Guidi (noble family)

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Ancestral coat of arms of the Guidi

The Guidi were an important Italian noble family in the Middle Ages , who had their possessions and their sphere of influence mainly in the Casentino and Mugello in the present-day provinces of Arezzo and Florence . The main seat of the family was the castle in Poppi . Between 1377 and 1440 they came into conflict with Florence and were ousted. Branches of the family still exist today.

history

Early family history

Modigliana Castle

According to the medieval historians Giovanni Villani and Scipione Ammirato, the family came from Germany and was based on a Teudelgrimo (or Tegrimo ), who took part in his Italian expedition with Otto I in September 951 and was enfeoffed with the castle of Modigliana . This story cannot be correct, however, since Tegrimo appears in documents as early as 923, as the Count Palatine of Tuscany, who was based in Pistoia . By marrying Ingeldrada , daughter of Duke Martino , he became Count of Modigliana.

The children Ranieri and Guido emerged from this marriage, one of whom had King Hugo I as godfather. Ranieri is referred to as a "deacon" and in 967 in Ravenna by Emperor Otto I and Pope John XIII. convicted in absentia for plundering the Archdiocese of Ravenna and mistreating Archbishop Pietro. His brother, Count Guido I (from whose main name the family name is derived), had a son Teudegrimo II with his wife Gervisa, who founded the monastery of San Fedele in Poppi (now part of Castel San Niccolò ) as the burial place of the family Poppi Castle was later built above the monastery. His widow Guilla and his son Guido II donated the villages of Larniano, Loscove and Quorle to the church in 992, and the son also four farms in 1029 in memory of his late wife Emilia.

Whose children Teudegrimo III. († 1099) and Guido III. on the other hand still lived in Pistoia around 1034. The latter died in 1043 at his castle on Vincio di Montagnana , a tributary of the Ombrone Pistoiese . From his marriage to an Adeletta came the son Alberto and the grandson Guido IV, who in turn had as son Guido V († 1103, married to Ermellina, daughter of Count Alberto di Mangona). He associated with his son Guido Guerra I († around 1131, married to Imilia di Rainaldo Sinibaldo) at the court of Mathilde of Tuszien . His son, Guido Guerra II (* around 1122, † 1186), is known through Otto von Freising that he made a pact with Siena around 1144 . Three years later, the first acts of war began with the rulers from Florence , who attacked the castle Monte di Croce (also Montedicroce ) near Fornello in the mountains of Monte Fiesole (now part of Pontassieve ). The first attempt to take the castle was repulsed, but as early as 1154 the Florentines succeeded in absorbing the castle and then destroying it. Around 1155 Guido Guerra II founded Poggibonsi .

Guido Guerra II was followed by his son Guido Guerra III. (also called Guido Guidi), who resided in the family palace in Pistoia and had met with Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa since 1185 to discuss his political ideas. In 1190 he waged war with the Traversari di Ravenna family, who ruled Faenza . In 1196 the Guidi of Pietro Traversari took over the towns and castles of Dovadola , Monteacuto and Gello and waged war against Pistoia from 1203 to 1207. Around 1190 they took over the Poppi Castle (in Castel San Niccolò ) from their home monastery San Fidele de Strumi, or built it.

Barbarossa's son Heinrich VI. declared the line of Guidi Guerra to be the main line of the family and Guido Guerra III around 1195. to Signore di Modigliana . Guido Guerra III. married Gualdrada di Bellincione Berti de 'Ravignani from Florence around 1180 , with whom he had nine children, five of them male: The firstborn Guido Guerra IV. (also called Il Vecchio , * around 1180; † 1239, later Conte di Modigliana), Marcovaldo (* around 1182/87; † 1229, Conte di Dovadola, Province of Forlì-Cesena , married Beatrice di Capraia ), Aghinolfo (* around 1182/88; † 1247, Conte di Romena, inherited the Romena Castle, acquired in the 12th century) , Teudegrimo (* around 1176, Conte di Porciano) and a son named Ruggieri , who died early, who belonged to the Dovadola line and who left a son, Guido Salvatico (* around 1240, † around 1316), left behind.

