Copper mining in Australia

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Open pit mine of the Prominent Hill Mine (development September 2008 to September 2010)
Statue of a miner with drill sheep in the historic copper mining area of Cobar in the local Miners Heritage Park

The volume of copper mining in Australia ranks sixth in the world. It is estimated that Australia has 13 percent of the world's copper deposits, the second largest after Chile .

The shares of the mined Australian copper are distributed to 66 percent in South Australia, followed by Queensland with 18 percent, Western Australia with 10 percent and New South Wales with 4 percent.

All Australian states and the Northern Territory have copper deposits , the largest in Queensland and South Australia , with most copper now being mined in the Mount Isa area in Queensland and from the Olympic Dam mine in South Australia. Other major copper mines include Cadia Mine and Ridgeway Mine , Northparkes Mine and Tritton Mine in New South Wales , Ernest Henry Mine , Osborne Mine and Mount Isa Mines in Queensland, Nifty, Telfer Mine and Golden Grove Mine in Western Australia and Mount Lyell in Tasmania .

The value of the extracted yearly Australian copper amounts to about 6 billion AUD .

meaning

Copper was the first metal that people used for their own purposes, and it is still very important today. The global consumption of copper is heavily dependent on the global economy. Australian copper is exported in particular to Asia - above all to China, India, Japan and Korea. The copper extraction and production is extremely energy-intensive and ecologically problematic, since depending on the ore processing a high water consumption arises during the crushing and leaching of the ore and the deposits are mostly in arid areas of Australia.

Around half of the copper mined worldwide is currently used in the electrical industry for wires and cables, furthermore for car engines and in construction (around 20 kg per car and around 200 kg in a single-family house), but also for the construction of computers, cell phones and fax machines and televisions.

Deposits

The mainly economically exploited copper mineral in Australia - as well as worldwide - is chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ), bornite (Cu 5 FeS 4 ), covelline (CuS) and chalcosine (Cu 2 S) are important copper minerals and some ore bodies also contain malachite (Cu 2 [(OH) 2 | CO 3 ]), azurite (Cu 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 ), cuprite (Cu 2 O), tenorite (CuO) and copper metal. The sulphides from which the world's copper is made are found in deep layers that are not subject to weathering. They oxidize close to the surface or in other chemical processes and form metals, oxides and carbonates. These secondary copper minerals form rich ores in the upper layers of the deposits and are characteristically green or blue. In some places they appear superficially and are easy to recognize.

In the Olympic Dam ore deposit in South Australia , copper is mined in a uranium-gold-silver deposit, while at Mount Isa the lead-zinc-silver deposits are separated from the copper deposits. The two ore deposits are the most important copper deposits in Australia. The copper smelters with the largest capacity are also located there.

The ore bodies in New South Wales contain copper-gold at Northparkes and only copper at the CSA mine and Girilambone mine . In Queensland in the Ernest Henry Mine a copper-gold-magnetite ore body is mined , in the Osborne and Mammoth mine copper-gold ore body. In Selwyn there is copper-gold Golden Grove occurrences leading copper zinc and Nifty in Western Australia only copper occurs.

Location map of significant copper deposits in Australia

Emergence

Main article: → Porphyry copper deposit

The numerous copper deposits in Australia were formed in a diverse geological environment in hydrothermal processes. The host rocks of copper are, for example, granite , granodiorite , diorite , monzonite and syenite , in which it is embedded. The mineralized rocks with copper deposits reach a volume of several million tons and contain small amounts of copper, gold, silver and other metals.

The ore occurs very finely distributed in the host rock in hairline cracks or veins. The host rocks are mostly smashed or brecciated . The metals in the copper deposits were formed as overheated, mineral-containing, hydrothermal solutions flowed through the rugged rock and reacted with the minerals present, so the sequence of hydrothermal alterations was a prerequisite for the formation of metals. The circulating, hot and aqueous solutions react with the surrounding rocks and dissolve metals, absorb and transport them and after cooling they can be separated again in concentrated form under certain conditions. The sulfide minerals, such as chalcopyrite, are deposited in veins, crevices and cavities of fragmented rocks.

