kiss

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Erastes (left) and Eromenos kissing, about 480 BC Chr.
The Kiss (oil painting by Francesco Hayez , 1859), Pinacoteca di Brera , Milan

A kiss is an oral (from Latin os , oris "mouth") body contact with a living being or an object. The scientific research into the kiss is called philematology (from the Greek φίλημα phílēma "kiss"). There are both physiological researches as well as social and cultural aspects of kissing.

In many cultures the kiss is seen as an expression of love, friendship and respect. However, the meaning of the kiss, especially the kiss offered in public, varies culturally. In western culture the kiss is mostly an expression of love and affection; often as part of sexual activity.

history

Origin theory

In many animals, but also in some primitive peoples, food that has been chewed by mothers is passed on to their children from mouth to mouth. Some researchers see this as a possible origin of kissing.

Many animals also make contact in the head area for other reasons. The senses of smell, taste and touch that are present in the area of ​​the mouth may absorb information that could be essential for partner selection or other social interaction . In humans, cultural aspects can also play a role, which can be expressed in the different variants of kissing behavior.

Recent research contradicts the thesis of mouth-to-mouth feeding as the origin. A study carried out worldwide came to the result that in 168 cultures kissing was only common in 46% and in some even felt as "disgusting". Rather, some researchers now assume that kissing first established itself in some higher social classes and from there it spread as a status behavior downwards.

The kiss in ancient times

The Greek term φίλημα is derived from the verb phileīn ( ancient Greek φιλεῖν ' to love' ). So originally there was no separate word for the kiss.

In the literature of antiquity, Homer shows the kiss as a sign of strong sensation when saying goodbye, greeting and pleading, but not yet on the mouth. The kiss of love is only attested later, for example with Aristophanes , and undergoes many changes in the course of history in terms of technology and purpose.

The kiss in Christianity

"With a kiss you betray the Son of Man", sculpture of Jesus and Judas in the Scala Santa by Ignazio Jacometti (1852)

After various admonitions Paul wrote to the Corinthians: “Finally, dear brothers, rejoice, let yourself be straightened out, let yourself be warned, have the same meaning, keep peace! So the God of love and peace will be with you. Greet one another with a holy kiss. "( 2 Cor 13.11f  EU )

The old Christian Church knew the kiss of peace as a sign of complete reconciliation. Ivan Illich describes the early Christian practice: “These people came together for a celebration that had two high points: one was the conspiratio (...) with the meaning of spiritus , spirit, the highest form of inwardness. This conspiratio was expressed in the mouth-to-mouth kiss, the osculum . (…) The osculum was used [in the Roman Empire] only as a legal remedy. (...) The Christians took over the symbolism as a sign that everyone present around the dining table made a contribution from his own spirit, from the Holy Spirit, who was common to all, to create a spiritual community, a community of one spirit. Then they sat down and shared the meal. This simple dining table was the central liturgical ceremony in which the ecclesia , the summoning - that means the word - got body and soul. (...) In the 4th century (...) physical contact of this strange kind was already suspect, and their name was changed to osculum pacis and finally to pax alone. "

The Easter kiss is still common in the Eastern Orthodox Churches , from which the brotherly kiss in the Eastern Bloc originated.

Judas kiss or kiss of death

After Mt 26,48ff  EU that of betraying Jesus of Nazareth appointed apostle Judas Iscariot these to the chief priests emitted force with a kiss that had been agreed as a badge before. That is why today a hypocritical kiss or other such gesture, behind which instead of friendship is hidden enmity and evil intent, is called a "Judas kiss" or "kiss of death".

This is reflected in crime films and stories with a mafia background, in which a kiss is used as a threat to death, see The Kiss of Death , Kiss of Death and The Godfather .

middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, the kiss was of great importance: It sealed the dependency between fiefdoms and subordinates. The engagement kiss also had a legally binding effect at the time.

Types of kisses

Peck

As peck or Busserl ( Bussi ) is called a kiss with nearly closed lips on the cheeks or lips of the other. The lips are curved slightly outwards in order to provide a larger lip area for the kissing partner. This kiss is often performed among close friends and relatives, also as a "good night kiss".

Pointed kiss

The pointed kiss is a kiss performed with pointed, thin lips that only touches the lips of the kissing partner lightly or not at all. It is more about the gesture that is literally "exaggerated".

