Screw lica

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As Schraubleica are colloquially all rangefinder cameras (English Rangefinder Camera ) from Leitz called that before Leica-M were built series and no lens mount had - except for the first Leica series with fixed 50mm standard lens were interchangeable lenses by precision oriented M39 × 1/26 "thread to the camera screwed , the first Leica with the Leica M bayonet was in 1954 presented Leica M3 .

The central idea of ​​the Leica inventor Oskar Barnack was to construct a compact photo camera with the 35 mm wide cinema film , which was small for the time , and whose negatives were suitable for larger enlargements. Compared to the box and bellows cameras with roll film that were common at the beginning of the last century and the forerunners of a 35mm camera built 20 years earlier , Barnack's first series Leica was extremely innovative; In retrospect, the decision to produce it led to an epoch-making change in imaging photography as well as to a dominant market position in 35mm photography for over seven decades .

prehistory

Original Leica

The story of the screwleica began between 1913 and 1914 with two experimental devices, which Oskar Barnack, as development manager for 35 mm film cameras at the Leitz company, designed and built on his own initiative. Considerations for a 35mm camera with double-sided perforated 35 mm cinema film ( silent film ) had already been made a few years earlier by designers, mainly from Europe (including Denmark , Italy , France and, in particular, companies from the German Empire such as C. P. Goerz and Ernemann-Werke AG ) has been implemented in practice. The first patents for the basic principle of the 35mm camera followed, registered in France, England and the German Empire, but neither standardization nor a noteworthy market for 35mm cameras could develop from this.

The cinema image of the 35 mm film, which was produced with the film running vertically, had the format 18 mm × 24 mm ; In order to make optimal use of the format, Barnack had designed both experimental devices with 24 mm × 36 mm or a 3: 2 aspect ratio to double the cinema picture made possible by the horizontal alignment of the film guide. The apparatus still had numerous weaknesses, in particular the focal plane shutter and the experimental cinema and microscope lenses . For example, filled the retractable, with an iris diaphragm and the focusing equipped with a focusing mount microscope objective Leitz micro Summar 1: 4.5 F = 4.2 cm (6 elements, symmetrical arrangement) is not the desired Barnack resolution through which it tried to define the comparison with the 13 cm × 18 cm and 9 cm × 12 cm plate formats customary at the time . With both cameras, pictures of respectable quality were taken, photographed by the company owner and his designer with their respective devices.

Enthusiastic about the properties of the camera, Ernst Leitz II (the second son and successor of the company founder Ernst Leitz I ) submitted a patent application for the camera Barnack called "Lilliput" on June 12, 1914, but this was rejected. According to the Imperial Patent Office , a patent from the company Carl Zeiss / Jena and a French patent were affected, so that only a 10-year utility model protection was granted.

The apparatus used by Ernst Leitz, what is now known as the original Leica , is kept under lock and key in the Leica Camera AG museum . In order to meet numerous inquiries, the company produced a number of 2,000 replicas of this first prototype between 2000 and 2002, with the inscription Replica of the original Leica .

Second prototype and Leica 0

After the end of the First World War , Barnack resumed development and constructed a second prototype between 1918 and 1920 ("Barnack's camera number 3"). A significant improvement of this device consisted (among other things) in the sequence control of the shutter curtains, the slot width of which could now be adjusted from 2 mm to 38 mm using a slot width selector and a slot adjustment knob . For the two horizontally running shutter curtains, this resulted in 5 (later 7) defined slits of different widths corresponding to shutter times of 1/20 s to 1/500 s. Further improvements related to the coupling of the shutter with the gear for film transport, as well as an associated image distance in combination with an image counter to avoid unintentional or overlapping double exposures. A rewind mechanism including a rewind button was not yet available. H. the film had to be unloaded in the darkroom or with the help of a changing bag after removing the base plate.

A single copy of this camera can be viewed in the Leitz factory museum.

From 1923 to 1924 work was carried out on a pilot series model , of which around 25 copies were made and handed over to photographers for test purposes. The devices later unofficially named Leica 0 already had essential features of the series model produced in the following year. A still unsolved problem related to the focal plane shutter, the closing cloths of which did not overlap during film transport and consequently exposed the film - the lens had to be closed with a lid during film transport until the shutter was fully tensioned.

Twelve cameras of the pilot series model have been preserved, of which recently individual copies that were auctioned at auctions for record sums in the millions have changed hands.

  • Oskar Barnack

  • Wetzlar in 1914 (O. Barnack)

  • Original Leica

  • Replica of the original Leica

  • Replica of the original Leica

  • Leica 0

Series models

The final decision to transfer the already well advanced prototype development to series production was made by Ernst Leitz II in June 1924. This was preceded by long debates with his closest employees about technical details and the problematic risk assessment of the market launch of the 35mm camera developed by Oskar Barnack. The financial risks that the company took in the economically difficult period shortly after the currency reform (1923–1925) were considerable, because in addition to the sophisticated camera mechanics, a system of high-resolution lenses, projectors and magnifiers had to be developed and made ready for series production or the market to be brought.

The experience gained with the pilot series model was used for further modifications by solving important details such as the locking problem and screwing a practical ( Galilean ) telescope viewfinder firmly onto the top of the camera. The thorough revision led to the first trial series production of 850 cameras between 1924 and 1925. The devices were also called “Barnack camera” or “Leca” (Leitz camera) in-house in addition to “Lilliput”, but initially had no name except for the engraving for the serial number and the inscription Ernst Leitz Wetzlar DRP (German Reich Patent); the world-famous “Leica” name tag was only introduced seven years later with the Leica II (D) .

Leica I (A) (1925–1930)

Leica I (A), serial number 12711 (1928); Lens: Leitz Elmar 1: 3.5 F = 50 mm
Leica I (A) (1929 or 1930); Lens: Leitz Elmar f = 5 cm 1: 3.5 ; Redesign of the release button and lens engraving (see picture on the left)
Leica I (A), serial number 20502 (1929); formerly owned by Henry Cartier-Bresson
Leica I (A), serial number 5193 (1927); with attached sectional view rangefinder ( code : FODIS )

The official Leica and modern terms Leica I - in the US Leica Model A (or Leica Model IA ) - called camera came with the presentation at the Leipzig Spring Fair 1925 on the market and paved the miniature photography with 35 mm film in the so-called 24 mm × 36 mm-35mm format the breakthrough to one of the most successful mass products of the modern era. For both professional and amateur photographers , the "small picture" became the dominant recording or camera format.

