous coloring are not exactly known. The deterrent of enemies, better thermoregulation or camouflage are discussed.

Other features

The head looks more massive than that of other bears, which is due to the elongated zygomatic arches and the stronger chewing muscles. Like most bears, they have 42 teeth, their back teeth and molars are larger and wider than those of the other members of their family, an adaptation to the special diet. Another species-specific feature is the elongated carpal bone of the front paws, which forms a “pseudo- thumb ” and is used to better grip the food.

Surname

The common name for the giant panda in China is dà xióngmāo (大熊貓), literally “big bear-cat”, or simply xióngmāo (熊貓), literally “bear-cat”. There are around 20 different names for giant pandas in Chinese sources, but none of them have any resemblance to the word panda. Originally the name was used in Western sources for the little panda and comes from Nepali .
In some regions of Nepal they are called Ponja , in German "bamboo eater". The name "Panda" was derived from this.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the giant panda

The range of the giant pandas includes mountainous areas in the territories of the Chinese provinces of Sichuan , Gansu and Shaanxi . The habitat of the pandas are subtropical mountain slopes with dense forest. Here they live in summer at altitudes of 2700 to 4000 meters, in winter they migrate to lower areas, often around 800 meters high. The climate in their habitat is generally humid and rich in precipitation, the summers are cool and the winters cold.

In 1992, the Chinese government started a national giant panda conservation program. 40 reserves with an area of ​​10,400 km² were created, in which slightly more than half of the estimated 1600 animals live in the wild (as of June 2004). By order of the Chinese State Forest Agency, the provinces of Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi have been obliged since 2011 to carry out a census of the panda populations living in the wild every ten years ("Panda Census"). The last count (beginning of 2015) counted 1864 specimens - 10 years earlier it was only 1596.

Way of life

Giant pandas are primarily ground dwellers, but they can climb and swim well. Eating is usually done in a sitting position so that the front paws are free to reach for food. The animals are crepuscular or nocturnal and sleep during the day in hollow tree trunks, crevices or caves. In the bamboo thickets, the panda creates tunnel-shaped changes that connect its feeding places with the sleeping places.

Giant pandas are solitary animals that inhabit an area of ​​around 4 to 6 square kilometers. The territories of females have a core area of around 30 to 40 hectares that is defended against conspecifics. Males are more flexible and show no territorial behavior, their territories have no core area and often overlap with those of other males. Nevertheless, they usually avoid conspecifics. As they migrate, they mark their route through urine and by scratching or rubbing trees. In contrast to other bear species, giant pandas do not hibernate , they only migrate to lower regions during the cold season.

nutrition

Giant pandas are the most distinctive herbivores among bears; They feed on bamboo to 99% , whereby they prefer the bamboo shoots and eat older stalks less often. However, since bamboo is very poor in nutrients and the pandas' digestive system is not ideally equipped for this, they have to consume large amounts of it to meet their nutritional needs: the daily requirement is around 10 to 40 kilograms of bamboo. The plants they also consume include gentians, irises, crocuses and wolfberry. They also eat caterpillars and small vertebrates in small quantities . In captivity, they even get along with honey, eggs, fish, fruit such as melons or bananas, and even sweet potatoes. Giant pandas typically spend 10-16 hours a day feeding.

In their digestive tract, giant pandas show some adaptations to the predominantly plant-based diet. The esophagus is lined with a horny layer, the stomach is thick-walled and is reminiscent of the gizzards of birds . The surface of the large intestine is larger than that of other bear species, and there is no appendix .

Like other bears, pandas get a large part of their energy from proteins - according to recent studies, 50–60% of their energy needs come from bamboo protein. The metabolic rate of the giant pandas is exceptionally low, only 38% of the average metabolic rate of a terrestrial mammal of comparable size.

It is still unclear since when bamboo has been the main food source of the giant pandas. A genetic analysis and a fossil skull had been interpreted to mean that the ancestors of today's giant pandas were adapted to a vegetable diet four (adapted genetics) and two million years ago (shape of the skull). An isotope examination of the teeth and bones of pandas who died between 1970 and 2000, and a comparison with finds at least 5000 years old, however, showed evidence of a far more varied food spectrum 5000 years ago; However, this analysis could not clarify which plants were also consumed at that time.