Air kiss

Air kiss

Symbolically indicated, the air kiss from the lips to the palm of the hand bridges greater distances with a breath of air. Here the palm of the hand is kissed first. Then this is held up and the "kiss" is blown in the direction of the person to be kissed. This gesture is often used between friends and relatives.

To sip

When sipping , the lips are not completely closed when the kiss ends . Instead, the mouth is left a little open in order to catch the upper or lower lip of the partner with your own lips when separating the lips - possibly with gentle use of the teeth - and keep it short. This is a playful end to the kiss.

French kiss

Between sipping and kissing with tongue

A kiss (also French kiss , Florentine kiss or soul kiss ) is a kiss, wherein the tongue of the partner is touched with one's tongue. In addition to touching the tongues, sucking on the partner's upper or lower lip, as well as pressing the two open mouths together, can be part of this. Besides humans, bonobos and orangutans are the only primates that have been seen kissing with tongue.

Pain kiss

Some people obtain sexual arousal from pain (see BDSM ). This type of kiss is not actually a kiss, but a light bite that occurs in the lips, neck (preferably in the area of ​​the internal jugular vein ), nose or neck and pain stimuli of varying intensity evokes.

Intimate kiss

As intimate kiss kisses on primary or secondary are sex characteristics and organs such as breast , penis or vulva understood. Kisses in the area of ​​the erogenous zones are usually perceived more intensely, as these can arouse sexually . Intimate kisses can be used as erotic foreplay or as the sole form of oral sex .

Hand kiss

A kiss on the hand is a completed or deliberately incomplete kiss on the back of a hand that the addressee usually holds out specifically for it. It can be given out of respect, submission, or love, among other things. Either the kisser bows when he emphasizes his submissiveness, or just a little and rather brings his hand to his mouth, for example. B. to flirt with eye contact.

Nose kiss

In Asia and the Arctic , the nose kiss (often also called Eskimo kiss or, rarely, olfactory greeting ) is widespread . This behavior can be derived from sniffing at the other person. That it is common in the Arctic to kiss with the nose is one of the many popular misconceptions about the Eskimos . This means the so-called “olfactory greeting”, which is not an ethnic variant of kissing, but a gesture of its own.

Butterfly kiss

The butterfly kiss is the blink of an eye that reaches the other person's, comparable to the touch of a butterfly's wings .

Social evaluation of kisses

Two men kissing

A kiss can be viewed as a gesture of friendship or a sexual act, depending on the cultural environment and circumstances. In many non-European countries, kisses in public are seen as part of sexual foreplay. Intensive French kisses in particular are considered a sexual act.

Over a hundred years after slavery had already been abolished in the United States and the civil rights movement called for further equal rights for all residents in the 1950s and 1960s, the first television kiss of black and white took place in the USA. This kiss in the science fiction series Spaceship Enterprise was an indication of a beginning normalization of the relationship between the population groups. A head blocked the view of the kiss at the last moment - but this was common for film and television kisses. Many (southern) US states, in which discrimination continued , forbade the broadcast of Plato's Stepchildren ( Plato's stepchildren ).

In almost all countries, including in comparatively liberal Europe, a kiss can be assessed differently depending on whether it is a kiss between same-sex or opposite-sex partners. While a kiss between a man and a woman in public, in film or other media, as an exchange of usual tenderness, is usually not given special attention, an intense same-sex kiss can be viewed as a taboo break and sexually connoted. Same-sex partners can expect hostility and possibly even violent assault when kissing in public.

In films, kisses from gays or lesbians are often not shown even then - the corresponding scenes, often cut out after violent protests by various, often Christian-oriented groups, or not even shot in the course of self-censorship - although these would be thematically appropriate. In 2006, the social psychologist Bernd Simon from Kiel interviewed around 900 high school and comprehensive school students aged between 14 and 20 in Berlin: Almost half found it repulsive when men kiss in public, with the rejection among young people of Turkish origin being particularly pronounced.

The extent to which a kiss can represent sexual harassment has also been legally examined several times in Germany. In contrast, for many people the kiss represents the connection between (purely physical) sexuality and love as a partner, which is why it was considered undesirable in large circles of prostitution .