South Australia

According to a 2003 compilation, South Australia has copper deposits containing approximately 32 million tons of copper.

history

Kanmantoo open pit copper mine in 2010, before mining resumed

The first copper deposit to be discovered in South Australia in 1842 was at Montacute , and shortly thereafter another and larger deposit was discovered in the Mount Lofty Ranges at Kapunda . Other historical deposits were found at short intervals at Burra (1845), Kanmantoo – Callington (1846), Wallaroo (1859) and Moonta (1861) and small copper deposits in the Flinders Ranges . The first Australian copper smelting furnace was built near Callington in 1848 .

Copper mining played an important role both in the early colonization period and in the later economic development of South Australia. This went so far that in 1851 South Australia was referred to as the Copper Kingdom (German: Copper Kingdom ) when it mined 10 percent of the copper in the world.

Copper mining in Wallaroo and Moonta began in 1860 and ended in 1923, in Burra it came in late 1877 and in Kapunda in 1878. Smaller mines in the Flinders Ranges continued to mine until the end of the century. After the end of World War II , copper production in South Australia ceased entirely.

A second wave of copper production began in 1969 with the opening of the Burra, Kanmantoo and Mount Gunson mines, which ended in 1981. Burra and Kanmantoo each produced around 40,000 tons of copper and Moonta-Wallaroo produced 340,000 tons by the time it was closed.

Copper mining began at Olympic Dam in 1988 and Prominent Hill in 2009 . Copper smelters are located on the Olympic Dam mine site, in Port Adelaide , Dry Creek, Scott Creek and Aponiga .

Olympic Dam

Chalcopyrite-rich handpiece from Olympic Dam

One of the largest ore deposits on earth with copper, uranium, gold and silver is Olympic Dam . It is the fourth largest copper and the largest uranium deposit in the world. The mineralization of the ore body was created by hydrothermal processes in hematite- consolidated granite breccias in the Roxby Downs granite field, which were converted into ore. The deposit contains 580 million tons of ore, 12 million tons of copper, 0.35 million tons of uranium , 350 tons of gold and 2,800 tons of silver , according to Geoscience Australia . The deposit was discovered by the Western Mining Corporation in 1975 and has been open-cast and has been underground since 1988. In 2009, 156,000 tons of copper were produced, a decrease of 25 percent compared to 2008, as the conveyor system was severely damaged by a mechanical defect.

Prominent Hill

The Prominent Hill Mine , which is about 650 kilometers from Adelaide , was built in 2007 and 2008 and began mining ore in 2009. The iron found in the deposit is not mined and the uranium content is too low, so uranium mining is currently not profitable . In 2009, 96,000 tons of copper and 75,535 ounces of gold were mined. Operator OZ Minerals Limited intends to mine 100,000 to 110,000 tons of copper and 80,000 to 90,000 ounces of gold between 2010 and 2012. The mineral formation resembles that of the Olympic Dam with chalcosine, bornite , chalcopyrite and gold in a breccia strengthened by iron oxides . Prominent Hill is located in a 1.585 billion year old volcanic - sedimentary rock sequence, Olympic Dam was created in granite at the same time .

Moonta and Wallaroo

The two historic Moonta and Wallaroo deposits had been mining for 64 years and were the longest-running copper mines in Australia. They carried a total of 9.6 million tons of ore. From 1860 to 1923 350,000 tons of copper were mined and in the Moonta system from 1988 to 1993 17,500 tons. Mining in Moonta follows various veins in the brecciated Moonta porphyry and in Wallaroo in the Doora shale . The ore mineralogy there is described as chalcopyrite- pyrite - pyrrhotite . In Moonta, the historic mining area is used for tourism with tours of the open pit and civil engineering. In the village there is a mining museum about the copper mining of the 19th century and a miner's house that is historically furnished.