Due to the high quality standards, the Leica cost about 1½ times the average monthly wage, but - taking into account the market situation at the time, low incomes and the poor purchasing power of the population after the First World War and the subsequent currency reform - it developed with 21,000 units sold in the first almost four years to an unexpected sales success.

The robust camera, whose housing was made of aluminum and which managed without the sensitive bellows , combined reliability, low weight, minimal dimensions and high flexibility for fast image series with a large number of images (maximum 36 to 40 per film and type). Properties that not only enabled the Leica photographer to take surprising “ snapshots ”, but also created a new dynamic style with the camera in front of the eye (instead of in front of the stomach). Previously unknown photographers and photojournalists were supposed to gain fame through the "inconspicuous documentation of the decisive moment" with their pictures and not least contribute to the success of the Leica; the most famous representative from this direction was the French all-rounder Henri Cartier-Bresson .

Before taking the picture , the photographer was able to aim at the subject using the fixed telescopic viewfinder, the distance for focusing either had to be estimated or determined using an attachable rangefinder (right / below in the picture) and then manually transferred to the lens distance scale . Similar was true of the exposure measurement , attachable devices were not manufactured by Leitz, but by accessory manufacturers as the company Metrawatt compact in the form of selenium - light meter . A single accessory shoe was provided directly above the lens axis to accommodate one of these additional devices.

The Leica was designed for special, reusable, light-tight Leitz film cassettes with a maximum of 1.65 m of 35mm film, the double casing of which opened automatically when the bottom cover of the camera was closed using a pin or lever mechanism. The somewhat over-engineered cassette was replaced in late 1931 by the more practical Model D , a single metal case with a velvet-lined slot and a removable lid. The photographer usually assembled the cassettes himself by fitting them in the darkroom with individually cut pieces of film by the meter (common products had a length of 30.5 m). The ready-made 35mm cartridges that are commercially available today came onto the market around 1933 and quickly became established.

There were still a number of hurdles to overcome with regard to the film material . Companies such as Agfa , Kodak , Mimosa or Perutz almost without exception produced orthochromatic black-and-white films with a low sensitivity of today's maximum ISO  12, whose pronounced sensitivity to blue-green light required a yellow filter in front of the lens and consequently an additional extension for the most natural tonal value reproduction or tonal value accuracy possible the exposure time; further shortcomings resulted from the steep or hard gradation and the film grain that was considerably too coarse for large-format enlargements . Due to the growing acceptance of the 35mm format, however, the situation should gradually change, since continuously improved panchromatically sensitized films including suitable fine-grain developers and processing equipment were offered by numerous and in some cases newly founded companies.

The Leica I (A) was only available in black, i.e. H. the brass camera cover and base were burned in with black enamel paint, and their lens was also not interchangeable in the sense of a system camera , as the classification as "screw Leica" suggests the opposite.

Standard lenses of the Leica I (A)

The first approximately 170 copies of the Leica I (A) were equipped with the 5-lens Leitz Anastigmat 1: 3.5 F = 5 cm standard lens , a further development of the 3-lens Cooke triplet with special glasses to provide the absolutely necessary high resolution for to enable the small negative format. That of Max Berek projected lens was a little later in his honor the name Elmax ( E rnst L Eitz - Max Berek) and was in a number of (different estimates) 700-1000 pieces by the year 1926 at the Leica I (A) installed .

So that, in addition to increasing the optical performance, the elaborate (rear- facing ) 3- fold cemented element of the Elmax could be saved, Berek soon afterwards designed a four-lens lens - the popular Leitz - using new, abnormally dispersing types of glass from the glass manufacturer Sendlinger Optische Glaswerke Elmar 1: 3.5 F = 5 cm . The optical structure of the Elmar is basically identical to the competitor product Carl Zeiss Jena Tessar 1: 3.5 F = 5 cm , whose basic principle (using the world's first types of glass with anomalous dispersion from the Jena glass technology laboratory Schott & Genossen ) was patented as early as 1902 and for which the property rights had expired in 1922. After the approximately 850 copies of the first (test) series, the Leica I (A) was equipped with the Elmar, which, due to its excellent sharpness, remained the standard lens of the screw-in Leicas almost unchanged until the late 1950s. For reasons of patent law (patent holder was Carl Zeiss Jena ) , Leitz was not able to realize a compensation of the lenses for a lower susceptibility to stray and back light as well as a protective hard coating for the front and rear lenses until 1946; However, it can be stated that the uncoated Elmar does not lack good values ​​for contrast and color rendering in uncritical light situations and that it is precisely the exposure behavior that enables images with the desired special aesthetics. The metal frame of the Elmar was made entirely of brass , as was customary at the time (in the absence of suitable high-quality stainless steels and aluminum alloys) and retained until the end of production; To protect the copper-containing metal against patina , the frame was coated with a nickel or (from 1936) chrome layer with a few exceptions.

In the last year of production (1930) of the Leica I (A) , the buyer could either opt for the Elmar or the more powerful and much more expensive Leitz Hektor 1: 2.5 F = 5 cm ; the lens, also developed by Max Berek (six lenses cemented into three groups in pairs) was used with 1,330 units on the Leica I (A) . Its production was discontinued in 1937 after a total edition of around 10,300 pieces (screw thread and bayonet connection) after the slightly easier to manufacture Leitz Summar 1: 2 F = 5 cm was available in 1933 .

Identification code

After the successful introduction of the Leica I (A) , the Leitz company began to create a catalog in which cameras, lenses and accessories were listed with a 5-digit letter code (so-called order words , some with suffixes); the code lasted until 1960 when it was replaced by a number system. Taking the Leica I (A) as an example , these included the following code words : LEANE meant the camera with a fixed Elmar lens, ditto with the leather case ETRUX resulted in LETTO , instead with the ever- ready case ESNEL it became LENEL ; the entire equipment from LEANE , leather case ETRIN and three film cassettes (code?) was called LEICA .

Leica Luxus (1930)

Leica in luxury version

Based on the Leica I (A) , the Leica Luxus was launched in 1930 , which differed from the standard model in terms of a matt gold-plated case and lizard leather covering instead of the normal Vulcanit hard rubber or calf leather cover (code: LEANE-KALB ) .

Apparently there were few wealthy buyers for the “Luxus-Leica” (code: LELUX ), only 87 copies of this type are occupied.

