Hesse (Osterwieck)
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Hesse
City of Osterwieck
Coordinates: 52 ° 1 ′ 6 ″ N , 10 ° 46 ′ 50 ″ E
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| Residents : | 1300 (2016) | |
| Incorporation : | September 11, 2003 | |
| Incorporated into: | Aue Fallstein | |
| Postal code : | 38835 | |
| Area code : | 039426 | |
Location of Hessen in Saxony-Anhalt |
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Hesse has been part of the city of Osterwieck ( Saxony-Anhalt ) since January 1, 2010 . Before that, Hessen was part of the community of Aue-Fallstein from September 11, 2003 , which merged with Osterwieck.
geography
The place is on the B 79 halfway between Wolfenbüttel and Halberstadt on the eastern edge of the Großer Fallstein and south of the Grosses Bruch lowland area . A historical traffic route leads through this area on the Hessendamm , next to which the Deersheimer Aue flows to the Schiffgraben-Ost .
The distance to Wolfenbüttel and Halberstadt is around 24 kilometers each. The immediate neighbors are Veltheim am Fallstein , Rohrsheim , Dardesheim , Deersheim and Mattierzoll .
history
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Like Schöppenstedt , Hesse became a patch in the foreland of the Harz very early on . Its two annual fairs (buying and selling animals and goods) required paved roads to secure trade. After the Wars of Liberation around 1815, not only were the roads and dams repaired, which were then desolate , but numerous new buildings were also built. These included the roads over the Zollberg Hessen, the vineyard to Klein Schöppenstedt and the Olla between Schöppenstedt and Evessen .
It is uncertain whether the East Westphalian tribal leader Hessi , who, according to tradition , submitted to Ohrum Charlemagne after 775 and was baptized, is directly connected to the place. This is supported by the fact that Charlemagne installed Hessi in 782 as Count in the Harzgau and in 804 elevated the nearby Osterwieck to a mission center. The closeness of the Hessi family to kings is also evident in the fact that they were the first high-nobility family from East Westphalia to found a monastery in the form of Wendhusen near Thale in 825 . Like Wendhusen, the place name Hessen / Hessenheim indicates Franconian foundations.
middle Ages
The place was first mentioned in 966 as "Hessenheim" in a document with which Emperor Otto I transferred ten villages to his loyal Count Mamaco of Magdeburg Monastery. The name ending "heim" indicates a foundation in the 8th / 9th centuries. Century. The starting point for the development of the place will have been the area around the church. Only gradually could the swampy terrain to the left of the floodplain be made usable for the expansion of the village, from which the distinction between an older and a younger district goes back to the 19th century conceptually and probably also formally legally through the officially used designations as upper- and sub-village expressed.
The village was dominated until the first third of the 14th century by the family of the noble lords of Hesse, who first appeared with Theodoricus de Hessenem in 1129. In the feudal hierarchy, the noble lords (nobiles) stood between the knights (miles) who had emerged from the state of the ministerial and the counts (comes). Representatives of the noble lords of Hesse can be proven over several generations as owners of the Hessen moated castle and property scattered in the northern Harz foreland, as canons especially in Halberstadt or as functionaries of the Halberstadt bishop. Some female members of the family also took the habit and, in two cases, brought it up to abbesses. Clementa von Hessenem even moved in as a countess at Falkenstein Castle in the middle of the 13th century.
Around 1330 the Counts of Regenstein took over the property of the noblemen , possibly as a fallen fiefdom, but sold their Hesse property to the Dukes of Braunschweig in 1343. They immediately had a dam (Hessendamm) built up through the Great Break as a connection route to their northern territory. From 1348 the dukes, with short interruptions, pledged the castle and village of Hesse to the city of Braunschweig and other pledge holders. The close connections between Hesse and the Braunschweiger Land can be shown on the basis of the Weinschenke inn . The restaurant, which was first mentioned in a document in 1395 and is therefore the oldest economy in Saxony-Anhalt, belonged to the Duke of Brunswick . On June 24, 1395, the ruler leased the wine tavern for 20 marks “soldering silver” to a “Hinrike Angersteyne”. The building was part of a large farm yard that extended around the ducal palace. The district of Hesse grew through the addition of the fields of the village of Linden, located in front of the Fallstein, and the village of Ramsleben, located south of the floodplain, after both villages had fallen desolately.
Like other villages, Hesse suffered from the medieval feuds, the wars and raids of the feudal lords. In 1340 Bishop Albrecht II von Halberstadt besieged the castle of the Regensteiners who were enemies with him. From the year 1552 a plunder by Count Volrad von Mansfeld and almost at the same time by mercenaries of the Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach is reported. The attack of the city alliance Aschersleben-Halberstadt-Quedlinburg in 1359 on the Mönchehof, a property of the Stötterlingenburg monastery in Hesse, may have been provoked by the owner himself.
