Izabela Lubomirska
Elżbieta Izabela Lubomirska (née (Princess) Czartoryska ; * May 21, 1736 in Warsaw , † November 25, 1816 in Vienna ) was a Polish princess and important patroness as well as book and art collector in the Rococo era . Various palaces (some of which were rebuilt) and parks were built under it. She was politically interested and active; she granted protection to part of the French court on her property in Łańcut during the revolutionary period . Since she often wore light blue clothes (and especially on portraits), she was referred to as the “sky blue princess” ( Polish : Błękitna Markiza ) while she was still alive . Because of her excellent manners, she was nicknamed "Madame l'Etiquette" in Paris society.
Life
Lubomirska came from a Polish magnate family . Her father, with whom she had a loving relationship, was the politically influential August Aleksander Czartoryski . Her mother, Maria Zofia Czartoryska (1698–1771), b. Sieniawska, was married to Stanisław Ernest Denhoff's first marriage and after his death was one of the richest women of her time. Among other things, she owned the medieval Tenczyn Castle near Rudno . Elżbieta's brother was Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski .
As a young girl, the future Lubomirska was close friends with her cousin, who later became King Stanislaus II August Poniatowski . She influenced him first; after his accession to the throne, however, the relationship cooled and in later years developed into an opposition. Poniatowski describes the childhood friend in his diaries.
On June 9, 1753 she was married to Stanisław Lubomirski (1722–1782), a Grand Marshal of the Polish Crown . Lubomirski was the owner of Łańcut , Wiśnicz , Przeworsk and the family palace in Lviv , among others . Even if she didn't love her husband, she respected him. The couple had four daughters: Aleksandra Potocka (1760–1831, wife of Stanisław Kostka Potocki ), Konstancja Małgorzata Rzewuska (1761–1840), Julia Potocka (1766–1794, wife of Jan Potocki ) and Izabela Potocka. After the death of her father in 1782, Lubomirska inherited the enormous fortune of the family. Her husband died that same year. From then on she managed the administration of her property herself. With the help of her sons-in-law (especially Stanisław Kostka Potocki was a valued advisor to her) she also managed her Polish property from abroad.
Her adopted son was Henryk Lubomirski, whom she admired and with whom she traveled a lot. In contrast to her biological children, she showed him a lot of affection and trained him personally.
In 1785 Lubomirska was involved in the "Dogrumowa intrigue" as a widow. After losing a court case, she left Poland. She toured Europe (Geneva, Naples, Rome, London), initially lived mainly in France (where she became a close friend of the French Queen Marie-Antoinette ) and in Switzerland during the French Revolution. Later she stayed mainly in Vienna, where she also died.
Social relevance
Due to her enormous wealth, her education and generosity, as well as her well-groomed appearance, Lubomirska was popular in salons in Paris, Vienna and London as well as at royal and princely courts. She was constantly surrounded by important artists, scientists and politicians of the time. During a visit to Karlsbad in 1785 , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe met the princess and was so fascinated by her that he extended his stay in the spa by a week. Thomas Jefferson , Madame de Boufflers and the painters Jean-Baptiste Greuze and Jacques-Louis David frequented her Paris salon . A close Polish friend of the princess was the younger and artistically talented Princess Helena Radziwiłł, b. Przeżdziecki.
The princess was controversial all her life - she was eccentric, changeable and had depressive- apathetic phases; she could be extraordinarily generous, but she could also be selfish, mean, and petty. She supported the needy on her property very generously. Here she also set up schools and hospitals and financed doctors. The disabled and the elderly were given monthly payments; she often took care of the burial of the poor. It also financed the training of talented artists (as with Józef Brodowski ) or their old age (as with the painter Louis Marteau).
Builder
After the death of their father and husband, Lubomirska was one of the largest landowners in Poland. This included her villages and even cities (such as Wiśnicz and Łańcut). It owned and maintained 19 residences, most of which were in Poland. She traveled constantly and visited many of these residences regularly.
She had existing palaces renovated, converted or expanded. Lubomirska was open to modern architectural developments; her preferred artistic styles were Rococo and Classicism . She laid out many parks in her residences or reformed existing ones (mostly French-Baroque ) in the style of English landscaping . She was one of the first park owners in Poland to introduce this horticultural style.