Leica Compur (B) (1926–1930)

Like the luxury model, the Leica Compur ("Compur-Leica", in the USA Leica Model B ; Code: LECUR ), also derived from the Leica I (A) , with around 1,500 to 1,700 units, was not a commercial success, although it was offered at a lower price and had a certain advantage to offer: the central shutter enabled longer exposure times to be set, which was not yet possible with the control mechanism of the Leica I (A) for the focal plane shutter (shortest time: 1/25 s, later 1/20 s). A first series was made between 1926 and 1929 with 640 copies. The devices had two dials on the front of the Compur shutter integrated in the Elmar lens for shutter speeds from 1 s to 1/300 s as well as “B” and “T” for time recordings and “M” for snapshots. To cock and release the shutter, two different levers had to be operated and the film transport was not linked to the shutter lift. In addition to the somewhat impractical, time-consuming operation, there may be a misfocusing that resulted from manipulating the levers and setting dials. A second model, made with around 800 copies between 1929 and 1930, simplified the operation somewhat by a further developed shutter with a single setting ring for the shutter speeds.

Today, both luxury Leicas and Compur-Leicas are sought-after collector's items, with very large numbers of counterfeits of the former.

Leica I (C) (1931–1933)

Leica I (C) with interchangeable lens Hektor 1: 2 F = 5 cm
Leica I (C) with interchangeable lens Elmar 1: 6.3 F = 10.5 cm (1932)

With the successor to the Leica I (A) , the Leica I (C) developed into a system camera. Unlike the predecessor, the M39 × 1/26 "screw thread (26 turns per inch  ≙  0.977 mm pitch ) for the Initially, the lenses had to be individually adjusted to the camera due to the different tolerance-related support dimensions between the screw-on ring and the film plane, until the mount with the "Leica thread" and a flange focal length of 28.8 mm was standardized from 1931 (indicated by the engraving a "0" at the top of the screw-on ring).

Just like the Leica I (A) model , the Leica I (C) (code: LENEU without lens, LEOMU with 50 mm ELMAR ) , which was manufactured with a total of around 11,000 units, was delivered exclusively with black enamel .

Lenses

Towards the end of 1931, in addition to the Hektor 1: 2.5 F = 5 cm (left in the picture; code: HEKTOR , later HEKTO ), two further lenses calculated by Max Berek in the final form of the screw mount complemented the Elmar standard lens (code: ELMAR ) : Elmar 1: 3.5 F = 3.5 cm (code: EKURZ ) - corresponding to the development status of wide-angle lenses at the time, not very powerful and only replaced by the Summaron 1: 3.5 F = 35 mm in 1949 - as well as the voluminous Elmar (I. ) 1: 4 F = 9 cm (Code: ELANG ), which was followed in 1932 by a much lighter built and very successful second variant until the 1960s.

In order to be able to offer a focal length that is 3 times longer than the normal focal length, a new 150 mm lens was not developed, but an older 13.5 cm Tessar standard lens for plate cameras with an Elmar 1: 4 F = 13.5 cm (code: EFERN ), although its resolution, which was not intended for the small picture format, was of course unsatisfactory - the size "Z" of the circles of confusion was ~ 100  µm , desirable or necessary was ≤ 30 µm.

The Elmar 1: 6.3 F = 10.5 cm (code: ELZEN ) in the picture on the right appeared one year after the introduction of the Leica I (C) . This lens, too, was originally designed for large-format plate cameras and, due to its lack of good performance, did not become very popular.

The increasing success of the Leica meant that after the standardization of its screw connection, M39 lenses from other optics manufacturers with sometimes better performance came onto the market. E.g. the unrivaled high light intensity Kino-Plasmat 1: 1.5 F = 50 mm or F = 75 mm from Hugo Meyer Görlitz or Tessar , Sonnar and Biotar lenses from Carl Zeiss Jena .

However, all these lenses, including the Leitz originals, had two not inconsiderable limitations on the Leica: the viewfinder of all screw-in Leica (with the exception of the Leica IIIg, introduced 27 years later ) only ever showed the angle of view of the normal lens with a focal length of 50 mm, which is good every lens deviating from the normal focal length required an additional viewfinder. And there was still no objective-side control curve for an automatic transmission of the distance setting to a range finder.

Leica II (D) (1932–1948)

Leica thread (M39 × 1/26 "screw thread), illustration of the automatic coupling between lens and integrated rangefinder: Transmission of the axial movement of the inner worm (focusing) via a radially movable roller (lens: Summicron 1: 2 F = 50 mm , 1953 )
Leica II (D) black, serial number 67777 (1932); Conversion of Leica I (C)
Replica of the Leica II: Zorki 1C (USSR, approx. 1950)
Leica II (D) black, serial number 252180 (1937)
Leica II (D); screw-on interchangeable lens: Hektor 1: 4.5 F = 13.5 cm (1933)

From 1932, the new Leica II (D) model, a rangefinder, became an integral part of the camera body as an outstanding innovation. Oskar Barnack's invention made it possible for the first time to automatically couple the integrated rangefinder with the screwed-on interchangeable lens (picture left) from 35 mm to 135 mm and was considered a masterpiece of optical-mechanical precision. The rangefinder, the viewfinder with the mirrored light frame, the shutter speed wheel (1/20 s - 1/500 s) including part of the shutter speed mechanism and the accessory shoe were integrated under an elongated cap above the housing, creating the characteristic shape of the screw leash. which was essentially retained until the last Leica IIIg model .

Unlike the Contax II from Zeiss Ikon AG presented in 1936, the Leica II (D) or the entire screw Leica model series is not a rangefinder camera , as - as can be seen in the picture below on the left - it has separate insights for the rangefinder and the viewfinder eyepiece needed.

The Leica II (D) (code: LYCAN , LYKUP with 50 mm- ELMAR ) was the first model to be engraved with the stylistically designed “Leica” name, which has remained almost unchanged to this day.

By 1948, almost 37,000 black and around 15,000 light chrome-plated copies had been produced, making the camera one of the longest built, but also one of the most frequently copied Leica models; To this day, the Russian Zorki cameras, which look almost identical on the outside, are systematically labeled with Leica lettering by counterfeiters in order to deceive potential buyers.