Kissing opportunities

The kiss of newlyweds as a wedding custom

Wedding kiss (bridal kiss)

In part of the literature there is a reference that in the Roman Empire engagements were sealed with a hug and kiss on the mouth ( osculum ). The historian Karen K. Hersch specified in 2010 that this custom can only be proven under Emperor Constantine at the earliest and was practiced parallel to the custom of shaking hands. The Christians adopted the custom. It has been handed down from the German Middle Ages that engagements took place by handing over an engagement band and a ring and then sealed with a kiss and a hug. The historian Georg Ludwig Kriegk reports on a medieval engagement ceremony among relatives, at which the bride and groom were asked whether they wanted to marry each other, which was also followed by a hug and kiss. In the High Middle Ages, the formal engagement kiss can also be traced back to western France . In Naples, the engagement kiss given in front of witnesses was still common in the 16th century.

The sealing kiss also found its way into the rite of sadness. In manuscript C of the Nibelungenlied (13th century), Siegfried's wedding to Kriemhild is described: Kriemhild is hugged by Siegfried and "kissed according to custom".

In Eastern Christianity , the bridal couple is asked by the priest at the end of the wedding to inaugurate the covenant with a kiss. In the other Christian denominations, the sealing kiss in front of the altar is not part of the mourning rite; but many priests allow the wedding kiss if the couple so wishes; others give the opportunity to kiss on their own initiative. The sentence “You can kiss now” is all the more regular in the civil wedding ceremony.

In Jewish weddings, a kiss is traditionally not provided and is even considered a violation of the code of conduct ( Zniut ). In Reform Judaism , based on Western customs, the custom has now become established that the couple kiss after the ritual breaking of the glass.

love

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The kiss is an expression of the tender, often partnership-based love between people, since touching the lips, possibly using the tongue, almost completely removes the physical distance between people. In western Europe and in the non-Hispanic countries of North America it is usually no longer considered offensive to kiss in public these days, but in other cultures it is. In some countries, even kissing among adults of different sex who are not related or married is a criminal offense.

Surprise kiss

A surprise kiss can occur both between loving partners - in this case the partner is kissed when he is in a relaxed situation (e.g. while sleeping) - and it can also be a spontaneous part of a flirtation when the partners are very close physically due to an activity they do together such as dancing.

In Germany, according to some critics of the amendment to the sex criminal law in 2016, a surprise kiss represents sexual coercion or rape instead of “only” possible sexual harassment as before, since taking advantage of a surprise element is now specifically punishable. Nevertheless, there will hardly be any complaints here, since most of those affected are not aware that this is a possible offense of coercion / rape. According to the wording of Section 177, Paragraph 1, No. 3 of the Criminal Code, "anyone who compels another person [...] to commit sexual acts of the perpetrator [...] by exploiting a situation in which the victim is defenselessly exposed to the action of the perpetrator is punishable. to be tolerated […] ”.

salutation and farewell

Kissing can also be a form of greeting between people. Depending on the different culture, the greeting kiss is limited to the family circle or is also cultivated in closer or wider circle of friends. In Greece , France , Luxembourg , Spain , Monaco , Andorra , Argentina , Portugal , Italy , the Turkey , Hungary , Poland , Serbia , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Croatia , Slovenia , Austria , Liechtenstein , Russia and Switzerland as well as in parts of southern Germany it is For example, it is customary to greet and say goodbye to family members and friends with a beso ("kiss") or beijo , bacio , bise . This typically involves kissing the cheek ("cheek kiss"). An accolade (French accolade “to embrace”) is an implied kiss on the cheek left and right. In Hungary, the common greeting used by children for adults is csókolom (“I kiss”), a colloquial abbreviation of kezét csókolom (“I kiss your hand”).

The correct number of cheek kisses often causes misunderstandings. While in Germany or Italy two kisses are usually enough, in Switzerland or the Netherlands a third kiss is always expected when greeting and saying goodbye. In France, the number of common cheek kisses varies from two to four, depending on the region. The kiss goodbye can take place differently depending on social status, closeness of relationship, length of separation, etc.

Adoration

There is also a kiss of reverence. Examples are the hand kiss , where the man respectfully bows or kneels down in front of the lady to kiss the hand. Even more deferential forms are the kiss of the ring, the hem of the lady's dress or the kiss on the feet as a sign of the absolute devotion of a man to a lady, whereby the man bends his knee in front of her. The kiss of a representative symbol (ring or scepter of the ruler or church dignitary) should also be mentioned. Here the kiss becomes a symbolic act. For example, the scenes in which Pope John Paul II kissed the ground when he set foot in a country for the first time are well known.