Łańcut Castle
The princess commissioned important architects and artists of the time ( Simon Gottlieb Zug , Johann Christian Kamsetzer , Chrystian Piotr Aigner , Fryderyk Bauman (1765 / 1770–1845) and Vincenzo Brenna) to add to the inherited palace and to redesign it fundamentally. The original Palazzo-in-fortezza was converted into a palace-park complex. The most beautiful rooms in the palace were created: the ballroom, the large dining room and the small theater.
Lubomirska compiled an extensive library in Łańcut, the basis of what would later become the “Potocki Library”, which today is one of the few house libraries of Polish magnate families that have survived after the Second World War . The multi-storey library pavilion in Łańcut was designed by Chrystian Piotr Aigner. A musical collection consisting of over 1500 volumes included u. a. Manuscripts and handwritten copies of scores by Giovanni Battista Cimadoro, Giovanni Paisiello , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Marcello Bernardini di Capua and Gioachino Rossini . Lubomirska also built a distillery in Łańcut, which is now known as Polmos Łańcut (the name of the vodka brand Biała Dama produced here refers to Lubomirska's daughter).
Wilanów Palace
Lubomirska inherited the Wilanów Palace in 1778 from her mother, Maria Zofia Czartoryska. It was used as a residence for King John III. Sobieski was built in the baroque style. In the 1730s August the Strong had also used the property. The princess wanted to keep the palace in memory of Sobieski, but also to modernize it. First, she had the extensions her mother had started to complete: a bathhouse, a kitchen wing and a guard building (Kordegardia) on the south side of the castle. She did not implement the planned construction of three similar buildings on the north wing. From 1781 to 1794, she had extensive renovation and beautification work carried out under the direction of Simon Gottlieb Zug. These mainly concerned the interior of the south wing, in which their living quarters were located.
The entrance to the palace complex has also been redesigned. The princess had three avenues laid out, which converged symmetrically to the entrance gate to the forecourt. To the south of the palace, on their instructions, a romantic, Anglo-Chinese landscape park with artificially raised elevations was created on the property of the Sobieski manor.
Mokotów Palace ("Mon Coteau")
In the 1770s, the princess had the architect Ephraim Schröger build a small single-storey palace, now known as the Szuster Palais , in a village outside Warsaw instead of another residential building. Simon Gottlieb Zug and Johann Christian Schuch designed the accompanying English landscape park ( Park Morskie Oko ), which included the ice-age embankment of the Vistula , which fell around 20 meters . The entire ensemble consisted of several outbuildings and decorative structures in the park landscape. The name of today's district of Warsaw ( Mokotów ) arose from the designation "Mon Coteau" (My Hill) , which Lubomirski - based on the slope of the Vistula - gave this facility.
More residences
The city palace of the Czartoryski family , now known as the Potocki Palace , located on Warsaw's royal wing, passed to Lubomirska in 1782 after the death of their father. In the years that followed, the façade and part of the interior were rebuilt in the classical style under Simon Gottlieb Zug, and a portico was added. Johann Christian Kamsetzer and the painter Antonio Tombari were also involved in the work. In 1799, the Lubomirska daughter Aleksandra and her husband Stanisław Kostka Potocki received the palace.
The palace in Natolin near Warsaw had built August Aleksander Czartoryski Szymon Bogumił train; when he died it was not yet finished. His daughter continued construction, which was completed around 1784. From 1787 onwards, they left this facility (part of the Wilanów Castle estate) to Aleksandra and Stanisław Kostka Potocki for use. The Krasiński Palace in what is now Warsaw's Ursynów district also belonged to Lubomirska's possession.
In Przeworsk, Lubomirska acquired a palace complex from the 17th century. On their behalf, a manor house built in the late Renaissance style was expanded into a small palace of English classicism . The architects Jan Griesmayer and Chrystian Piotr Aigner, who also work in Łancut, and the plasterer Fryderyk Baumann were involved in the renovation . Henryk's foster son later received the palace as a gift.
In Krzeszowice , the princess had the architect Szczepan Humbert build the classical palace “Vauxhall” in the 1780s.