  • Historic mining near Moonta

  • Copper mine tailings at Richmans Mine

  • Historic steam boiler of the Hughes engine house

  • Historic Hughes engine house

  • Ruins in the Copper Leach Pit

  • Historic open cast copper mine near Moonta

  • Historic mining near Wallaroo

  • Historic chimney of the copper smelter near Wallaroo

  • Two smaller chimneys from copper smelting plants

  • Miners underground, near Wallaroo (1900)

  • Historic chimney and smelter near Kadina (near Wallaroo)

  • Flooded shaft at Wallaroo

Mount Gunson

Copper was found at Mount Gunson in 1875 and mined in four mines Main Open Cut, West Lagoon, East Lagoon and Cattle Grid. This mining ended in 1986.

The mineralization of the ore occurred in a network of veins, fractures and faults in the Mesoproterozoic , in the sandstone Pandurra Formation, in the irregularly layered Adelaidean Whyalla sandstone and in the Tapley Hill Formation of dolomitic schist . In October 2009, Xstrata announced that there is a deposit of 1.1 million tons with a copper content of 1.7 percent and the construction of a mine is planned.

More deposits

An open-cast copper mine near Kapunda filled with water

There are 800 former copper mines known by name in South Australia. There are numerous small pits on the Eyre Peninsula and Mount Woods . There are deposits that are geologically similar to the Olympic Dam deposit and other significant copper and gold deposits are suspected in the Middleback Range with Moola. Since copper was mined in the Peak Range and Denison Range from 1890 to 1920, it is assumed that other deposits are located there.

In the Musgrave Ranges near Birksgate there is a copper deposit from the Paleoproterozoic in a granulite . The Kenmore 2 mine contains chalcopyrite and pyrite . The Mutooroo Copper Mine in the Olary Block , discovered in 1887, produced copper until 1914. An ore body has now been discovered containing 8.7 million tons of ore with a proportion of 1.8 percent copper, and there are other ore deposits in this area.

Copper deposits can be found in the Adelaide Geosyncline , a geological subsidence area. The historic Burra mine produced 50,000 tons of copper from 1845 to 1877 and 40,000 tons from 1961 to 1981. In this mining area a volume of copper of around 5000 tons is mined annually, which is used for special chemical processes. The Kanmantoo mine produced 3,200 tons of copper from 1845 to 1875 and 36,000 tons from 1970 to 1976. This deposit contains approximately 2 million tons of ore with a share of 1.2 percent copper.

Copper at Kapunda, near the Barossa Valley , was mined from 1842 until 1879. The deposit with 4.3 million tons of ore contains 1.1 percent copper. In geological bodies such as the Adelaide Geosyncline and the Kanmantoo Trough , copper was mined in different mines until 1900.

Queensland

and display information about the image
The mine area of Mount Isa , the red and white chimney on the left is for the copper smelter, the one on the right for the lead smelter
Mount Isa mining site (1952)

Mount Isa Mines

The copper ore body at Mount Isa was formed about 1500 million years ago in a converted pyrite-rich dolomitic silt and shale rock with a thickness of 1000 meters. The copper was mined by Mount Isa Mines Limited and today (2012) by Xstrata in several underground mines. The lead-zinc-silver deposits there have a capacity of 7.2 million tons of copper.

The ore deposit was discovered in 1923 and mining began in 1931. The mining complex is one of the world's largest. In 1943, lead-zinc-silver mining was discontinued due to arms production in World War II and only resumed in 1946. Copper mining was resumed after the war in 1953 and has continued to this day. The copper smelter near Mount Isa has an annual capacity of 300,000 tons of copper.

The large 1100 copper ore bodies extend at a depth of 400 meters to 1000 meters for a length of up to three kilometers.