The kiss as a sign of veneration also occurs in the Christian liturgy ; so in the Catholic Eucharistic service the priest kisses the altar at the beginning of the celebration and after the proclamation of the Gospel the Gospel book, both are signs of the presence of Christ. In the Orthodox churches , the icons are worshiped with a kiss.

Brother kiss and "sister's kiss"

The brotherly kiss : Depiction of the socialist brotherly kiss between Leonid Brezhnev and Erich Honecker (1990 at the Berlin East Side Gallery )

Examples of real kisses on the mouth are, on the one hand, the socialist brotherly kiss , which was mainly cultivated during state visits or party meetings of the Eastern Bloc at that time .

The gay “sister's kiss ” is based on this as a demonstrative gesture of belonging to the scene. Furthermore, the sister's kiss is the symbol for "For life and death - we hold each other" on so-called kiss-ins at AIDS demonstrations.

Kissing games

The game "Kisses (r) guess" in the French times (early 19th century)

From the era of the Empire , pictorial representations of a game called "Kisses (r) guessing" have been preserved, the content of which is easy to recognize: a lady was blindfolded before one of the gentlemen present started a kiss on her mouth in the following probably had to be identified. Even today, kissing games are widespread among adolescents in puberty as a pastime at parties , for example spin the bottle or truth or dare .

The so-called kiss cam is a special form of the kiss game , which is mainly used in the USA and Canada at larger sporting events.

Kiss under the mistletoe

At Christmas time, mistletoe branches are hung up as a custom , especially in western countries . If a person steps in among them, it is customary to kiss that person.

Kisses and health

Herpes labialis

A kiss can not only have a loving and sexually stimulating effect, but in the opinion of some medical professionals it is also beneficial for health, as it should strengthen the heart and the immune system. Depending on the intensity of the kiss, up to 34 facial muscles move. The body produces more hormones, the heartbeat accelerates, and blood pressure rises. About 80 million bacteria are exchanged during a French kiss. Through the kiss you come into contact with new bacteria, against which the body's immune system mobilizes.

When kissing on the mouth , diseases can be transmitted through saliva exchange . Saliva-borne diseases include Pfeiffer glandular fever , herpes and hepatitis B , for example . However, kissing does not pose any discernible risk of transmitting HIV . A hickey is a harmless bruise that can occur when kissing.

Others

  • July 6th is the annual International Kiss Day . Allegedly, the day of action was established in the UK in 1990 .
  • Two thirds of all people tilt their heads to the right when kissing. However, this preference shifts to the left in particularly emotional situations.
  • The longest kiss in the world took place from September 18, 2010 to September 19, 2010 in New Jersey between "Matty" and "Bobby" and lasted 33 hours ( Guinness record ).
  • The longest film kiss to date was in the 2005 film Kids in America, lasting 5 minutes and 43 seconds, and was exchanged between Gregory Smith (Holden Donovan) and Stephanie Sherrin (Charlotte Pratt). It can be seen in the credits at the very end of the film and starts at 1:20:47 and ends at 1:26:30. Prior to that held the record of the film You're In The Army Now ( The horrors of the 2nd Company ) from 1941, in which Jane Wyman Regis Toomey kissed for 185 seconds with which the film against censorship regulation from 1922 violated that only a maximum of three Allowed a kiss that lasted seconds in the film. The first kiss in a movie there were in The Kiss ( The Kiss ) in the year 1896th
  • Anyone who is afraid of kissing suffers from philemaphobia .
  • The Gooseiesel from Göttingen is considered the most kissed girl in the world (fountain figure, student custom).

Cultural references

The Kiss , Art Nouveau illustration by Peter Behrens in Pan magazine , 1898

In classical literature, Samuel Taylor Coleridge described the kiss as "breathing nectar" and William Shakespeare described the kiss as "the lake of love".

The kiss also plays a role in various fairy tales , see Sleeping Beauty .

Quotes

"A correct answer is like a lovely kiss."

- The Bible, Prov 24,26  LUT

"A kiss is something that requires both hands."

- Mark Twain

"In the union of two physiognomies, the kiss drives the individuality of the lover to a higher blossom in which, as it were, the lower and the instinctual combine with the nobility of the spirit to form a single figure."

- Ernst Jünger

"A kiss is a lovely trick used by nature to stop the flow of words when words become superfluous."

- Ingrid Bergman

"Humor is the easiest way to seduce women, because most women like to laugh before they start kissing."

- Jerry Lewis

"A kiss is an inquiry on the first floor whether the ground floor is free."