Portrait of Guido Guerra V. by Andrea della Robbia
Poppi Castle

Guido Guerra IV fathered the sons Guido Novello (later Conte di Modigliana) and Simone I (* around 1230, † around 1280), who took over the County of Battifolle (later called Poppi, today part of Castel San Niccolò ) around 1247, in addition to Poppi Castle, which was already in their possession in 1191. Both sided with the Ghibellines . Marcovaldo had two sons, Guido Guerra V. (* 1220; † in October 1272 in Montevarchi ) and Ruggieri II , who joined the Guelphs so that the four cousins faced each other on different sides in the Battle of Montaperti in 1260 . The imperial Ghibelline party led by Siena defeated the Guelfan troops led by Florence . In 1289 the Battle of Campaldino took place in the plain below Poppi Castle; the poets Cecco Angiolieri and Dante Alighieri took part in it on the (this time victorious) Guelfan side , while Count Guido Novello commanded the cavalry on the defeated Ghibelline side and retired to his brother's castle after the battle was lost. In his Divine Comedy, Dante reports on the battle, which a museum at Poppi Castle provides information about today.

Branch of the Guidi di Romena family

The Castello di Romena in Pratovecchio

Aghinolfo and his wife Giovanna dei Marchesi Pallavicino created the family branch in Romena near today's Pratovecchio . This branch later belonged to Guido I. Pace di Romena (also Guido I. di Romena, son of Aghinolfo, * died around 1210/15; † before 1281, married to Maria di Uberto Pallavicini), Alessandro Guidi di Romena († around 1303, Son of Guido I. di Romena, 1288 Podestà in Faenza and papal marshal of Romagna) and Guido Guidi II. Di Romena an († after 1283, son of Guido I. di Romena, around 1283 Podestà of Siena). Ildebrandino Guidi di Romena , also called Bandino , son of Guido I. di Romena, * around 1257/65; † 1313 in Pisa , became Bishop of Arezzo and predecessor of Guido Tarlati . Aghinolfo Guidi di Romena , also called Aghinolfo di Aghinolfo di Romena , son of Guido I. di Romena, * around 1251/58; † 1338, Podestà of Siena became 1284. Cardinal Aghinolfo Guidi di Romena († 1328) also came from this line.

Dante reports on a Mastro Adamo who, at the instigation of the Guidi by Romena, forged gold florentines and was executed for it (Inferno XXX, vv. 46-90). Dante himself was friends with the Guidi and visited them during his exile in Romena. In 1357 the castle was sold to the city of Florence.

Family branch of the Guidi di Dovadola

Dovadola Castle

This branch of the family was created by the Guelph Guido Guerra V. This first appeared as the head of the family when he sold the area of Montemurlo to the representatives of Florence, including Brunetto Latini , on March 25, 1254 . The same thing happened in August of the same year with the properties in Vinci (or, according to Repetti, on May 6, 1255). Guido Salvatico (was married to the Manentessa di Buonconte da Montefeltro , had sons Taddeo and Francesco in addition to Ruggero, was Podestà of Prato in 1266 ) and gave the castle of Montevarchi back to Florence in 1273 after his father Ruggieri di Dovadola had it after the Battle of Montaperti when Ghibelline had taken over from the Guelfs. On August 23 of the same year, due to financial difficulties, he sold the castle in Cerreto Guidi to Florence (where Cosimo I de 'Medici built the Villa Medici as a hunting seat around 1555 ) and the smaller castles of Colle alla Pietra (Cerreto Guidi ), Collegonzi (Vinci) and Musignano (Cerreto Guidi). In the eighties he was also Podestà of Siena several times. In 1301 he gave the family ownership to his son Conte Ruggieri di Guido Salvatico (* around 1280; † September 1332), who was Podestà of Florence in August 1304 and of Siena in 1317 and who became Capitano del Popolo of Siena in 1322 . He left three sons, Marcovaldo, Francesco and Carlo. He was followed by his first-born son Marcovaldo II. Di Dovadola . After his death, his brother Francesco continued the Dovadola Signoria. He died in 1407, leaving behind four sons Giovanni , Carlo , Francesco and Guelfo .

Conflict with Florence and fall of the dynasty

After the war between Pope Gregory XI. and the Republic of Florence, Modigliana rebelled against the rule of the Conti Guidi and joined Florence on August 2, 1377, which was accepted by Florence in the same month. In 1405 Francesco di Dovadola gave the place Dovadola to the Fiorentine rulers. Poppi remained in the hands of the Guidi until 1440 and supported the Duchy of Milan in its campaign against Florence. After the battle of Anghiari , which Florence was able to make victorious against Milan, the armed forces turned towards Poppi and besieged the castle. The head of the family at the time, Francesco II, handed the castle over to the enemy after a few days of siege and fled to Bologna .