More mines

The Ernest Henry Mine is a copper-gold- magnetite mine in Queensland located approximately 130 kilometers from Mount Isa and 38 kilometers from Cloncurry , producing approximately 50,000 tons of copper annually. ES was owned by MIM Holdings Limited from 1991 to 2003 and was subsequently acquired by Xstrata.

The Osborne Mine mines a copper-gold ore body 195 kilometers southeast of Mount Isa in an open pit. Originally owned by Placer Dome , it was acquired by Barrick Gold Corp in 2006 . An underground shredding and conveying system has been in operation since 1998. Ivanhoe Australia and Ivanhoe (Osborne) acquired the Barrick Mine on September 30, 2010. In 2005, 39,475 tons of copper and 43,000 ounces of gold were produced.

New South Wales

history

Opencast copper mine near Cobar

Copper mining in New South Wales began with the discovery of Copper Hill at Molong (1844-1845) and other locations in the Bathurst area .

The center of copper mining in this state is at Cobar , where copper was first discovered in 1869. In addition to copper, the main mineral extracted, lead, gold and silver were extracted and, to a lesser extent, cadmium and antimony . The first export of copper from Cobar began in 1871 and by the early 1880s the metal industry in Cobar employed 500 workers and the population rose to 3,000 people. When the CSA mine began operations in 1905, a boom arose, but ended in 1908 when copper prices fell.

From the 1920s to 1950s, the mines were difficult to operate as the demand for metals was low. In 1919 the price of copper fell 40 percent and mines were closed. However, gold demand was high in the 1930s due to the global economic crisis . From 1952 to 1965, none of the mines operated in the Cobar area. After that, the demand for copper developed and the CSA mine resumed mining and further ore deposits were discovered and developed.

Copper mines

Mining impressions around 1895
The COBAR mine
These tusks of the GREAT COBAR COPPER MINE work with jackhammers
Miners of the GREAT COBAR COPPER MINE
Building of the COBAR copper and gold mine
Tapping in the smelting plant of the GREAT COBAR COPPER MINE
Melting plant of the GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE
LAKE GEORGE COPPER MINES building
In the smelting plant of the SUNNY CORNER COPPER MINE
In the smelting plant of THE SMELTING COMPANY OF AUSTRALIA in Lake Illawarra
Pouring the copper bars in the Lithgow smelting plant of GREAT COBAR COPPER MINING SYNDICATE'S REFINERY
Quality inspection of the WARATHA, ENGLISH & AUSTRALIAN COPPER SMELTING WORKS
Driving in the NYMAGEE COPPER MINE
The riser of the NYMAGEE COPPER MINE on a patrol
Hauer of the NEW MOUNT HOPE COPPER MINE
Tracks in the GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE

Mineral Hill is a gold-copper mine that is 67 kilometers northwest of Condobolin . The deposit was discovered in 1908 and operated in a small mine until the 1960s. Mining operations began in 1995 and to date has produced 815,000 tons of ore with a copper content of 1.22 percent and 280,000 ounces of gold.

The Murrawombie Mine and Tritton Mine and other mining activities in the historic Girilambone Mining Area , are located 20 kilometers north of the Tritton Mine , approximately 85 kilometers from Cobar , both of which are owned by Tritton Resources Ltd , a wholly owned subsidiary of Straits Resources Ltd, Australia . The crushed ore from the quartz veins is processed in a plant in the Tritton Mine .

The Northparkes Mine near Parkes is an open pit mine and is a copper-gold mine with an ore body of 48 million tons. The deposit contains 0.5 grams per ton of gold and 1.2 percent copper / ton. The ore deposit was mineralized in a porphyry rock deposit.

The Cadia-Ridgeway Mine is located 29 kilometers south of Orange in volcanic rocks and sediments from the late Ordovician . The mine Cadia Hill of the company Newcrest Mining took 1998 its production, and the Ridgeway mine in April of 2002.