Renaissance period
After the castle and village were repossessed by the Duke of Braunschweig in the middle of the 16th century, Hesse gained supraregional importance. Earlier, Duke Heinrich the Younger had been able to enlarge the castle's property to around 50 Hufen by purchasing the land of the Stötterlingenburg and Michaelstein monasteries. At the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, Hesse Castle served as the summer residence of the Brunswick dukes. In 1560, Heinrich the Younger gave the castle to the Hereditary Prince Julius , who had it expanded in the Renaissance style. In 1564 his son, later Duke Heinrich Julius, was born here. Julius was considered the most learned prince of his time, who began to collect books intensively at an early age. He introduced Protestantism and brought the first potato plant back from a trip from England . Through him, the cultural life on the edge of the Fallstein experienced a tremendous bloom. In the first half of the 17th century, the plant collection of the extensive renaissance gardens of Hesse, under the direction of the pleasure gardener Johann Royer, employed in 1607, put even royal gardens like those in Copenhagen and Oxford in the shade with 1700 species . The bronze figurative decoration of the castle was timeless and is now partly in the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum (Braunschweig), the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam and the Louvre (Paris). The organ of 1610 finally that Esaias Compenius specially built for the castle chapel, is to Frederiksborg Castle recorded in Denmark today.
Between 1589 and 1626 the castle was the seat of the widow Duke Julius 'and the widow Duke Heinrich Julius', of whom the “poor house” she founded in 1617 still commemorates. From 1628 the Office of Hesse was one of the supplies of the Duchess Anna Sophia. Thanks to the influence of these noble ladies, the damage to the village and castle during the Thirty Years' War was limited compared to the neighboring villages. Nevertheless, there were temporary significant impairments and losses, such as in 1628, when the area under cultivation and livestock were greatly reduced, or in 1641, when 41 houses burned down and then a plague epidemic claimed 330 lives in a short time.
As the last Guelph, Duke Ferdinand Albrecht II of Braunschweig-Bevern was granted the Hesse Castle in 1712 after his marriage. But it did not find its way into Hessen. The castle will no longer have met the princely demands.
From the middle of the 17th century to the 19th century
Already in the 16th century the development of a peasant ownership structure was recognizable, which after the turmoil of the Thirty Years War was to last well into the 19th century. Eight farmers , eight half-spouses and almost 80 Kotsassen formed the "neighboring community" as legally equal members. All of them with a piece of land and land under inheritance law, the smallholder Kotsassen mostly had to secure their livelihood as craftsmen or through other activities. In addition to the dispossessed, the village population also included around 30 homeless people, who made up the class of Brinksitzers who owned a small piece of land but no land. According to the head tax description of 1678, widespread poverty prevailed with the ingenious system of taxes and duties to be paid and the manual and clamping services to be performed free of charge on the domain, which was expressly confirmed to a third of the families. At that time, apart from the palace and domain complex, Hesse had 129 built-up private properties and around a dozen parish and church properties. In addition to the schoolmaster, who was first mentioned in 1630, there was a "Lehrwesche" which taught girls.
In 1719, Hessen was granted the privilege of holding two general and cattle markets a year, and from 1746 onwards it was allowed to call itself Flecken. Located on the busy trade and military route from Braunschweig to Leipzig, guards on horseback and traveling crossed the village early on. In 1732 a regular postal expedition was set up. Hardly affected by the direct effects of the war for decades, Hesse had to provide recruits for the Brunswick period in the Seven Years' War and, above all, for the Westphalian military during the Napoleonic period. The participation of the Westphalians in Napoleon's Russian campaign in 1812 alone paid for eleven Hessians with their lives. Belonging to the Kingdom of Westphalia from 1807 to 1813 , Hesse was the capital of the canton named after him, which consisted of several villages.
In the middle of the 19th century, the financially very burdensome replacement of feudal duties and relationships enabled the peasants to acquire full ownership of the land. In addition, there were common division and separation as further prerequisites for the dissolution of the previous village structure and for the transition to modernization and capitalist conditions. In 1865, Hesse became the location of a sugar factory, and in 1888 also a brick factory. When the Mattierzoll-Heudeber railway went into operation in 1898, it was connected to the German railway network. By the end of the century, Hesse received an imperial third class post office, and in addition to the fully developed elementary school, a privately operated music school had long existed as an educational institution.