Castles of the Guidi (selection)

Poppi Castle, the last headquarters of the Guidi family (until 1440)
  • Calenzano : The castle was built by the Guidi in the 12th century and passed to Florence after 1300.
  • Castel San Niccolò : Castello dei Conti Guidi , also called Corte di Vado , first mentioned in 1029. Belonged to the Conti Guidi da Battifolle until 1349 and then passed to Florence after a rebellion.
  • Cerreto Guidi : Castello dei Conti Guidi , documented as early as 1079, became the property of Florence in 1273
  • Londa , settlements on the Rincine and Moscia rivers , from which the town of Londa emerged around the year 1000.
  • Montemignaio : Castello dei Conti Guidi , also called Castello Leone , first mentioned in 1103, came into the possession of the Guidi. Belonged to the Conti Guidi da Battifolle until 1349 and then passed to Florence after a rebellion.
  • Modigliana : Castello di Modigliana (also called Rocca di Modigliana or Castello dei Conti Guidi ), today's castle ruins, was built before the 10th century. 1377 to Florence.
  • Montevarchi : Castello di Caposelvi , was owned by the Guidi until 1230 and was taken over by Florence after the siege.
  • Ortignano Raggiolo , a castle in the Raggiolo district, belonged to the Guidi in the 13th century and was later taken over by Arezzo.
  • Pontassieve : Castello di Monte di Croce , owned by the Guidi until 1154.
  • Pelago : Castello dei Conti Guidi , first mentioned in 1089. Lent to the Cattanei family by the diocese of Fiesole after 1248.
  • Poppi : Castello dei Conti Guidi , the last headquarters of the family, was first mentioned in writing in 1191. The current building was probably built in the 2nd half of the 13th century by the architect Arnolfo di Cambio . Owned by the Guidi until 1440.
  • Porciano near Stia , Castello di Porciano , former headquarters of the family, was founded around the year 1000 by the Guidi.
  • Portico di Romagna , 1386 to Florence.
  • Pratovecchio : Castello di Romena , first mentioned in 1008, which was taken over by the Guidi at the beginning of the 12th century. Sold to Florence in 1357.
  • Rendola, district of Montevarchi: Castello, which belonged to the Castello di Porciano , was then taken by Pier Saccone Tarlati.
  • Tredozio , 1428 to Florence
  • Vinci : Castello dei Conti Guidi , also called Castello della Nave , was built by the Conti Guidi around the year 1000 and was sold to Florence on August 12, 1254.

The Conti Guidi in literature

Two Counts of the Guidi are mentioned in the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri .

  • Guido Guerra (Inferno, Canto 16, lines 37-39).
Who has not heard Gualdradas' grandchildren named
The good one? - Guidoguerra, whose ghost
And advice as sword we all know as capable?
  • Guido Guidi II di Romena (Inferno, Canto 30, lines 73-77)
There is Romena, where I work with metals
Good money falsifies
Which is why I fell victim to the flame there.
But Guido would only have been with me

Later descendants

Some lines of the Guidi continued, but did not regain their previous position of power. Even before the expulsion from Poppi, branches had settled in Florence and Pisa in the 14th century and some of them took up civil professions, although the same name was (and is) used by other civil families.

In 1565, the Counts Guidi acquired the Palazzo Guidi in Volterra ; Jacopo Guidi from Volterra (1514–1588) officiated 1561–68 as Bishop of Penne-Atri and acquired a palazzo in Florence. In the middle of the 19th century Guidi bought the Palazzo Guidi Raggio there . The branch in Carrù bore the title of patrician .

The Guidi from Bagno di Romagna received the title Marchese di Bagno e Montebello in 1554 . They provided the cardinals Gianfrancesco (1578–1641) and Nicolò (1583–1663) as well as the imperial field marshal Scipio (1660–1721); Count Giulio received citizenship in Rome in 1649. In 1821 they had a villa built in the Palladian style in Savignano sul Rubicone near Rimini (today a hotel-restaurant, owned by the Marchese Guelfo Guidi di Bagno ; the family lives in Savignano and Rome ). Other representatives live (d) in Ferrara and Mantua .

A branch of the Guidi, as one of three margravial families, held a hereditary seat in the manor house , the upper house of the Austrian Imperial Council. Some of the Guidi from Castiglione delle Stiviere went to Belgium , where they still live.

