Use Salberg

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Ilse Salberg , divorced Meyer , married butcher (born on January 9, 1901 in Görlitz ; died on March 28, 1947 in Bern ) was the managing director of Salberg GmbH , photographer and art patron . From the mid-1920s she supported the artists of the New Objectivity in Cologne. From 1933 she was the partner of the painter Anton Räderscheidt and fled with him during the National Socialist period to France and theSwitzerland .

Life

Ilse Salberg was born in Görlitz as the youngest of two daughters of the Jewish businessman Adolf and his wife Netty Feige Salberg. The wealthy Salberg family went to Cologne in 1907 and opened an economically successful gift and clothing store on Roonstrasse. The parents attached great importance to the artistic and musical education of their daughters. The father built the business into a successful chain of stores with branches, among others. in the Kölner Hohe Strasse , in Berlin, Essen, Frankfurt, Leipzig, Dresden, Stuttgart, Brussels and Antwerp. The mother died in February 1919 and was buried in the Jewish cemetery in Cologne-Bocklemünd .

Marriage to Arthur Meyer

At the beginning of the 1920s, Ilse Salberg married the director of the Cologne-based Hermann Meyer fabric and manufactory goods store Arthur Meyer. Her husband's company got into economic difficulties in the wake of hyperinflation and the couple joined the management of Salberg GmbH . Ilse Salberg-Meyer worked in the 1920s as managing director and buyer for leather goods in the Salberg group of companies; Arthur Meyer managed the shops on Hohen Strasse in Cologne. Son Ernst was born on January 20, 1923 in Cologne. From the late 1920s the family lived in a villa built by Robert Stern in Cologne-Marienburg .

At the traditional rag balls organized by the Cologne Progressives group of artists , Ilse Salberg-Meyer made the acquaintance of the photographer August Sander , who aroused her interest in photography. In the following years she appeared as a wealthy patron and sponsor of the artist group and bought numerous photographs from Sander, which she valued very much and which she later took with her into exile. In 1930 Ilse Salberg separated from her husband.

Hannes Maria Flach : Ilse Salberg with daughter Brigitte, Cologne 1932

Marriage to Rudolf Metzger

In the early 1930s she got to know the wealthy Pforzheim jeweler and gold goods dealer Rudolf Metzger. The couple married in 1931 and became an integral part of the avant-garde art scene in Cologne. They built up a collection of paintings and acted as patrons for the artists. On July 23, 1931, together with the art historian Hans Melchers , they opened the Bucherstube am Dom , in which not only books were sold, but exhibitions were also shown and lectures with artists were organized.

After Ilse Salberg-Metzger first bought a Leica screw-in camera, she began with her first photo work. The first photo exhibition organized by her in September 1931 in the book room at the cathedral showed photographs of Greek architecture by Walter Hege . In the same year watercolors and drawings by the painter Marta Hegemann were exhibited in the book room . Ilse and her husband Anton Räderscheidt met them at the Cologne artists' rag balls. In November 1931 she was able to win László Moholy-Nagy for the lecture painting and photography in the book room. At this time after she became acquainted with the Cologne photographer Hannes Maria Flach , whose work she had a lasting influence.

Their daughter Brigitte was born on January 23, 1932. After her father Adolf Salberg died in the same year, Ilse Salberg-Metzger and her husband took over the management of Salberg GmbH . That year began her close friendship with Anton Räderscheidt, who portrayed her in his studio in Bickendorf . Generously financed by Ilse Metzger, Räderscheidt moved to Rome with Marta Hegemann and their two children for a study visit to the German Academy .

SA man in front of the Salberg store in Nuremberg (1935)

After the National Socialists came to power and the Jewish shops were boycotted , which also affected the Salberg Group, the Metzger couple also traveled to Rome. The friendship between Räderscheidt and Ilse Metzger deepened in Rome. Both left their spouses and initially returned to Cologne. She sold her company shares, transferred the proceeds to London , where her son Ernst went to school and handed over the management of Salberg GmbH to Rudolf Metzger, her sister Edith Nordschild and her brother-in-law Paul Nordschild.

Life partnership with Anton Räderscheidt

After the Salberg company was defamed in the Nazi business newspaper Die Deutsche Volkswirtschaft: Journal for National Socialist Economic Development on June 22, 1934 because of its Jewish owners, Ilse Salberg finally decided to apply to leave the country with Anton Räderscheidt. In December 1934 they went to Motzen near Wünsdorf with their daughter Brigitte to wait for their visas . During this time Ilse Salberg began to take photo series with the Leica III of the Motzen area. She accidentally got into the restricted area of ​​the newly created tank training area in Wünsdorf, was accused of espionage and briefly detained in Potsdam . After their release, both decided to flee without waiting for an official permit to leave the country. In 1935 Ilse Salberg first went to London to manage her financial affairs at the London & Westminster Bank.