- Robert Lembke

"A kiss is mouth-to-mouth resuscitation without a medical reason."

- Joachim Fuchsberger

"Kissing is when someone rings the bell upstairs and someone downstairs opens."

- Hans Werner Olm

See also

literature

  • Judith Beisenherz: The kiss as a verbalization of eroticism in German literature in the middle of the 18th century (= Edition Wissenschaft, Series Germanistik , Volume 13). Tectum, Marburg 1996, ISBN 3-89608-883-1 (Mickrofiche edition).
  • Otto F. Best : The kiss. A biography . With the collaboration of Wolfgang M. Schleidt . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-10-005208-0 .
  • Otto F. Best: The language of kisses. A search for clues . Koehler & Amelang, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-7338-0318-3 .
  • Otto F. Best: The lips of sweet eros. Kiss poems . Manesse, Zurich 2002, ISBN 3-7175-4020-3 .
  • Otto F. Best: From kissing. A sensual lexicon . Reclam, Leipzig 2003, ISBN 3-379-20056-5 .
  • Lana Citron: KussKuss: Really everything about the kiss (original title; A Compendium of Kisses ). Sanssouci, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-8363-0267-8 .
  • Ingelore Ebberfeld : Kiss me. An entertaining story of voluptuous kisses. Ulrike Helmer Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-89741-080-X .
  • Julie Enfield: Kiss and tell. An intimate history of kissing . HarperCollins, Toronto 2004, ISBN 0-00-200634-0 .
  • Sylva Harst: The Kiss in the Religions of the Old World. Approx. 3000 BC - 381 AD (= Religious Studies , Volume 7). Lit, Münster 2004, ISBN 978-3-8258-7600-5 (Dissertation University of Bonn 2004, 583 pages).
  • Alexandre Lacroix : Small attempt on kissing (original title: Contribution à la théorie du baiser , translated by Till Bardoux). Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-88221-033-0 .
  • Nadja Dimassi, AJ Kremer: Kissing in Cologne. A kiss guide through the cathedral city. Emons, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-89705-594-0 .
  • Alain Montandon: The Kiss. A short cultural history (original title: Le baiser , translated by Sonja Finck ). Wagenbach, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-8031-2549-9 .
  • Kiril Petkov: The kiss of peace. Ritual, self and society in the high and medieval west (= Cultures, beliefs and traditions , Volume 17.). Brill, Leiden 2003, ISBN 90-04-13038-1 .
  • Hans-Wolfgang Strätz : The engagement kiss and its consequences, seen from a legal perspective . Universitätsverlag, Konstanz 1979, ISBN 3-87940-138-1 .
  • 1000 kisses , edited by Studio Zuffi, editorial team Virginia Ponciroli, Parthas, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-86964-019-8 .