A Rinaldo Guidi from Montiano was accepted into the patriciate of the city of Cesena in 1719 , where he built a palazzo; however, this family had a coat of arms different from the historical margraves (with a tree), which suggests that they are not descendants. With Romoaldo Guidi (* Cesena 1722; † 1780) they provided a cardinal. In the 18th century, the family received the title of Marchese from the King of Sardinia-Savoy. Costantino Guidi (* Cesena 1832) was the last of this family.

Individual evidence

Family tree of the Guidi (17th century, by Michelangelo Vestrucci)
  1. ↑ Website from Modigliana.com, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.) ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.modigliana.com
  2. ^ Online edition of the DBI on Guido Guerra II., Accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  3. ↑ website of Montefiesole.com retrieved 2011 (Ital.) On July 14,
  4. ^ Online edition of the DBI on Guido Guerra III., Accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  5. ^ Online edition of the DBI on Guido Guerra IV., Accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  6. ^ Online edition of the DBI on Marcovaldo Guidi, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  7. ↑ Online edition of the DBI on Aghinolfo Guidi (* around 1182/88), accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  8. ↑ Online edition of the DBI on Guido Salvatico, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  9. ^ Online edition of the DBI on Simone Guidi I., accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  10. ^ Website of the University of Siena on the work of Emanuele Repetti: Dizionario Geografico Fisico Storico della Toscana (Romena), accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.) ( Memento of the original of March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archeogr.unisi.it
  11. ↑ Online edition of the DBI on Guido Pace, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  12. ^ Online edition of the DBI on Ildebrandino Guidi di Romena, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  13. ↑ Online edition of the DBI on Aghinolfo Guidi (* around 1251/58), accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  14. ^ Website of the University of Siena on the work of Emanuele Repetti: Dizionario Geografico Fisico Storico della Toscana (Dovadola), accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.) ( Memento of the original from October 1, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archeogr.unisi.it
  15. ^ Website of the University of Siena on the work of Emanuele Repetti: Dizionario Geografico Fisico Storico della Toscana (Vinci), accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.) ( Memento of the original from May 7, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archeogr.unisi.it
  16. ↑ Official website of the municipality of Cerreto Guidi, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.) ( Memento of the original of July 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.comune.cerreto-guidi.fi.it
  17. ^ Website of the University of Siena on the work of Emanuele Repetti: Dizionario Geografico Fisico Storico della Toscana (Poppi), accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.) ( Memento of the original from December 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archeogr.unisi.it
  18. ^ Website of Castelli Toscani on the castle in Castel San Niccolò, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  19. ^ Giuliano Valdes: Le Terre di Leonardo e Boccaccio , p. 76, Felici Editore, Pisa 2004, ISBN 88-88327-58-4
  20. ↑ Official website of the municipality of Cerreto Guidi, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.) ( Memento of the original of July 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.comune.cerreto-guidi.fi.it
  21. ↑ Official website of the municipality of Londa, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.comune.londa.fi.it  
  22. ^ Website of Castelli Toscani on the castle in Montemignaio, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  23. ↑ Mondi Medievali website on the castle ruins in Modigliana, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  24. ^ Website of the University of Siena on the work of Emanuele Repetti: Dizionario Geografico Fisico Storico della Toscana (Caposelvi), accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.) ( Memento of the original from May 13, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archeogr.unisi.it
  25. ↑ Guidacomuni.it website, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  26. ↑ website of Montefiesole.com retrieved 2011 (Ital.) On July 14,
  27. ↑ Official website of the municipality of Pelago, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.) ( Memento of the original of September 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.comune.pelago.fi.it
  28. ↑ Castelli Toscani website on the castle in Poppi, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  29. ↑ Website of the Castello di Porciano, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.) ( Memento of the original from November 30, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.castellodiporciano.com
  30. ↑ Castelli Toscani website on Romena Castle, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  31. ^ Website of the University of Siena on the work of Emanuele Repetti: Dizionario Geografico Fisico Storico della Toscana (Rendola), accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.) ( Memento of the original from April 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archeogr.unisi.it
  32. ^ Giuliano Valdes: Le Terre di Leonardo e Boccaccio , pp. 69 f., Felici Editore, Pisa 2004, ISBN 88-88327-58-4
  33. ^ Website of Castelli Toscani on the castle in Vinci, accessed on July 14, 2011 (Ital.)
  34. ↑ The stick-foot translation of the Divine Comedy (Inferno / Hell) at Wikisource

literature

Web links

Commons : Guidi (noble family)  - collection of images, videos and audio files