Competitive model Zeiss Ikon Contax

The Contax I , designed as a competitor to the Leica, was introduced a short time before the Leica II (D) . It was the first significant competitor on the expanding 35mm camera market, which immediately showed some considerable improvements compared to the Leica II (D) : its modern die-cast housing looked more angular and voluminous and thus less compact, but consisted as a whole of an aluminum alloy ( figuratively speaking, “from one piece”), while the Leica, in the course of its technical evolution, was more or less “attached” to functional elements under a hood made of stamped sheet metal. The unit consisting of the rear wall and base cover was easily removable, which made it much easier to insert the film. From the user's point of view, the coupled rangefinder with a very large and correspondingly precise measuring base as well as its integration in the viewfinder from the successor model Contax II - the first rangefinder camera ever -, a lens bayonet for a quick lens change and a focal plane shutter that can be controlled with a single dial were also advantageous made of metal lamellas, which for the first time enabled a shortest exposure time of 1/1000 s. In addition, the standard focal lengths Carl Zeiss Sonnar 1: 2 f = 5 cm and 1: 1.5 f = 5 cm developed for the Contax were also offered as M39 models for the Leica. For a long time, Leitz was unable to match the excellent Sonnaren by the highly talented Zeiss optics developer Ludwig Bertele in terms of the combination of light intensity, resolution and contrast properties, but the exorbitantly high prices of Zeiss competitors stood in the way of wider use on the Leica. In contrast to the Leica, whose construction followed a certain minimalism (“as much as necessary, as little as possible”), the Contax rangefinder camera was designed for unconditional innovation; the associated high production costs and sales prices did not make the Contax any less popular, but measured in terms of the number of units, the Leica could not even come close to being successful.

Lenses

As early as 1932, the year the Leica II (D) was launched , it was possible to speak of a real system camera, as no fewer than seven Leitz lenses with screw mounts were available at that time , including the Elmar 1: 3.5 F = 5 cm (1925) Available: Elmar 1: 3.5 F = 3.5 cm (1931), Elmar 1: 4.5 F = 13.5 cm (1931), Hektor 1: 2.5 F = 5 cm (1930), Hektor 1 : 1.9 F = 7.3 cm (1932, Code: HEKON ), Elmar 1: 4 F = 9 cm (1932) and Elmar 1: 6.3 F = 10.5 cm (1932).

The Hektor 1: 4.5 F = 13.5 cm in the picture on the right came onto the market one year after the introduction of the Leica II (D) . The picture also shows the universal viewfinder (code: VIDOM ) with adjustable field diaphragm and parallax compensation , but a reversed image - intended for all screw-on lenses, with the exception of Hektor F = 28 mm and Telyt F = 200 mm .

Leica Standard (E) (1932–1947/1948)

Leica Standard (E), serial number 244297 (1937) - see also picture on the right; Saving measure: bare lens tube, unprotected against oxidation
Leica Standard (E), serial number 244297 (1937)

Parallel to the Leica II (D) , the Leica Standard (E) (Code: ALVOO ) was introduced as an entry-level model, which was essentially similar to the further developed but short-lived model Leica I (C) without a rangefinder and the innovation of the Leica II (D) in The shape of the pull-out rewind button for easy winding of the film possessed. During its production time, the camera was the simplest model manufactured by Leitz, but it was possible to convert it to the Leica II (D) and later to the Leica III (F) and Leica IIIa (G) .

The first series of 5,000 units of the apparatus produced from 1932 onwards was enamelled in black (code: LENOT , LEMAX with 50 mm- ELMAR ), the first light chrome-plated version (code: LENOT-CHROM , LEMAX-CHROM with 50 mm- ELMAR ) followed the following year. The Leica Standard was successfully sold in series for several years with 3,000 to 4,000 units per year . With a total production of around 27,000 units, it was listed for the last time for the years 1947/1948 and was subsequently produced with a small number of approx. 530 units until 1950.

Leica III (F) (1933–1939)

Leica III (F); Lens: Summar f = 5 cm 1: 2

Based on the Leica II (D) , the shutter control of the Leica III (F) was supplemented with the so - called long - term movement . This the first time allowed a slow shutter speed between 1/20 s and 1 s, but an additional Langzeitenrad be set on the front of the camera had. Furthermore, the view of the integrated rangefinder has been supplemented with a diopter compensation and its image has been enlarged by 50% in order to achieve a higher setting accuracy for the new long-range lenses . Carrying eyelets that are taken for granted today only found their way into series production on the Leica III (F) , after which the photographer either had to hold the camera unsecured in his hand or use an ever-ready case when taking pictures; a large number of the Leica Standard (E) and Leica II (D) were retrofitted with it.

The Leica III (F) was delivered with black enamel (code: LYDRO or LYMAR with 50 mm- ELMAR ) or bright chrome (code: AFOOF ). Although an improved model, the Leica IIIa (G) , came onto the market in 1935, production of the Leica III (F) continued for four years and ended up with around 76,800 units.

Lenses

When the Leica III (F) was released, the previous range of lenses was expanded to include two more models: Summar 1: 2 F = 5 cm (1933, Code: SUMAR , 1934: SUMUS ) - a six- lens , asymmetrical Gaussian double lens , although more powerful, otherwise in inferior to all optical concerns the 1: 3.5 Elmar - and the Hektor 1: 4.5 F = 13.5 cm (code: HEFAR ), which replaced the Elmar 1: 4.5 F = 13.5 cm from 1931 because it was easier to manufacture. Calculated by Berek, the Hektor ultimately also had a modest resolution due to the lack of suitable types of glass (required glasses with anomalous dispersion or significantly reduced refractive power in blue light are related to the correction of color errors due to the chromatic aberration , which influences the resolution ).

Leica 250 (Reporter FF / GG) (1934–1943)

Leica 250 Reporter (FF or GG) with attached frame viewfinder

Based on the Leica III (F) and later the Leica IIIa (G) , special models for professional photographers were launched from 1934 based on a prototype constructed by Barnack in 1933, which were named Leica 250 after the maximum number of shots (code: LOOMY , LOOYE with 50 mm ELMAR ). Called the Leica Reporter in the USA , the two versions were given the additional designation FF and GG, based on the F and G models .

In contrast to the normal series models, the film on the Leica 250 is only transported from reel to reel by switchable single or series exposure in the two unusually large 10 m film cassettes and not rewound into a cartridge. Photo reporters appreciated the possibility of removing the cassette in daylight and cutting individual sections of the film with a special knife.

Leitz also designed an electric drive that was in electrical contact with the camera via two contact pins (three contacts on the USA model) on the base plate of the camera. The number of these specially modified Leica 250s turned out to be less than 200, which was probably mainly due to the fact that the drive, which was built according to the electrotechnical standards of the time, was extraordinarily "robust" - ie. H. due to the lack of strong permanent magnets, heavy and voluminous electric motors, driven by inefficient (zinc) "carbon batteries" - turned out to be exceptionally bulky.