Reproduction

Young animal around one week old in a Chinese breeding station

The mating season of the giant pandas falls from March to May - then the otherwise solitary animals come together in pairs. Even then, fertilization is only possible in a very short period of time, which is between 24 hours and 3 days. There may be fights between the males for the mating privilege. As with other bears, they have delayed implantation. The fertilized egg cell remains in the uterus for around 45 to 120 days before implantation occurs. After mating, the males always leave the mother-to-be, who does the rearing alone.

Most births fall in the months of August or September, a litter consists of one or two, rarely three young animals. Newborn pandas are tiny. They only weigh around 90 to 130 grams and are covered with thinning white fur. It is noticeable that newborn pandas still have a tail that is around a third of the body's length. The relative weight difference between the mother and her litter is likely to be greater in giant pandas than in any other placenta .

In the case of multiple births, the mother decides in favor of a young animal soon after the birth and rejects the others. The criteria according to which this happens has not yet been researched. At around one month, young animals have the typical coat pattern, at 40 to 60 days they open their eyes, and at five to six months they start to eat solid food. At eight to nine months, the young are finally weaned; they leave the mother at around 18 months. Sexual maturity usually occurs at five to seven years of age.

The life expectancy of a panda in the wild is around 20 years. One specimen in the San Diego Zoo was around 34 years old. Bao Bao , who was born in 1978 and lived in Berlin's Zoological Garden from 1980 to 2012 , was also 34 years old. The female Jia Jia from Hong Kong turned 38 on July 28, 2016, holding the Guinness Book of the oldest captive panda. After her health deteriorated significantly, Jia Jia was put to sleep in October 2016 at the age of 38.

Parasites

The narrowing of the living space by humans (since the 1970s half of the living space has been lost) promotes the spread of parasites. The animals move closer together, which makes it easier for parasites to spread from animal to animal. The closer proximity to animals of other species also supports this, as the transmission between the species is promoted.

Baylisascaris schroederi was probably also transferred to the giant panda in this way (probably through cats , dogs or foxes ) . This worm is a particular problem for the giant pandas. In 1990 10% of the animals were infested, in the 2010s it was 50%. B. schroederi is now the leading cause of death in wild giant pandas. The worm causes severe bleeding in the liver, lungs and intestines. Why it is so dangerous for the giant panda is still unknown.

Systematics

External system

Molecular genetic investigations of the most recent research on the correct taxonomic classification of this species now show that the ancestors of the giant panda strayed from the bear line around 15 million years ago, while the bear (Ursidae) and small bear (Procyonidae) lines were around 30 to 35 million years ago separated. The giant panda is now clearly part of the bear family, as the only known living representative of the subfamily Ailuropodinae. Information on the systematics of the Ailuropodinae including fossil taxa can be found in the article Kretzoiarctos beatrix .

The categorization of the giant panda in the then so-called family of kitties, which was rejected by older research, was mainly based on the fact that both giant and lesser panda ( Ailurus fulgens ) live herbivorous . Their numerous common features, which also led to this classification, such as the molars, the massive skull or the pseudo-thumb, are solely due to a convergent evolution of the two species, which is due to the similar diet.

Internal system

Qinling panda

In 2005 the subspecies Qinling Panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis ) was described, which occurs at an altitude of 1300 to 3000 on the southern slopes of the Qin Ling Mountains in Shaanxi Province . Ailuropoda m. qinlingensis is somewhat smaller, has a smaller skull compared to the nominate form ( Ailuropoda m. melanoleuca ), larger molars and a different coat color. Their chest is dark brown, the belly brown, with the abdominal hair in some individuals only having brown tips, while the hair bases are white.