Exile in France

In the spring of 1936 Ilse Salberg, Anton Räderscheidt and their four-year-old daughter Brigitte went to France. Here she rented a large studio with Räderscheidt at 26 Rue des Plantes in the house where Max Ernst also lived. She bought by the sculptor André Bloc land in Sanary-sur-Mer , which she with the Pavilion Le Patio in Bauhaus read cultivate style with artist's studio and darkroom.

In Paris, Ilse Salberg dealt with Héliogravure -Reproduktionen and came up with New Vision -Fotografinnen in conjunction, in the Galerie de la Pléiade on Jardin de Luxembourg exhibited. In her work she was significantly influenced by the photographs of the Paris-based photographers Ylla , Ilse Bing and Florence Henri , who became her artistic mentor , with whom she was lifelong friends.

Due to her financial independence, she was able - in contrast to many artists who emigrated to Paris - to acquire material and photographic equipment generously. Since 1936, she worked alongside the Leica with a Linhof Technika 6x9 and had a hand press installed in Le Patio for the héliogravures. Räderscheidt made it possible to work on large-format picture cycles that were exhibited in Paris in 1937. In 1937 they rented a spacious studio in the Villa Brune in Paris. For the 1937 World's Fair Marta Hegemann traveled to move to return to Germany to Paris and tried Räderscheidt. Due to the political developments in Germany, he decided to stay in France and with Ilse Salberg.

Ilse Salberg acquired several paintings by Pablo Picasso and Fernand Léger from the art collector Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and made the acquaintance of the art critic Tériade , who also published the influential art magazines Verve and La Bête Noire . In her photo gallery, Ilse Salberg worked - inspired by the animal photographs of Ylla - on macro shots of animals, especially insects . Another focus of her work during this period was the Anton cycle, large-format close-ups and nudes of her partner, a rather unusual and daring pictorial theme for women photographers in the 1930s.

She returned to Germany in May 1938 after her brother-in-law and business owner of Salberg GmbH, Paul Nordschild, was found dead in his house in Wiesbaden after an attack by National Socialists on May 3, 1938 . The family had strong doubts about the official police investigated suicide as the cause of death . After the death of Paul Nordschild, Ilse's sister Edith (born 1898, died 1976) emigrated to America with their daughters Annelie (born 1919) and Inge (born 1921) . Ilse Salberg used the trip to Germany to visit friends and relatives in Cologne. She discovered that her friend Hannes Maria Flach was murdered by a Nazi in October 1936. She turned to the Jewish photographer Hans Schiff , who made a few family portraits to remember as well as photographs of the Salberg Villa in Marienburg.

Löwenzahn, heliogravure 1938

Back in France, she worked intensively on animal photography, still life and macro photography . In March 1939 the fourth edition of Verve showed photographs by Ilse Salberg.

In the summer of 1939, her son Ernst visited her during the boarding school holidays in the south of France. The outbreak of the Second World War , although France was not yet occupied by the Wehrmacht , had a significant impact on the life of Ilse Salberg and her family. German citizens who lived in Great Britain and France were declared hostile aliens, and Ilse Salberg's accounts were frozen. While Ilse Salberg and her daughter were being held in the Gurs camp, all male Germans had to go to Toulon on September 7, 1939 , in order to be taken to the internment camp in Les Milles . During the detention, the political harmlessness of the detainees was checked on the basis of the expatriation lists published in the Reichsanzeiger. Ilse Salberg was separated from her daughter in Gurs because she fell ill due to the catastrophic hygienic conditions. Räderscheidt was interned in Les Milles together with Ilse's son Ernst and the Lion Feuchtwanger, who lived in his neighborhood, and met the publicist Alfred Kantorowicz in Les Milles . After two weeks, the detainees were allowed to leave the camp.

Memorial plaque for the German and Austrian artists and writers at the tourist office in Sanary-sur-Mer

After the German Wehrmacht invaded France in May 1940, Ernst Meyer and Anton Räderscheidt were ordered on May 18 to return to the Les Milles internment camp on May 21, 1940. Here they met many writers and artists who had gone into exile, among others. Lion Feuchtwanger, Golo Mann , Walter Hasenclever , Heinrich Maria Davringhausen , Max Ernst, Wols and Alfred Kantorowicz. Ilse Salberg and her daughter were imprisoned again in the Gurs camp. Many friends from Cologne and Sanary were trapped with them in Gurs, including Louise Straus-Ernst , Lore Auerbach-Davringhausen and Marta Feuchtwanger .