Production of the generally black enameled Leica 250 continued with interruptions until 2 years before the end of the Second World War and, including the two prototypes and some light chrome-plated models for the US market, totaled 1,002 units.

Leica IIIa (G) (1935–1948)

Leica IIIa (G), serial number 206617 (1936)
Leica IIIa (G), serial number 173694 (1935); revised after the war ("DBP")
Leica IIIa (G), serial number 173694 - see picture above

Two years after the start of production of the Leica III (F) , the Leica IIIa (G) was introduced, which differs from the previous model ( Leica III (F) : 1 / 500 s) difference. The new shutter was Oskar Barnack's last contribution to the development of the Leica: immediately after his 25th anniversary with Leitz, the important designer died in 1936 at the age of 57.

Unlike the Leica III (F) , the Leica IIIa (G) was only available with a light chrome-plated housing (code: AGNOO and LUOOB , ADKOO with 50 mm ELMAR ).

Around 91,000 pieces were manufactured, of which around 400 were also brightly chrome-plated in the production period 1946–1947, which were assembled after the war by the Saroptico company in St. Ingbert in the French- occupied Saar area (engraving: DRP Ernst Leitz Wetzlar Germany Monté en Sarre ); in this way the high import duties France imposed on ready-made German cameras should be avoided. Some copies from this production have already been equipped with a film marker in the film transport button, which is otherwise only found on the Leica IIIf .

Incidentally, until the 1960s it was common practice for the Leitz company to convert older models to the current state of the art according to customer requirements. The Leica IIIa (G) marks the highest level of expansion that can be achieved with the first Leica I (A) model . Thus, it represents a first high point of the screw leica development and at the same time marks the end of the first generation of screw leica.

Lenses

In 1935, three more Leitz lenses came onto the market for the screwed Leicas : Hektor 1: 6.3 F = 2.8 cm (code: HOOPY ) - as the first 28 mm wide-angle lens and like the Elmar 1: 3.5 F = 3.5 cm wide-angle lens still very imperfectly corrected (low sharpness and contrast) -, Telyt 1: 4.5 F = 20 cm (code: OTPLO ) - 11,500 units shipped up to 1960 - and Thambar 1: 2.2 F = 9 cm (code: TOODY ), a lens with a soft focus effect , advertised for use in portrait photography , and available with approx. 3,000 copies made until 1949.

Leica IIIb (G 1938) (1938–1946)

Leica IIIb (G); Lens: Summar 1: 2 F = 50 mm (1933)

The Leica IIIb (G 1938) was based on the Leica IIIa (G) and was a transitional model that made it easier for the eye to transition between the two perspectives with closer together viewing openings for the finder and rangefinder.

A conversion to later models was not possible, ditto a conversion of earlier models to the Leica IIIb (G 1938) .

The production figures of the model IIIb (G) (code: LEYOO with 50 mm- ELMAR ) amount to about 32,700 pieces.

Leica IIIc (1940–1951)

Leica IIIc, serial number 384761 (1941/42); Lens: Summitar 1: 2 F = 5 cm (1939)
Leica IIIc, serial number 384761

With the Leica IIIc (with the adoption of the name for the North American market) a completely new housing was introduced, which was much easier to manufacture using the die-casting process than the old multi-part housing. Outwardly, it still corresponds to the usual shape, although it is a few millimeters larger. As a result, some accessories such as high-speed elevators or motors had to be adapted; their use on earlier Leica models was therefore excluded. In terms of functionality, the Leica IIIc essentially corresponds to the Leica IIIb (G 1938) model . Some cameras from the 1940/1941 production years (code: LOOGI with 50 mm ELMAR ) were equipped with red sealing cloths on the back instead of black ones . This material was obtained on a trial basis from Kodak in the 1930s and was temporarily used ten years later due to a shortage due to the war; if the apparatus came back to the factory after the war, it was replaced with normal black cloth.

The Leica IIIc was after the war (Code: LOOHW , LOOPN with tempered 50 mm ELMAR ) subjected successively various revisions that expressed externally in some significant detail changes compared to the built before 1945 model - including no increased sales under the Rückspulfreigabehebel, no Button on the rangefinder adjustment lever, an additional lock button for long exposure times; Models marked with a “K” had ball bearings in the shutter and in the film transport mechanism. What was interesting for buyers was the increased speed of the shutter - the time it takes for a shutter to move from one side of the film window to the other was now 1/30 s instead of 1/20 s. This offered advantages both with short exposure times and with the flash synchronization of the later Leica IIIf , because fast-moving subjects not only appeared sharp at 1/1000 s, but also less distorted, and flash photos could be taken with a shorter basic exposure time.

The Leica IIIc was only produced in a light chrome-plated version, with the exception of a few examples in gray and gray-blue paint for the army and the air force (from 1942). Due to interruptions and jumps in the numbering, the number (consisting of the sum of the pre-war and post-war Leica IIIc ) can only be roughly estimated at around 131,000 copies.

Lenses

Up to and including 1940, when the Leica IIIc was introduced , the already considerable number of screw-on lenses had increased by another two models: Xenon 1: 1.5 F = 5 cm (1936, code: XEMOO ) - the very bright one Further development of the Summar 1: 2 F = 5 cm -, and Summitar 1: 2 F = 5 cm (1939, Code: SOORE ).

The Summarex 1: 1.5 F = 8.5 cm ( 1943 , code: SOOCX ) - brought onto the market two years before the end of the war ( sic !) - was an asymmetrical variant of the Gaussian double lens , high resolution and extremely fast, today very bright coveted and accordingly dearly traded.

Leica IIId (1940–1945)

Based on the Leica IIIc made during the war , 427 copies of the extremely rare Leica IIId (code: LOOTP , LOOUC with 50 mm- ELMAR ) were made, of which only a few are likely to be preserved in their original condition. It is characterized by an additional self-timer next to the long-term bike.

A natural successor to the Leica IIId in the form of a Leica IIIe was never officially produced, although some experts consider the revised post-war IIIc to be the Leica IIIe . The retention of the name of the extremely successful IIIc ultimately emphasized a certain continuity and made it easier for the Leitz company to re-enter the market.