Human and giant panda

Giant panda in a research center in Chengdu

Female panda (Yang Yang) with ten month old cub (Fu Long) in the Schönbrunn Zoo in Vienna

The original range of the giant pandas covered large parts of eastern China and Myanmar . The decline began in the late Pleistocene , for which both climatic changes and the spread of humans are responsible. Hunting for the fur and for zoo stocks continued to decimate the populations until they were placed under protection in 1939. Poaching and the fur trade are subject to draconian penalties in China, and there have even been death sentences for these offenses. Reasons for the decline in populations were also the progressive settlement of their habitat, which split the range into three parts, and the associated genetic constriction. Another factor is the periodic death of large bamboo forest areas every 15–120 years (most recently at the beginning of the 1980s). Areas with blooming bamboo forests could then often not be reached by the pandas, because large human settlements and cultivated land lay in between. However, the distribution areas of the giant pandas have been protected since 1998. Another reason is the slow reproduction rate, and offspring are rarely successful in human care.

According to a four-year study by the Chinese government and the WWF , the total population in the wild was estimated at around 1,600 in 2004. About 10% of them live in the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan. In CITES treaties the species is included in Annex I and by the IUCN it is as high risk ( endangered classified).

The largest population in captivity is in the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding (in the Chinese province of Sichuan), where 113 giant pandas were kept in 2013 and 172 giant pandas were born to date. In January 2009 there were 21 giant pandas in seven scientifically managed zoological gardens outside the People's Republic of China, six of them in Europe; in 2013 eight giant pandas lived in Europe. In 1999 the San Diego Zoo succeeded in breeding the first successful panda in the United States with the female Hua Mei .

Since 2003, giant pandas can be viewed in the Schönbrunn Zoo in Vienna . Two young animals were born here on August 23, 2007, one of which, the male Fu Long (= "lucky dragon"), survived. This makes Schönbrunn the only zoo in Europe that has so far been able to reproduce in a natural way. On August 23, 2010, three years after the birth of Fu Long, his mother Yang Yang gave birth to the young Fu Hu ("Happy Tiger") in Vienna's Schönbrunn Zoo, and on August 14, 2013 another with Fu Bao Young and on August 7, 2016 the twins Fu Feng and Fu Ban . Long Hui, the father of all young animals, passed away on December 9, 2016.

In Europe, only the zoos in Madrid , Edinburgh (since December 2011 for ten years), the ZooParc de Beauval in Saint-Aignan (since 2012) and, since February 2014, the Pairi Daiza zoo in Brugelette each show a pair of giant pandas. Since April 12, 2017, visitors can also watch a panda pair in Ouwehands Dierenpark in Rhenen ( province of Utrecht ), Netherlands ; the male Xing Ya and the female Wu Wen are on loan from the PRC for fifteen years.

Due to a gift from the then Chinese Prime Minister Hua Guofeng to Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt , the Berlin Zoological Garden has been caring for giant pandas since November 5, 1980. The female Tjen Tjen succumbed to a virus infection on February 8, 1984. Female Yan Yan, who arrived in 1997, died on March 27, 2007 at the age of 22 without any previous symptoms of acute constipation. This ultimately led to blood poisoning and in turn resulted in cardiovascular failure. Bao Bao , who died on August 22, 2012, was the last giant panda to live in a German zoo until June 2017.

On June 24, 2017, the Berlin Zoo received the female panda Meng Meng ('Träumchen', * 2013) and the panda male Jiao Qing (' Schätze ', * 2010) on loan for 15 years for € 1 million per year . Both come from the Chengdu Research Center. On August 31, 2019, Meng Meng gave birth to two young animals. These two young animals are the first to be born in a German zoo. The two young pandas are called Mengxiang ("Longed-for Dream") and Mengyuan ("Dream Fulfilled"). There are two males.

In 2006, a human-cared giant panda (Xiang Xiang) was released into the wild for the first time. The animal was prepared for this for 3 years. However, in February 2007, Xiang Xiang was found dead. In 2012, another giant panda (Tao Tao) born in human care was released into the wild. Tao Tao was also prepared for release for three years. Tao Tao was last found and medically examined in late 2017. At this point he was in excellent health.