After her release, Ilse Salberg went back to Sanary with her daughter. Räderscheidt, Davringhausen, Kantorowicz and Ernst Meyer managed to escape from the phantom train from Les Milles to Bayonne and to make their way to Sanary on June 22, 1940 . The next few months were associated with great deprivation, as food was rationed and Ilse Salberg no longer had the opportunity to access her property and many of her relatives, who had regularly sent food parcels from Germany, had emigrated themselves in the meantime. In order to secure a livelihood, she sold jewelry and various valuables - with the exception of the paintings.

Despite the difficult situation, Ilse Salberg continued to work and made numerous still lifes of food that were reduced to the essentials. In 1940 the photo Eye of an Elephant was published by her in the British art compendium STILL .

At the beginning of 1942 the Villa Le Patio was confiscated by Italian troops and Ilse Salberg was expelled from the French gendarmerie with her children and Räderscheidt and brought to Barjols ( Var department ). They were placed under house arrest and had to report to the Draguignan gendarmerie every week .

The daughter Brigitte went to school in Barjols, Ernst continued his apprenticeship in viticulture, which he started in Sanary . Ilse Salberg continued to take photos in Barjols. In early September 1942, French policemen appeared in Barjols to arrest Ilse Salberg, the children and Räderscheidt. Ernst Meyer managed to distract and stop the gendarmes so that the others managed to escape to a neighbor. Ernst Meyer was immediately arrested on Les Milles to Drancy brought and on 7 September 1942 with the 29th transport to Auschwitz deported . It is not known whether Ernst Meyer arrived in Auschwitz on September 9, 1942 or was one of the 200 or so men fit for work who left the transport in Cosel and were deported to a labor camp.

Anton Räderscheidt returned to the apartment and gave the neighbor Emile Brunet personal belongings, drawings and photos, who hid them in the basement. The local butcher, Lucien Coquillat, hid the refugees in a truck under a load of meat and, at his own risk, brought them to the Swiss border.

Exile in Switzerland

After crossing the border illegally on September 8, 1942 near Collonges near Salève in Switzerland, Ilse Salberg, her daughter Brigitte and Anton Räderscheidt were arrested again and interned in the Eriswil reception camp in the canton of Bern . The official refugee policy of Switzerland in 1942 was designed to deter and was rigorously enforced. The family was separated: Ilse Salberg was taken to the Girenbad internment camp near Hinwil , where she had to work eight hours a day. Her eleven-year-old daughter was separated from her mother by the internment decision and placed with several foster families and then taken to a children's home in Aeugst . Räderscheidt was initially imprisoned in the Leysin camp on Lake Geneva and later in the Magliaso refugee camp near Lugano in Ticino , where he had to do field work. The emigrants were threatened with deportation at any time. On August 1, 1943, Ilse and Brigitte Salberg received permission to visit Räderscheidt in the Magliaso camp. On the occasion she made a photo report from life in Magliaso.

The director of the art museum in Basel, Georg Schmidt , whom Räderscheidt already knew from Cologne, stood up for the refugees. After his intervention, Räderscheidt, Ilse Salberg and their daughter were housed from October 1943 in the attic of the Hotel Bären in Münchenbuchsee as private internees of the commandant of the Magliaso refugee camp and thus saved from deportation. Since neither Ilse Salberg nor Anton Räderscheidt had a work permit in Switzerland, Ilse Salberg and Räderscheidt portrayed several family members of the hotel owner and made landscape pictures for private individuals in the area.

In 1944 Ilse Salberg fell ill with breast cancer . During this time Räderscheidt drew numerous pictures in order to pay the medical costs for the treatment of his partner. One year after the mastectomy , her condition worsened again after the second breast was also affected by a tumor . Ilse Salberg died on March 28, 1947 in Bern as a result of breast cancer.

After her death, Räderscheidt sold the paintings he had made in Switzerland to the Marbach Gallery in Bern and returned to Paris with Ilse Salberg's daughter Brigitte in 1947. Brigitte Metzger-Salberg later traveled to her father in the United States and died in Atlanta at the age of 77 .

reception

Ilse Salberg's photographs went unnoticed by the public for a long time. Most of her photographs from exile in France were lost while fleeing. Fortunately in 1963, Anton Räderscheidt and his new wife Giséle found paintings and negatives by Ilse Salberg in a cellar in Barjols, which she had to leave behind when she fled to Switzerland. The youngest son of Anton Räderscheidt, Pascal (1953–2014) decided in 2009 to show Ilse Salberg's photographs in addition to his father's works in an exhibition in Cologne. Comprehensive accompanying documentation was prepared for this exhibition. In 2014, Canadian curator Angelika Littlefield published a comprehensive biography of Ilse Salberg.