Leica IIc (1949–1951)

The rise in demand for Leica cameras shortly after the war gave rise to the production of the Leica IIc , which was to be distinguished above all by a price that was affordable for both the producer and the buyer. In order not to go significantly below the (pre-war) standard created with the Leica IIIc , this model served as the basis for the simplified Leica IIc . The main differences were expressed in the omission of the 1/1000 s and the long "T" exposure times; consequently the long-term wheel was missing, in the place of which there was either a bare or a leather-covered metal disc. Further distinguishing features consisted of a simplified housing structure without a raised shoulder under the rewind release lever and, ditto, an accessory shoe with a single instead of two independent clamping springs. The Leica IIc could be expanded to the IIf , IIIc and IIIf ; conversions are also known in which only the 1/1000 s was retrofitted. The devices all bore the designation of the pre-war models with the engraving Leica DRP Ernst Leitz Wetzlar Germany .

In view of the fact that the film speed is still relatively low, the lack or the need for long exposure times was probably the main reason why only 11,000 of the Leica IIc were built.

Leica Ic (1949–1952)

After production of the Leica Standard (E) was discontinued in 1948, the Leica Ic was produced on the basis of the Leica IIIc, a special camera for scientific purposes and microscope photography that required neither a viewfinder nor a range finder; instead, two accessory shoes (each with a single spring) were attached. Like the Leica IIc , the Leica Ic has exposure times of 1/30 s - 1/500 s and a blind cover instead of the long-term dial. It could be converted into a IIc , IIIc and a Leica IIIf .

The need for laboratory cameras - even with limited exposure times - was apparently not small, because in the relatively short three-year production period three series with 5,000, 4,000 and 2,800 devices were produced (code: OEFGO , OEGIO with 50 mm viewfinder , OEINO with 50 mm ELMAR ).

Lenses (after 1945)

After the Second World War, Leitz had its own research facility from 1948 with a test melt for optical glass as well as licenses for the use of modern coating technology; the significant developments led over time (at the beginning of 1953 using the Zuse Z5 - computer ) to almost all extraordinarily powerful lenses. After just a few months of development, the following lenses were available for the screw Leica within a year: Summaron f = 3.5 cm 1: 3.5 (1949, code: EKURZ ) - the first high-performance wide-angle lens from Leitz, expected over a decade , after Carl Zeiss Jena had set standards with the Biogon 1: 2.8 f = 3.5 cm and its successors since 1936 -, Elmar (II) 1: 4 F = 9 cm (1949, code: ELANG ), Summarit 1 : 1.5 F = 5 cm (1949, code: SOOIA ) - an even better corrected modification of the xenon 1: 1.5 F = 5 cm and forerunner of the extreme light intensities of the Summilux and Noctilux lenses - and Summaron (II ) 1: 3.5 F = 3.5 cm (1949, code: SOONC ). Four years later, the Summicron 1: 2 F = 5 cm (1953, code: SOOIC ) followed, and the tried and tested standard Elmar 1: 3.5 F = 5 cm and the Summitar 1: 2 F = 5 cm came with coated optics for the first time on the market; the Elmar also with the M bayonet (around 13,000 copies). New types of glasses containing lanthanum finally made it possible to recalculate the 50 mm Elmar with just under half an aperture more light intensity, marking the new standard in the form of the Elmar 1: 2.8 F = 5 cm (code: ELMAR ) since 1957 ; From 1958 in parallel with the M bayonet (code: ELMA-M or ELMAM ) until 1966 and occasionally reproduced until 1974 (the tube was still retractable for the sake of compactness).

For the Leica M rangefinder cameras with bayonet connection introduced from 1954, the focus was primarily on the development of high-performance wide-angle and super -wide-angle lenses , the models of which, along with other models with normal and larger focal lengths, were also manufactured for the screw Leica : Summaron 1: 5 , 6 F = 2.8 cm (1955, Code: SNOOX ), Super Angulon 1: 4 F = 21 mm (1958, Code: SUUON ), Summicron 1: 2 F = 35 mm (1958, Code: SAAWO ), Summicron 1: 2 F = 90 mm (1958, code: SEOFF ), Elmarit 1: 2.8 F = 90 mm (1959, code: ELRIT ), Summilux 1: 1.4 F = 50 mm (1959, code: SOWGE ) and Elmar 1: 4 F = 135 mm (1961, code: 11750, 11850 ).

Leica IIIf (1950–1957)

Leica IIIf (1954) with self-timer ; Lens: Summaron f = 2.8 cm 1: 5.6 (1955)
Leica IIIf without self-timer ; with Summarit 1: 1.5 F = 50mm (1949) and universal viewfinder with laterally correct image, parallax compensation for 35–135 mm lenses and adjustable field diaphragm (code: VIOOH)

Outwardly similar to the Leica IIIc , the Leica IIIf marked the hitherto highest level of development of the classic screw-in Leicas. As an innovation, it had variable flash synchronization for all lamp types and their shutter speeds, a film indicator disc in the transport button and later also a self-timer, which, however, was constructed differently than on the rare Leica IIId . In addition, from 1952 the Leica IIIf received a new shutter with moving parts made of a light metal alloy and engravings modified to DBP (German Federal Patent) and GmbH . A few examples with DRP engraving are known from the production period between 1950 and 1952 , the housing of which including the Elmar f = 5 cm 1: 3.5 lens - including its retractable tube - were painted completely black or chrome-plated. The only possible modification of the IIIf was to retrofit the self-timer.

Of the total of around 180,000 copies produced (code: LOOHW , LOOPN with 50 mm ELMAR ), just under 5,400 were built by ELCAN Optical Technologies (Ernst Leitz Canada) in Midland (Ontario) ; the Leitz subsidiary was founded in 1952 in order to be able to serve the North American market, which is important for Leitz, more flexibly.

Leica IIf (1951–1956)

Leica IIf with universal viewfinder

Basically identical to the Leica IIIf , the Leica IIf lacks the long shutter speeds and initially also the 1/1000 s; As with the Leica IIc , the opening of the long-term wheel was covered with a covered pane. From around 1954 onwards, all Leica IIfs received the 1/1000 s ex works thanks to the newly introduced shutter on the Leica IIIf . Earlier models could be converted or converted into a Leica IIIf with a self-timer.

A total of around 35,000 copies were made (code: LOOSE , LOOEL with 50 mm ELMAR ), a large number of which were upgraded to IIIf .