The giant panda Jīngjing (晶晶) was one of the five mascots of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. In the US, National Panda Day is celebrated on March 16 .

literature

• Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 2 volumes. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD et al. 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .
• John Chorn & Robert S. Hoffmann: Ailuropoda melanoleuca . Mammalian Species 110, pp. 1-6
• Bernd Brunner: A Brief History of the Bears. Claassen-Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-546-00395-0
• Lynne Warren: Cuddly business. Lending giant pandas abroad pays off: for China - and for species protection , in: National Geographic Germany July 2006, pp. 122–139
• DD Davis: The giant panda: A morphological study of evolutionary mechanisms. In: Fieldiana. Zoology Memoirs. Vol. 3, 1964, ISSN  0430-3776 , pp. 1-339. doi: 10.5962 / bhl.title.5133 , Archive.org

Web links

Commons : Giant panda

• Pandaworld - The world of the pandas - Pandaworld map, videos information and news about the giant panda
• Ailuropoda melanoleuca in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2006. Posted by: Bear Specialist Group, 1996. Retrieved on 10 May, 2006.
• Project sheet Giant Panda of the WWF (PDF) (1.07 MB)
• Texts and images from the special exhibition Panda in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin

Individual evidence

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2. ↑ Qiu-Hong Wan, Hua Wu and Sheng-Guo Fang: A new subspecies of Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) from Shaanxi, China. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (2), 2005, pp. 397-402
3. ↑ What's in a Name? ( July 17, 2013 memento on the Internet Archive ) on the Smithsonian National Zoological Park website
4. ↑ Little panda on animalinfo.org
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6. ↑ WWF: Rescue operation for the most famous animal species in the world ( Memento from July 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). In: www.wwf.de , accessed September 4, 2012.
7. ↑ Panda Census begins in NW in: China Daily, March 27, 2012, p. 2
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9. ↑ Daryl Codron, Marcus Clauss, Matt Sponheim: Dietary Evolution: The Panda Paradox . In: Current Biology . tape 29 , no. 11 , June 3, 2019, ISSN  0960-9822 , p. R417 – R419 , doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2019.04.045 , PMID 31163146 ( cell.com [accessed July 5, 2019]).
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16. ↑ tierlexikon.ch: Giant Panda , July 8, 2016
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18. ↑ Shi Shi the panda dies in China. In: pandanews.org. Retrieved April 16, 2016 . 
19. ↑ Tagesspiegel: Panda Bao Bao is dead , August 22, 2012
20. ↑ The Guardian: Happy birthday, Jia Jia: Hong Kong giant panda becomes oldest ever , July 8, 2016
21. ↑ ^{a b} ARD Tagesschau: The oldest captive panda in the world is dead , October 16, 2016
22. ↑ Parasite kills pandas . In: image of science 3/2008. Konradin Medien GmbH, Leinfelden-Echterdingen. ISSN  0006-2375
23. ↑ Wan, Q.-H., Wu, H., & Fang, S.-G. (2005). A new subspecies of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) from Shaanxi, China . Journal of Mammalogy 86: 397-402. doi: 10.1644 / BRB-226.1
24. ↑ https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/712
25. ↑ Jianguo Liu, Marc Linderman, Zhiyun Ouyang, Li An, Jian Yang, Hemin Zhang: Ecological degradation in protected areas: the case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas. Science , vol. 292, no. 5514, 2001, pp. 98-101, doi: 10.1126 / science.1058104
26. ↑ Overview on the website of the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding
27. ↑ Panda baby: Second cub was probably stillborn
28. ↑ Baby Panda Born, DerStandard, August 24, 2010
29. ↑ First color photo of the baby panda, derStandard, September 3, 2010
30. ↑ Panda cubs born in Schönbrunn, ORF, August 15, 2013
31. ↑ Panda twins in Schönbrunn, ORF, August 16, 2016
32. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Panda male Long Hui has died. In: www.zoovienna.at. December 16, 2016, accessed February 11, 2020 . 
33. ↑ dpa : Bagpipes and fresh bamboo - pandas move to Scotland. In: www.n-tv.de . December 4, 2011, accessed February 11, 2020 . 
34. ↑ Giant pandas are coming to the Netherlands on April 12, 2017, ouwehand.nl, April 7, 2017
35. ↑ ^{a b} Info from Zoo Berlin
36. ↑ Yan Yan died of heart failure . In: Berliner Zeitung, March 28, 2007, Issue 74, Local, p. 18
37. ↑ dpa: Berlin Panda fever. In: FAZ.net . June 24, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017 . 