Web links

Commons : Kiss  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Kiss  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: French kiss  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wikiquote: Kiss  - Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ^ National Geographic , February 2016, p. 29.
  2. ^ Wilhelm Kroll : kiss. In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Supplement V, Stuttgart 1931, Sp. 511-520.
  3. ^ Siemer Oppermann : Kiss. In: The Little Pauly (KlP). Volume 3, Stuttgart 1969, Sp. 381-381 (with references).
  4. ^ Meyers Konversationslexikon, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig and Vienna, fourth edition, 1885–1892
  5. ↑ Ivan Illich: In the rivers north of the future; last conversations about religion and society. CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54214-X , p. 242.
  6. ↑ Easter kiss
  7. ↑ a b Augsburger Allgemeine of July 6, 2010, on the occasion of the World Kiss Day ( International Kiss Day ).
  8. ^ A b c Hugh Morris: The art of kissing . Dolphin Books, 1977, ISBN 0-385-12630-1 .
  9. ↑ Wissen.de: Zungenkuss ( Memento of the original from June 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wissen.de
  10. ↑ French kiss . In: The time. Issue 17, 2000, accessed February 28, 2009.
  11. ↑ Laura’s exclusive survey shows what turns women on during foreplay: French kissing is number one with 96 percent. Press portal of October 1, 2004, accessed on: February 28, 2009.
  12. ↑ Margit Tetz: "For most partners, French kisses are the starting point for sexual acts " ( foreplay ).
  13. ↑ cf. Frans de Waal , Frans Lanting : Bonobo. The forgotten ape. 1998, ISBN 0-520-21651-2 , p. 103.
  14. ↑ Rolf Bökemeier: Do Eskimos kiss with their noses? In: NZZ Folio . 7/2004.
  15. ↑ Other countries - other kissing customs ... ( Memento of the original from April 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , rewirpower.de, accessed on February 28, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rewirpower.de
  16. ↑ Nadja Sennewald: Alien Gender: the staging of gender in science fiction series. transcript Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-89942-805-6 , p. 226.
  17. ↑ Italy: "Kisses between gays disgust me," diepresse.com
  18. ↑ Gay hatred in Serbia: Gays and lesbians in Serbia risk being threatened, insulted and beaten , tagesspiegel.de
  19. ↑ The forbidden French kiss. The depiction of homosexuality in Latin American telenovelas. In: Latin American News. Number 391, January 2007.
  20. ↑ Julia Becker: Study: Immigrant children are particularly anti-gay. Spiegel Online, September 25, 2007, accessed May 29, 2013 .
  21. ↑ Homo-hatred in school: "Everything totally effeminate queens here" , spiegel.de
  22. ^ Judgment on the kiss between adults of different sexes OLG Munich October 20, 2008 5St RR 180/08.
  23. ↑ Hermann Heinrich Ploss: The woman in nature and ethnology . 5th edition. Th. Griebens, Leipzig 1897, p. 461 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  24. ^ Karen K. Hersch: The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-19610-9 , pp. 43 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  25. ^ Karl Weinhold: The German women in the Middle Ages. A contribution to the household antiquities of the Teutons . Carl Gerold, Vienna 1851, p. 228 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  26. ^ Georg Ludwig Kriegk: German citizenship in the Middle Ages . Literary establishment (Rütten and Löning), Frankfurt am Main 1871, p. 225 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  27. ^ Jörg Wettlaufer: The gentlemen's right of the first night: marriage, rule and marriage interest in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period . Campus, Frankfurt am Main, New York 1999, ISBN 3-593-36308-9 , pp. 121 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  28. ↑ Peace and War Courier for the year 1826 . Felßecker, Nuremberg 1826, p. 9 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  29. ↑ "nach siten wart gechvsset": The Nibelungen song based on the richest and oldest handwriting of Baron Joseph von Laßberg . ID Classische Buchhandlung, Heilbronn, Leipzig 1841, p. 110 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  30. ^ Ferdinand Kattenbusch: Textbook of comparative Confessionskunde . JCB Mohr, Freiburg 1892, p. 443 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  31. ↑ The traditional wedding kiss. Retrieved June 21, 2019 . The wedding kiss: the most beautiful tradition. Retrieved June 21, 2019 .
  32. ↑ More than just lip service - The wedding kiss. Retrieved June 21, 2019 .
  33. ^ No kiss for Jewish Brides? Retrieved June 21, 2019 .
  34. ↑ Six Things You Better Not To Do During Sex Now , Legal Tribune Online, July 19, 2016
  35. ↑ Lip service of affection , focus.de: Positive effects on the brain and immune system, Thomas Miethke, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene at the Technical University of Munich.
  36. ↑ Studies on the Day of the Kiss: Kissing is so healthy , July 5, 2018, accessed on May 14, 2019 in Uniqagroup.com
  37. ↑ French kiss . In: Focus Sexlexikon , accessed February 28, 2009.
  38. ↑ How high is the likelihood of transmission of HIV through different sexual practices? Robert Koch Institute , November 26, 2013, accessed on February 17, 2014 .
  39. ^ Onur Güntürkün: Human behavior: Adult persistence of head-turning asymmetry . In: Nature. Volume 421, February 13, 2003, p. 711.
  40. ↑ The same applies to kissing: right before left How the brain prevents the noses from colliding. In: .tagesspiegel.de. February 13, 2003, accessed July 6, 2017 .
  41. ↑ Sebastian Ocklenburg, Julian Packheiser, Judith Schmitz, Noemi Rook, Onur Güntürkün, Jutta Peterburs, Gina M. Grimshaw: Hugs and kisses - The role of motor preferences and emotional lateralization for hemispheric asymmetries in human social touch. In: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews . Volume 95, 2018, pp. 353-360, doi : 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2018.10.007 . (Review)
  42. ↑ The fear of kissing is called philemaphobia. In: neon.de. Retrieved July 6, 2017 .
  43. ↑ Researcher: A French kiss is a symbolic sexual intercourse. Brief discussion on Wissenschaft.de on November 22, 2001