Leica If (1952–1957)

The Leica If was presented as a cheaper model of the Leica Ic in 1952 , which differed from its predecessor in that it had a film indicator disc built into the elevator button and the lightning contact that was attached instead of the long-term wheel. The longest shutter speed was first 1/30 s, later 1/25 s, and after an initial series of 2,000 devices, the 1/1000 s became available as with the Leica IIf ; Modifications to the IIf and IIIf were possible.

The total production of the Leica If (code: OEGIO with 50 mm attachable viewfinder , OEINO with 50 mm ELMAR ) amounts to around 17,000 units.

Leica IIIg (1957–1960)

Leica IIIg

The Leica IIIg marks the end of all technological achievements in the 44-year history of the screw Leica . As a fully developed model, it is the final further development of the last series of the Leica IIIf with the now standard built-in forward mechanism (self-timer). In addition, it has a significantly enlarged viewfinder view with reflected light frames for focal lengths of 50 and 90 mm as well as an automatic parallax compensation for 50 mm by moving the frame. Although the rangefinder is not integrated into the viewfinder here either, in the sum of its properties the viewfinder of the IIIg realizes the most advanced viewfinder of all screw Leica models.

Wetzlar and Midland shared the production of the Leica IIIg (code: GOOEF , GOOEL with the new , faster Elmar 1: 2.8 F = 50 mm , 1957) with 40,000 and 1,780 units respectively, all but 125 black units for the Swedish Air Force were delivered bright chrome-plated. After the official end of production in 1960, individual Leica IIIg were ordered until 1970 , but they did not reach any noteworthy quantities.

Leica IIg (1957)

As with the IIIf , a simplified Leica IIg without long periods was planned for the IIIg . However, due to the great success of the Leica M3 and the falling popularity of the IIIg , this option was not pursued.

Around 15 samples of a Leica IIg are said to have been produced.

Leica Ig (1957–1960)

Unlike the planned Leica IIg , the Leica Ig, designed as a successor to the Leica If , was actually produced and brought onto the market for scientific purposes and reproduction work. In contrast to the If , the Ig has a slightly higher top cap and the long times of the IIIg .

Of the Leica Ig (code: OCEGO , OGILO with 50 mm attachable viewfinder , OADGO with Elmar 1: 2.8 F = 50 mm ), a total of around 6,300 bright chrome-plated specimens were produced in Wetzlar.

Leica 72 (1954–1957)

For archiving purposes and scientific tasks, there was an internal interest in the development of an 18 × 24 mm half-format model (original silent film cinema format), for which a number of prototypes were constructed in Wetzlar around 1953. They were given the name Leica 72 because of the possible double the number compared to the 36 photos of the 24 × 36 mm format . The construction plans of the Leica IIIa (G) were used, supplemented by some features of the Leica IIIf , such as the flash synchronization or the two windows with a film marker integrated into the winding button. The viewfinder window was correspondingly smaller for the format. Leitz decided to mass-produce the camera, which was recorded by Ernst Leitz Canada , but discontinued due to a lack of demand for only 150 units.

33 copies of the Leica 72 were built in Wetzlar, which already differed from the Canadian model in some, partially strange details on the outside: although it was built almost ten years after the end of the war, the top cap was partially engraved with the DRP of the Leica IIIa (G) from the Pre-war period. Furthermore, the engraving around the setting wheel was missing for a short time and all models had their 1950s serial numbers. On some copies, the image counter was only labeled in one color instead of red and black, and on some copies the film marker is missing. Apparently it is a small series of prototypes, which was mainly made from components of the pre- or post-war Leica IIIa (G) .

Due to its rarity, especially the few devices made in Wetzlar, the Leica 72 (code: LMOOK , LKOOM with F = 3.5 cm 1: 3.5- ELMAR ) is traded among collectors for sometimes higher five-digit sums.

See also

Web links

Commons : Leica I  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Leica II  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Leica III  - collection of images, videos and audio files