Literature about Ilse Salberg

  • Anne Gantführer-Trier: The "photo eye" of Ilse Salberg , In: Anton Räderscheidt. Painting. Use Salberg. Photograph. Frontier workers. Escape and a new beginning 1936–1947 . Exhibition catalog, Cologne 2009.
  • Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg. Weimar Photographer . 2014

Web links

Commons : Ilse Salberg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Barbara Becker-Jákli: The Jewish cemetery Cologne-Bocklemünd: history, architecture and biographies . emons, Cologne 2016, ISBN 978-3-95451-889-0 , p. 113 .
  2. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 2 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  3. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 3 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  4. ↑ a b Collection Online | Berlinische Galerie | Your museum for modern and contemporary art in Berlin. Retrieved January 22, 2020 .
  5. ↑ a b Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 4 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  6. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 5 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  7. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) pp. 5–7 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  8. ^ Barbara Becker-Jákli: The Jewish cemetery Cologne-Bocklemünd: history, architecture and biographies . emons, Cologne 2016, ISBN 978-3-95451-889-0 , p. 114 .
  9. ↑ a b c Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 8 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  10. ↑ a b Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) pp. 8–9 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  11. ↑ a b Raederscheidt: Les Monstres. Retrieved January 24, 2020 .
  12. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 13 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  13. ↑ Sanary sur Mer - 'Le Patio'. Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
  14. ↑ Magali Laure Nieradka: The capital of German literature: Sanary-sur-Mer as a place of exile for German-speaking writers . V & R Unipress, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-89971-792-1 , p. 46 .
  15. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 15 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  16. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 13 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  17. ↑ a b Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 12 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  18. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) pp. 15–16 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  19. ^ Obituaries for Paul Nordschild . In: Jüdische Rundschau . May 13, 1939, p. 7 .
  20. ^ Barbara Becker-Jákli: The Jewish cemetery Cologne-Bocklemünd: history, architecture and biographies . emons, Cologne 2016, ISBN 978-3-95451-889-0 , p. 115 .
  21. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) pp. 9–10 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  22. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) pp. 18–19 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  23. ↑ a b c d Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 23 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  24. ↑ a b c d Anton Räderscheidt: un peintre allemand à l'épreuve des camps. In: Histoire pénitentiaire et Justice militaire. August 15, 2011, accessed on January 25, 2020 (Fri-FR).
  25. ↑ a b Les Milles. Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
  26. ^ Camp de Gurs. Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
  27. ↑ a b c Artists - Anton Räderscheidt - Estate - Anton Räderscheidt - Osper Kunsthandlung. Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
  28. ↑ a b c Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 24 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  29. ^ Memorial sheet: Ernst Meyer. In: Memorial book for the victims of the persecution of Jews under the National Socialist tyranny in Germany 1933–1945. Federal Archives, accessed on January 25, 2020 .
  30. ↑ Ernst Meyer. Retrieved January 25, 2020 .
  31. ^ Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution. Retrieved January 25, 2020 .
  32. ↑ Lucien Coquillat. Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
  33. ↑ Forms and accompanying documents from DPs in Switzerland: Räderscheidt - Salberg / ID 81146026. Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  34. ↑ a b Exile Switzerland. Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
  35. ↑ Brigitte Salberg. Retrieved January 25, 2020 .
  36. ^ Camp Magliaso. Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
  37. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 25 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  38. ↑ Hotel Bären Münchenbuchsee. Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
  39. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 25 , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
  40. ↑ Paid Notice: Deaths PERLINE, BRIGITTE (METZGER). Retrieved January 26, 2020 (English).
  41. ^ Susanne Hengesbach: Exhibition: Eight declarations of love with the camera. May 3, 2009, accessed on January 26, 2020 (German).
  42. ↑ Angelika Littlefield: Ilse Salberg - Weimar Photographer. (PDF) p. 25f. , accessed on January 26, 2020 (English).
personal data
SURNAME Salberg, Ilse
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Meyer, Ilse (first married name); Meyer-Metzger, Ilse; Metzger, Ilse; Metzger-Salberg, Ilse (second married name)
SHORT DESCRIPTION German entrepreneur, photographer and patron
DATE OF BIRTH January 9, 1901
PLACE OF BIRTH Goerlitz
DATE OF DEATH March 28, 1947
Place of death Bern