Culture promoter
Lubomirska was a lively theater-goer. She had her own theaters in several of her palaces and always visited their theaters on her trips to major European cities. Unlike today, operas, cabaret and equilibristic performances were also given in theaters at the end of the 18th century . Franciszek Karpiński wrote “The Song of the Birth of the Lord” for the princess , also known as “God is Born”. In honor of her daughter, Cyprian Kamil Norwid wrote a panegyric .
On her stages - especially in Łancut - she employed well-known artists of the time. So was Peter Hansel in 1791 their concertmaster in Vienna; from 1796 with a fixed annual salary. The writer Jan Potocki lived on her Łańcuter estate for a long time.
In 1779 she laid the foundation stone for the construction of the Warsaw National Theater on what was then Plac Komisji, designed by the architect Bonawentura Solari (1735–1805) . She was also one of the donors for the building of the Warsaw Collegium Nobilium .
Political commitment
The princess was one of the most prominent personalities in Poland in the 18th century and took an active part - even if not in official functions - in the country's politics. They acted in the background, trying to win the support of the Polish nobility and foreign courts for their positions. Lubomirska advocated the French way of life and a rapprochement between Poland and the Kingdom of France . She rejected the influence of the Russian Empire on Polish politics; so she turned increasingly against Poniatowski, who had won the Polish throne with Russian support. She was a supporter of the Ancien Régime and rejected the French Revolution and Napoleon's rise to power.
After the revolution, the Bourbon princes and later kings were Louis XVIII. and Karl X. as guests in Łańcut. Likewise also held Maria Carolina of Naples for a while on here. Tadeusz Kościuszko also left her residence in Łańcut in 1794 and marched from here to Krakow and called the uprising named after him there . Even though Lubomirska kept in touch with Polish freedom fighters, she was skeptical of the patriotic movement in Poland, which opposed the partition of the country . She refused to directly support this movement. In general, she preferred Western European traditions and customs to those in Poland. She spoke French; the Polish language, in their opinion, was intended for the common people.
In 1783 the princess became a member of the Masonic adoption lodge “Dobroczynność” (charity) . At the end of the 18th century, Lubomirska supported the settlement of German colonists in the village of Skole, which they owned . At that time, a German-Jewish school was also opened here.
literature
- Teresa Grzybkowska, Dominika Walawender-Musz, Zdzisław Żygulski Jr .: Amor Polonius or the Love of the Poles. Wilanów Palace Museum, March - August 2010. Volume 1, Wilanów Palace Museum, Warsaw 2010, ISBN 978-83-60959-49-7 .
- Wojciech Fijałkowski: Wilanów. Palace and garden. Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza (RSW), Warsaw, p. 12 ff.
Web links
- Izabela Lubomirska née Czarytoryska on the website of the Museum Schloss Wilanów (from: Polski Słownik Biograficzny. In English, accessed on January 11, 2013)
- Film: Good and bad Izabela on the website of the Wilanów Castle Museum. (in English, accessed January 11, 2013)
References and comments
- ↑ Anna Straszewska: The ideal eighteenth-century "wedding" gown of Izabela Lubomirska. on the website of the Museum Schloss Wilanów (in English, accessed on January 11, 2013)
- ↑ according to other sources 1733.
- ↑ Bożenna Majewska-Maszkowska, Mecenat artystyczny Izabelli z Czartoryskich Lubomirskiej , Wrocław [u. a.] 1976, p. 95.
- ^ A b c Teresa Grzybkowska and others: Amor Polonius or the Love of the Poles. 2010, p. 262.
- ↑ Zamek Tenczyn ( Memento of the original from October 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at Rodzinna-turystyka.pl (Polish, accessed January 17, 2013)
- ^ Teresa Grzybkowska and others: Amor Polonius or the Love of the Poles. 2010, p. 113.
- ↑ a b c d acc. the website of the Wilanów Palace Museum. see links
- ^ Teresa Grzybkowska and others: Amor Polonius or the Love of the Poles. 2010, p. 231.