literature

  • Curt Emmermann (Ed.): Photographing with the Leica . Wilhelm Knapp Verlag, Halle an der Saale 1930 (reprint at Lindemann's photo bookstore, after 1985).
  • Fritz Vith: Leica manual . Technical-educational publisher, Wetzlar 1930.
  • Paul Wolff : My experiences with the Leica . Breidenstein, Frankfurt am Main 1939.
  • Heinrich Stöckler: The LEICA in work and science . Breidenstein-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1941.
  • Paul Wolff: My experiences ... colorful . Breidenstein, Frankfurt am Main 1942.
  • Erich Stenger : The history of the 35mm camera to the Leica . Ed .: Optical Works Ernst Leitz Wetzlar. Umschau-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1949 (published on the occasion of the company's centenary).
  • Theo Kisselbach: Small Leica book . Heering-Verlag, Seebruck am Chiemsee 1952.
  • Andrew Matheson: The whole Leica system (=  Wk photo book ). Wilhelm Knapp-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1956.
  • Theo M. Scheerer: Leica and Leica system . 2nd Edition. Umschau Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1960.
  • Theo Kisselbach: The Leica book . 37-41 Thousand Heering-Verlag, Seebruck am Chiemsee 1969.
  • Theo M. Scheerer: Leica and Leica system . 2nd Edition. Umschau Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1960.
  • Gianni Rogliatti: Leica 1925–1975 (=  Leica manual for collectors ). Edita SA, Lausanne 1978, ISBN 2-88001-053-5 .
  • Gianni Rogliatti: Leica, from 1925 to today (=  Wittig reference book ). 3rd revised and updated edition. Wittig, Hückelhoven 1995, ISBN 3-88984-028-0 .
  • Gianni Rogliatti: Lenses for Leica cameras from 1924 to today (=  Wittig book ). 2nd revised and updated edition. Wittig, Hückelhoven 1995, ISBN 3-88984-010-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ International Barnack Biennale - gff-foto.de/ Gesellschaft für Fotografie e. V., May 16, 2015
  2. ↑ The secret of a legend - faz.net/ FAZ.NET
  3. ↑ The 35mm camera - the whole story - heureka-stories.de, January 9, 2018
  4. ↑ a b Invention of the Leica - spiegel.de/ Spiegel-Online , October 24, 2014
  5. ↑ Early 35mm cameras - corsopolaris.net
  6. ↑ The smallest camera looks at the tallest buildings - zeit.de/ Zeit Online , November 1, 2014
  7. ↑ First photos with original Leica - faz.net, June 12, 2012
  8. ↑ Unless provided with further individual references, the information in the chapters or sub-chapters on individual details of cameras and lenses are taken from the works of the author Gianni Rogliatti listed in the Literature chapter
  9. ↑ Record price for camera: Old Leica brings 2.16 million at auction - spiegel.de/panorama/ Spiegel-Online , May 12, 2012
    Leica camera auctioned for 2.4 million euros - spiegel.de/panorama/Spiegel-Online, March 10, 2018
  10. ↑ Ernst Leitz II - "I hereby decide: There is a risk." - prophoto-online.de
  11. ↑ The early FoDis begins in 1923 - leica-historica.de (PDF)
  12. ↑ 100 years of snapshot - zeit.de, November 6, 2014
  13. ↑ Master of the "Moment décisif" - faz.net, August 5, 2004
  14. ^ Original Leica cassette - directupload.net
  15. ↑ a b How you took photos with the Leica in 1931 - lausch.com
  16. ↑ a b Leica A - pacificrimcamera.com
  17. ↑ a b to: Refractive index and dispersion of optical lenses - laborpraxis.vogel.de
  18. ↑ Lens names in italics in the article are based on the original or historical spelling of the respective engraving
  19. ↑ Elmar f = 5 cm 1: 3.5 - leica-historica.de (PDF), ditto Elmar 1: 3.5 F = 50 mm (1925) and Elmar f = 5 cm 1: 3.5 - l-camera-forum .com; Examples of different mounting positions (the lever for the focus had to be moved down because of the long-term wheel added to the Leica III (F) in 1933) and inconsistent spelling of the engraving
  20. ↑ Hektor f = 5 cm 1: 2.5 (1930) - l-camera-forum.com
  21. ↑ Leitz Codewords - www.l-camera-forum.com
  22. ↑ Leica B (Compur) - pacificrimcamera.com
  23. ↑ Leica Compur (B) (1926–1930) - l-camera-forum.com; ditto - earlyphotography.co.uk
  24. ↑ Leica C - pacificrimcamera.com
  25. ↑ Elmar f = 3.5cm 1: 3.5 (1931) - l-camera-forum.com; ditto - collection-appareils.fr
  26. ↑ Elmar (I) f = 9 cm 1: 4 (1931) - l-camera-forum.com
  27. ↑ Elmar (II) f = 9 cm 1: 4 (1932) - l-camera-forum.com
  28. ↑ Elmar f = 13.5 cm 1: 4.5 (1931) - l-camera-forum.com
  29. ↑ 39mm screw lenses - camera-wiki.org
  30. ↑ Leica accessories: viewfinder (a small selection) - lausch.com, January 9, 2005
  31. ↑ Leica II (Leica D) - pacificrimcamera.com
  32. ^ Contax I (1931) - earlyphotography.co.uk
  33. ^ Zeiss Contax I Rangefinder 1932-1936 - cameraquest.com
  34. ^ Contax II and III Zeiss' Successful Leica Competitor - cameraquest.com
  35. ↑ Hektor f = 7.3 cm 1: 1.9 (1932) - l-camera-forum.com
  36. ↑ a b Hektor f = 13.5 cm 1: 4.5 (1933) - l-camera-forum.com, ditto with M bayonet - kenrockwell.com
  37. ↑ Leica E - pacificrimcamera.com
  38. ↑ Leica III (Leica F) - pacificrimcamera.com
  39. ↑ Summar f = 5 cm 1: 2 (1933) , ditto - l-camera-forum.com; ditto - collection-appareils.fr, ditto - kenrockwell.com
  40. ↑ Leica 250 DD prototype - leica-historica.de (PDF)
  41. ↑ Leica 250 Reporter FF, GG - l-camera-forum.com; Leica 250 Reporter GG - earlyphotography.co.uk;
    Leica Reporter (Leica FF and GG) - pacificrimcamera.com
  42. ↑ Leica IIIa (Leica G) - pacificrimcamera.com
  43. ↑ la documentation de summilux.net - summilux.net, with reference to the Saroptico company
  44. ↑ Hektor f = 2.8 cm 1: 6.3 (1935) - l-camera-forum.com; ditto - collection-appareils.fr
  45. ↑ Telyt f = 20 cm 1: 4.5 (1935) - l-camera-forum.com
  46. ↑ Thambar f = 9 cm 1: 2.2 (1935) - l-camera-forum.com
  47. ↑ Photographica Pages - Leica IIIb - pacificrimcamera.com
  48. ↑ a b Leica IIIc, Leica IIc, and Leica Ic - pacificrimcamera.com
  49. ↑ Xenon f = 5 cm 1: 1.5 (1936) - l-camera-forum.com
  50. ↑ Summitar f = 5 cm 1: 2 (1939) - kenrockwell.com
  51. ↑ Summarex f = 8.5 cm 1: 1.5 (1943) - l-camera-forum.com
  52. ↑ Photographica Pages - Leica IIId - pacificrimcamera.com
  53. ↑ What happened to the Leica? - heureka-stories.de, January 9, 2018; Z5 - horst-zuse.homepage
  54. ↑ Summaron f = 3.5cm 1: 3.5 (1949) - l-camera-forum.com
  55. ↑ Elmar (II) f = 9 cm 1: 4 (1949) - l-camera-forum.com
  56. ↑ Summarit f = 5 cm 1: 1.5 (1949) - l-camera-forum.com
  57. ↑ Summaron (II) f = 3.5 cm 1: 3.5 (1949) - l-camera-forum.com
  58. ↑ Summicron f = 5 cm 1: 2 (1953) - commons.wikimedia.org
  59. ↑ Elmar f = 5 cm 1: 2.8 (1957) - collection-appareils.fr
  60. ↑ Leica 50 mm f / 2.8 - kenrockwell.com
  61. ↑ Summaron f = 2.8 cm 1: 5.6 (1955) - l-camera-forum.com
  62. ↑ Super Angulon 1: 4 f = 21mm (1958) - l-camera-forum.com
  63. ↑ Summicron 1: 2 f = 35 mm (1958) - l-camera-forum.com
  64. ↑ Summicron f = 90 mm 1: 2 (1958) - l-camera-forum.com
  65. ↑ Elmar 1: 4 f = 135 mm (1961) - commons.wikimedia.org; ditto - collection-appareils.fr
  66. ↑ a b Leica IIIf, Leica IIf and Leica If - pacificrimcamera.com
  67. ↑ a b Leica IIIg, Leica IIg and Leica Ig - pacificrimcamera.com
  68. ↑ Leica 72 - pacificrimcamera.com