38. ↑ Fatina Keilani: Newcomers from China: Pandastic! Bear delivery finally arrived. In: tagesspiegel.de . June 24, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017 . 
39. ↑ New photos: Berlin's panda twins open their eyes . On: berlin.de, October 17, 2019, with video
40. ↑ Report on stern.de
41. ↑ Report on www.spiegel.de
42. ↑ Report on GiantPandaGlobal.com (English)
43. ↑ kuriose-feiertage.de: Day of the Pandas
44. ↑ San Diego Zoo's giant panda couple enjoy mating success. ( Memento from March 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
45. ↑ Bao Bao's one-year birthday panda-monium. In: Washington Post. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
46. ↑ Tanja Laninger: Bao Bao panda probably died of old age. In: www.morgenpost.de. Retrieved July 8, 2016 . 
47. ↑ US and China first ladies name US panda cub at Bei - BBC News. Retrieved July 7, 2016 (UK English). 
48. ↑ Panda Chuang Chuang whose death outraged Chinese netizens died from heart failure, Thai zoo autopsy finds , scmp.com, accessed on May 13, 2020 (English)
49. ↑ Toronto panda Da Mao celebrates birthday. In: Toronto Star. September 1, 2015, accessed July 7, 2016 . 
50. ↑ What's Black and White and May Be Pregnant? In: www.torontozoo.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
51. ↑ ^{a b} Fu Feng and Fu Ban - panda twins in the Vienna Zoo are given names. In: www.augsburger-allgemeine.de. November 23, 2016, accessed April 16, 2016 . 
52. ↑ ^{a b c d e} The giant pandas in Schönbrunn - Schönbrunn Zoo. In: www.zoovienna.at. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
53. ↑ Ellie Rosenbaum: San Diego Zoo Blog - Celebrating Gao Gao ( July 7, 2016 memento in the Internet Archive ). In: blogs.sandiegozoo.org, accessed February 11, 2020.
54. ↑ Drunk bites off more than he can chew with Gu Gu - World - smh.com.au. In: www.smh.com.au. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
55. ↑ The giant pandas. In: http://pairidaiza.eu/ . Retrieved August 10, 2016 . 
56. ↑ US-born panda gives birth to eighth cub. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
57. ↑ Giant Panda Forest closed as Kai Kai and Jia Jia enter mating season. Retrieved July 8, 2016 . 
58. ↑ ^{a b} Twin pandas' names revealed as Jia Panpan, Jia Yueyue at their first public appearance. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
59. ↑ New-born giant panda in N Thailand named "Lin Bing" _English_Xinhua. (No longer available online.) In: news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
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61. ↑ Japan's oldest giant panda dies of heart failure - Los Angeles Times. (No longer available online.) May 2, 2008; Archived from the original on May 2, 2008 ; Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
62. ↑ ^{a b} Hsing-Hsing the Giant Panda Dies at Age 28 / He and Ling-Ling were gifts from Mao after Nixon's visit. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
63. ↑ 2010's only US giant panda cub born in Atlanta zoo. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
64. ↑ Scholastic News: Endangered Species. In: teacher.scholastic.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
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66. ↑ Associated Press in Washington: National Zoo's surviving panda cub is a boy - and he is growing up quickly. In: the Guardian. August 28, 2015, accessed July 7, 2016 . 
67. ↑ Meet the Pandas. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
68. ^ Adelaide 'Su-Lin' Young, 96, Explorer and Panda Namesake - The New York Sun. In: www.nysun.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
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70. ↑ Oldest captive panda dies in Shandong. In: www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
71. ↑ National Zoo welcomes baby panda. In: Washington Post. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
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74. ↑ ^{a b} Wang Wang and Funi touch down. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
75. ↑ ^{a b} Xing Ya & Wu Wen. In: www.giantpandafriends.de. Retrieved April 16, 2016 . 
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78. ↑ Xi Lan & A Bao in China. Giant Panda Friends International, May 17, 2014, accessed July 8, 2016 . 
79. ↑ Meet the Pandas. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
80. ↑ Panda cub officially named Yuan Zai, gets citizen's card - Taipei Times. In: www.taipeitimes.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016 . 
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