The operating CSA underground mine is located 9 kilometers north of Cobar in a gold-copper-zinc deposit. The operator Cobar Management Pty Ltd. announced in July 2002 that the deposit contains 0.71 million tons of ore grading 6.01 percent copper and another 4.97 million tons grading 4.87 percent.

Victoria

In Victoria, copper is mined in four regions. In the northeast in the Wilga Mine near Benambra and west of Bethanga , near Walhalla on the Thomson River and on Accommodation Creek near Deddick .

45,810 tons of copper were mined in the Wilga copper mine in the Betahnga area. The Wilga and Currawong copper-zinc deposits formed from volcanic activity contain 8.55 million tons of ore with a copper content of 2 percent. In the Bethanga area, gold, pyrite , arsenopyrite , chalcopyrite and sphalerite are found in addition to copper .

The copper mineralization at Thomson River extends along a fault zone to a hornblende - diorite -Schlot. The ore ribbon is one to three meters wide and reportedly contains up to 16 percent copper. Between 1865 and 1913, 12,000 tons of ore were mined, of which 3.8 percent was copper and other components are nickel , silver, gold, platinum and palladium .

The Accommodation Creek copper mine is located on a shear zone in which sediments from the Ordovician and Deddick granodiorite were altered in contact metamorphism .

At Mount Ararat in western Victoria there is a copper deposit that contains approximately 1 million tons of ore with a proportion of 2.7 percent copper.

Western Australia

Nifty

In Western Australia there is a copper deposit near Nifty , an open pit mine in the Great Sandy Desert in the eastern Pilbara , about 350 km east of Port Hedland . The ore obtained is processed into copper in a concentrator and then shipped to India, where it is further processed in one of the Group's smelters.

The mining is operated by Aditya Birla Minerals , a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group , which belongs to Hindalco Industries Ltd. heard. The annual production is about 30,000 tons of copper. The Indian Hidalco also operates another copper mine 120 kilometers from Mount Isa .

Golden Grove

The Golden Grove Mine , located southwest of Yalgoo , produced 31,000 tons of copper concentrate from the copper-zinc-lead-gold mine in 2009. The mine is operated by the Minerals and Metals Group (MMG), which is owned by the state-owned China Minmetals .

Northern Territory

In the Northern Territory it was first discovered at Pine Creek in 1872 (a nickel-cobalt-copper ore body) and at the Daly River in 1883. It was dismantled only sporadically until 1904, because a smelter was only built in that year. But there was no large-scale copper mining after that. In 1943, a smelter in the Northern Territory was destroyed in a bombing raid by Japanese air forces during World War II.

The Tennant Creek gold show produced approximately 5 million ounces of gold and 345,000 tons of copper.

Minor copper showings exist in the Katherine area and Tennant Creek produced copper until the 1980s.

At Murphy Inlier on the joint Northern Territory / Queensland border, copper and other ore deposits from the Paleoproterozoic Era in the North Australian Craton are located at the southernmost end of the McArthur Basin in the north and South Nicholson Basin and the Lawn Hill Platform in the south. as in the Arunta region.

Tasmania

The copper mine at Mount Lyell near Queenstown in Tasmania has been in operation for more than 100 years. Copper Mines of Tasmania Pty Ltd began mining copper in 1896 and has been operating Indian Sterlite Industries since 1999 , which processes copper in India and not Tasmania. It is a copper-gold-silver deposit with an annual yield of 30,000 tons of copper. 1.8 million tons of copper, 62 tons of gold and 1,300 tons of silver have been extracted from the deposit to date.