20th century
At the beginning of the century, Hessen was a flourishing village with 2580 inhabitants and small-town characteristics. 95 of the Hessians called up did not return from the First World War. After the expropriation of the prince in Hesse in 1921 , the Duke of Braunschweig, who resigned in 1918, retained the castle and the domain, which were still leased to the von Schwarz family, as had been the case since 1808.
The location of the Free State of Braunschweig ended on August 1, 1941. After more than 600 years, Hessen and Pabstorf were exchanged for Hornburg , Isingerode and Roklum . The background to this was the “ Salzgitter Law ”, according to which the steelworks there came to the rich wells around Hornburg. Curiously, the Allies had n't noticed anything about this exchange of territory between Braunschweig and Prussia during the Second World War . Therefore, after the end of the war, Hessen was unoccupied for a few days at the beginning of July.
In early 1944 some houses suffered minor damage from bombing west of the village. In September 1944, two Volkssturm companies were formed as the last contingent. In mid-1944 (first mentioned in mid-January 1945) the labor education camp (AEL) No. 1847 was opened as a satellite camp of the AEL Salzgitter-Hallendorf in Bahnhofstrasse. Like the one in Hallendorf, the camp was subordinate to the Braunschweig state police station . Polish forced laborers were also housed in the camp. On April 5 and 6, 1945, the prisoners were transferred to the "AEL" Salzgitter-Hallendorf. On April 11, 1945 the village was occupied by American troops, which were replaced by the English on May 18. From July 1st, Hesse belonged to the Soviet occupation zone. As a result of evacuees, bombed-out people, refugees and displaced persons, the number of inhabitants grew to almost four thousand over the course of several months.
Located only four kilometers from the demarcation line and later the inner-German border, this situation was extremely detrimental for Hesse. Integrated into the newly created 5 km restricted zone in 1952 , twelve families or individuals were immediately forcibly evacuated as part of the “ Vermin campaign ”. In 1961 three more families were hit. At the eastern end of the village a barracks was built to accommodate a battalion staff and the security company of a border regiment.
In 1946, through the domain and the expropriation of two large landowners, over 1095 hectares of land were available when the land reform was carried out. As a result, around 70 new farmer settlements, some sub-settlements and 200 small settlements, i.e. H. Garden plots.
After the war until the 1950s, the traditional brewery Robert Hinke from Hessen supplied the surrounding area with a wide variety of beer types (e.g. Hessener Turmbräu, Hessener Märzen).
The decree to establish a new social order in the Soviet zone of occupation or the GDR caused around 300 Hessians to cross the border. In 1952, with the establishment of an LPG, the socialist transformation of agriculture began, which could not be completed until 1961, as a farmer resisted the pressure and defamation for an exceptionally long time. In 1977, two large LPGs for plant and animal production were formed together with three neighboring villages. The establishment of a rural outpatient clinic in 1957 brought about improvements in the field of health care. The modernization of the education system became apparent with the establishment of the central school in 1955 for pupils from three localities and continued with its conversion to the POS in 1959 and the construction of new school buildings. In 1984 a new sports field was inaugurated. The construction of a new school sports hall was followed by the construction of a sports home at the end of the 1980s.
As early as the mid-1960s, all sales facilities and restaurants had been incorporated into the consumer cooperative. In 1961 the sugar factory ended the production of raw sugar. In 1969 the last passenger train left the Hessen station.
On November 12, 1989 the border crossing point Hessen-Mattierzoll was opened. In 1991, Hessen merged with six other locations to form the “Aue-Fallstein” administrative association. In 2003 it became a unified municipality, which merged with the Osterwieck-Fallstein administrative community on January 1, 2010 to form the new town of Osterwieck.
From 1992 to 1994 the former barracks of the border troops could be used as a home for repatriates from Eastern Europe. In 1991 the LPG plant production changed into the Agrargenossenschaft Hessen e. G. around. When the school system was restructured, Hesse remained the location of a primary school in 1991. After the border was opened in 1989, the Hausmannsturm and the manor house, which now houses a kindergarten, were renovated. Since 1995, the renovation work in the castle area has been designed and supported by the "Schloss Hessen" eV association.
For the development of the postal system in Hesse see: Braunschweig-Helmstedt-Magdeburg postal route .