- ↑ Henryk Lubomirski (1777–1850) was a landowner, patron of the arts and founder of the Museum of Princes Lubomirski in Lemberg. He was active as a curator at the national Ossliński library and was politically active. At the age of six he was adopted by Princess Lubomirska with the consent of his parents. He came from a sideline of the Lubomirskis
- ^ Teresa Grzybkowska and others: Amor Polonius or the Love of the Poles. 2010, p. 230.
- ↑ Maria Teresa Dogrumowa had warned King Stanislaus II August of a poison attack allegedly commissioned by Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski . The warning was exposed as intrigue and Dogrumova was sentenced to life imprisonment
- ^ Stefan Sutkowski: The history of music in Poland. 1750-1830. The Classical Era. (= The History of Music in Poland. Volume 4). Sutkowski Edition, Warsaw 2004, ISBN 83-917035-3-3 , p. 81.
- ^ A b c Gerhard Trumler: The Great Country Houses of Poland. Abbeville Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-7892-0890-3 , p. 60.
- ↑ So it is assumed that Lubomirska was the wealthiest foreign person in pre-revolutionary Paris, according to George L. Mauner (Ed.): Paris, center of artistic enlightenment. Volume 4 of: Papers in art history from the Pennsylvania State University. Pennsylvania 1988, ISBN 0-915773-03-1 , p. 100.
- ^ Teresa Grzybkowska and others: Amor Polonius or the Love of the Poles. 2010, p. 231.
- ^ Teresa Grzybkowska and others: Amor Polonius or the Love of the Poles. 2010, p. 116.
- ↑ a b c Izabella z Czartoryskich Lubomirska - Warszawska "Żona Modna" . on the Warszawa da się lubić website , November 14, 2012 (Polish, accessed January 16, 2013)
- ↑ The first gardens in the English style were created in Poland in the early 1770s near Warsaw. In addition to Mokotów Park in Lubomirska, Michał Poniatowski's Park in Jabłonna and the facilities belonging to the King's brother Kazimierz Poniatowski in Warsaw's Juridika Solec and Lubomirska's sister-in-law Izabela were particularly generous Czartoryska in Powązki . According to Information Arkadia ( memento of the original from January 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the museum in Nieborów (accessed on January 14, 2013)
- ^ History of the castle on the website of the Castle Museum Łańcut (accessed on January 18, 2013)
- ^ Tadeusz Baj: The Library of Łańcut . on the website of the Castle Museum in Łańcut (accessed on January 14, 2013)
- ↑ Muzeum Pałac w Wilanowie (ed.): Dawno temu w Wilanowie. Definition Design publisher, 2006, ISBN 83-923130-1-1 , p. 11. (Polish)
- ^ Reinhold Vetter: Poland. History, art and landscape of an ancient European cultural nation. (DuMont art travel guide). 3. Edition. DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 1991, ISBN 3-7701-2023-X , p. 204.
- ^ Warsaw: Salons . on the website of the Fryderyk Chopin Institute (in English, accessed January 17, 2013)
- ↑ Museum in Przeworsk Lubomirskis Palace Park Complex on a website of the Museum in Przeworsk (accessed January 14, 2013)
- ↑ Klasycystyczny pałacyk Vauxhall (1783–1789) at Polska Niezwykla.pl (Polish, accessed January 17, 2013)
- ↑ Theater on Krasiński Square in the theater database at Theatre-architecture.eu (in English, accessed on January 15, 2013)
- ^ B. Majewska – Maszkowska: Mecenat artystyczny Izabeli z Czartoryskich Lubomirskiej (1746–1816). Ossolineum, Breslau 1976, pp. 17–96 (Polish)
- ↑ The concept of the adoption box came from France. Here, in addition to the male forms of Freemasonry, an order for female members had developed that did not serve temple work , but mostly charitable goals
- ↑ Victor E. Louis, Jennifer M. Louis: Louis motorist's guide to the Soviet Union. Pergamon Press, 1987, ISBN 0-08-031816-9 .
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Lubomirska, Izabela |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Czartoryska, Elżbieta Izabela |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Polish princess, patron and art collector |
| DATE OF BIRTH | May 21, 1736 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Warsaw |
| DATE OF DEATH | November 25, 1816 |
| Place of death | Vienna |