The mine is known in Australia for the fact that a serious mine disaster occurred in it in 1912 when a fire broke out in the pump house and 42 of 170 miners were killed because there was no fire warning and emergency rescue system. In 1994 the mine was closed because of one of the biggest environmental scandals in Australia, when the mining company dumped millions of tons of contaminated waste into nearby rivers.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e ga.gov.au ( Memento of the original from November 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.4 MB): Australia's Identified Mineral Resources 2010 , in English, accessed on March 14, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ga.gov.au
  2. ↑ ga.gov.au ( Memento of the original from March 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Gesosciene Australia: Copper , accessed March 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ga.gov.au
  3. ↑ ga.gov.au ( Memento of the original from March 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Copper , accessed March 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ga.gov.au
  4. ↑ northparkes.com.au ( Memento of the original from March 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Copper Facts and figures , accessed March 24, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.northparkes.com.au
  5. ↑ australianminesatlas.gov.au ( Memento of the original from March 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Copper Fact Sheet , accessed March 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.australianminesatlas.gov.au
  6. ↑ pir.sa.gov.au ( Memento of the original from April 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 251 kB): Ken R. Bempton: Copper mining and treatment in South Australia , p. 39, in MeSA Journal January 28, 2003, in English, accessed on March 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pir.sa.gov.au
  7. ↑ pir.sa.gov.au ( Memento of the original from April 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 251 kB): Ken R. Bempton: Copper mining and treatment in South Australia , p. 38, MESA Journal 28, January 2003, in English, accessed on March 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pir.sa.gov.au
  8. ↑ econgeol.geoscienceworld.org : Douglas W. Haynes: Olympic Dam ore genesis; a fluid-mixing model , accessed March 14, 2012
  9. ↑ a b c d pir.sa.gov.au : Copper , in English, accessed March 14, 2012
  10. ↑ southaustralia.com ( Memento of the original from March 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Moonta Mines Museum , in English, accessed March 14, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.southaustralia.com
  11. ↑ southaustralia.com ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Miners Cottage And Garden , accessed March 14, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.southaustralia.com
  12. ↑ gunson.com : Mount Gunson (copper) - South Australia , in English, accessed March 12, 2012
  13. ↑ gunson.com.au (PDF; 404 kB): Situation map of the projects of Gunson Resources Limited, in English, accessed on March 14, 2012
  14. ↑ mining-technology.com : Mount Isa Copper Mine, Australia , in English, accessed on March 12, 2012
  15. ↑ infomine.com , accessed March 12, 2012
  16. ↑ mining-technology.com : Osborne, Australia , in English, accessed March 23, 2012
  17. ↑ ivanhoeaustralia.com ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Osborne Operations , accessed March 23, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ivanhoeaustralia.com
  18. ↑ dpi.nsw.gov.au (PDF; 364 kB): Cobar's mining history , in English, accessed on March 14, 2012
  19. ↑ straits.com.au ( Memento of the original from March 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.8 MB): Straits, Tritton Mine , December 2011, in English, accessed on March 25, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.straits.com.au
  20. ↑ dpi.nsw.gov.au : Major metallic mines, deposits & projects , in English, accessed on March 14, 2012
  21. ↑ dpi.vic.gov.au : Copper , in English, accessed March 14, 2012
  22. ↑ adiyabirlaminalsls.comau : Aditya Birla Minerals , in English, accessed on March 14, 2012
  23. ↑ crcleme.org.au (PDF; 945 kB): RN Carver: Nifty Copper Deposit, Gread Sandy Desert, Western Australia , in English, accessed on March 14, 2012
  24. ↑ nt.gov.au : Pine Creek Orogon Project , in English, accessed March 12, 2012
  25. ↑ northernterritoryhq.com ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Northern Territories Copper Mines , accessed March 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / northernterritoryhq.com
  26. ↑ nt.gov.au : Murphy Project , in English, accessed March 12, 2012
  27. ↑ nt.gov.au : Arunta central Project , in English, accessed on March 12, 2012
  28. ↑ cmt.com.au : Copper Mine of Tasmania , in English, accessed March 12, 2012
  29. ↑ hindu.com : Sterlite to divest paper division , September 26, 2002, in English, accessed March 14, 2012
  30. ↑ cmt.com.au ( Memento of the original from March 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Copper Mine of Australia: Overview , accessed March 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cmt.com.au