Population development
| development | year | Residents |
|---|---|---|
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1693 | 620 |
| 1863 | 1,462 | |
| 1900 | 2,581 | |
| 1913 | 2,340 | |
| 1939 | 2,091 | |
| 1946 | 2,744 | |
| 1964 | 2,004 | |
| 1990 | 1,600 | |
| 2016 | 1,300 |
Attractions
lock
Hesse Castle emerged from a medieval moated castle and was transformed into a princely castle in the style of the Renaissance in the 16th century . The complex with pleasure garden had its heyday during the 17th century as the summer residence of the Brunswick dukes. From around 1790 the palace complex was used as an agricultural domain , which lasted until the end of the Second World War . During the GDR era there were major building losses due to demolition and decay. After the fall of the Wall in 1989 there have been ongoing renovation measures on the castle, which today belongs to the municipality, since 1990. They are supported by the Förderverein Schloss Hessen founded in 1995 with 52 members.
church
- Ev. St. Jacobi Church (1860)
- Siftskapelle (1617)
The first church was built in Halberstadt, probably by Bishop Haymo, around the year 850. A Romanesque church with a single nave was probably built around 1600. The dilapidated church was demolished in 1859. In the same year, the construction of the church in neo-Romanesque style began and was completed in 1860. The church contains some works of art, including the large epitaph for the ducal Brunswick gardener Johann Royer.
Next to the abbey or poor house, Beatae Mariae Virginis, founded in 1617 by the widow of Duke Heinrich Julius, is the abbey chapel, which was used for services until the 20th century. Some of the furnishings from the 15th and 17th centuries were then taken over for the St. Jacobi Church.
Religions
In addition to the Evangelical Church of St. Jacobi, there were also two Catholic chapels in Hesse after 1945. In 1948 the Catholic Curate of Hesse was established, which in 1957 counted 914 Catholics in five towns. Hessen had previously belonged to the Jerxheim Curate . In 1956 a piece of land was purchased and a chapel and rectory were built on it. From 1947 Hesse had its own Catholic pastor for a few years, after which it was looked after by the pastor from Osterwieck . After the fall of the Wall, the property had to be surrendered and as a replacement a new parish hall with the chapel of St. Maria Himmelskönigin was built in 1997 at Nobbenstrasse 14 , architecturally similar to the Catholic parish hall in Erxleben, which was also built at this time . This chapel was also abandoned and the parish hall was sold in October 2011. Today the nearest Catholic church is in Osterwieck, approx. 10 km away.
The first Protestant pastor in Hesse was Johann Reinbarth from 1542 to 1544. But it was only after Duke Julius took office in 1568 that Antonius Manike began to fill the parish office without gaps until the mid-1930s. After a short vacancy, Karl Hottenbacher took over the pastoral position in 1939. Criticizing developments in the Soviet zone of occupation, he made no secret of it in his sermons. In 1947, exposed to increasing pressure, he and his family moved to the British zone of occupation. His successor was the 56-year-old superintendent from East Prussia. D. Wilhelm Bury. On May 29, 1952, he and his family were among those expelled from the 5 km exclusion zone. At the protest of his church authorities he was allowed to return to Hesse very quickly, but was expelled again a short time later and relocated to Belgern near Torgau.
Sons and daughters of the place
- Heinrich Julius of Braunschweig
- Philipp Sigismund of Braunschweig
- Sophie Hedwig of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
- Elisabeth of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
- Pascha Johann Friedrich Weitsch (1723–1803), landscape painter
- Karl Friedrich Arend Scheller (1773–1843), writer and Low German language reformer
- Heinrich Christoph Friedrich Bosse (1848–1909), writer
- Wilhelm Harsing (1861 – after 1923), landscape painter from the Düsseldorf School
traffic
Hessen had a train station on the Heudeber – Mattierzoll railway line . This route is closed.
literature
Erich Kegel / Peter Rühland: 1000 Years of Hessen am Fallstein, Festschrift, 1966
Peter Rühland / Erich Kegel: 100 Years of the Hesse Volunteer Fire Brigade, Festschrift, 1974
Contributions to the history of the community of Hessen am Fallstein, volume 3/1991, ed. from the festival committee 1025 years Hessen of the municipal administration Hessen
Karl-Heinz Börner : Hessen 1678. A village reflected in its head tax description. In: Between Harz and Bruch, Issue 37 (December 2004) third series, pp. 41–45
Contributions to the history of Hessen am Fallstein, issue 8/2016, ed. from the Friends of Hesse Castle e. V.
Individual evidence
- ↑ StBA: Area changes from January 01 to December 31, 2010
- ^ StBA: Changes in the municipalities in Germany, see 2003
Web links
Berßel | Stage with Hoppenstedt and Rimbeck | Dardesheim | Deersheim | Hessen | Lüttgenrode with Stötterlingen | Osterode am Fallstein | Osterwieck | Rhodes | Rohrsheim | Look | Veltheim am Fallstein | Wülperode with Göddeckerode and Suderode | Zilly with Sonnenburg